Ionosphereic foF2 variations are very sensitive to the seismic effect and results of ionospheric perturbations associated with earthquakes seem to very hopeful for short-term earthquake prediction. On January 18,2011 ...Ionosphereic foF2 variations are very sensitive to the seismic effect and results of ionospheric perturbations associated with earthquakes seem to very hopeful for short-term earthquake prediction. On January 18,2011 at 20: 23 UT a great earthquake( M = 7. 2)occurred in Dalbandin( 28. 73° N,63. 92° E),Pakistan. In this study,we have tried to find out the features of pre-earthquake ionospheric anomalies by using the hourly day time( 08. 00 a. m.- 05. 00 p. m.) data of critical frequency( foF2) obtained by three vertical sounding stations installed in Islamabad( 33. 78°N,73. 06°E),Multan( 32. 26°N,71. 51°E) and Karachi( 24. 89° N,67. 02° E), Pakistan. The results show the significant anomalies of foF2 in the earthquake preparation zone several days prior to the Dalbandin earthquake. It is also observed that the amplitude and frequency of foF2 anomalies are more prominent at the nearest station to the epicenter as compared to those stations near the outer margin of the earthquake preparation zone. The confidence level for ionospheric anomalies regarding the seismic signatures can be enhanced by adding the analysis of some other ionospheic parameters along with critical frequency of the layer F2.展开更多
The incidence of pre-harvest fruit losses of four pomegranate varieties were surveyed in fifteen villages of three valleys in Gilgit-Baltistan Pakistan during 2010-2011. These varieties were also used to analyze their...The incidence of pre-harvest fruit losses of four pomegranate varieties were surveyed in fifteen villages of three valleys in Gilgit-Baltistan Pakistan during 2010-2011. These varieties were also used to analyze their chemical, physical and physiological properties. The results of the study revealed that mean pre-harvest loss in Jalalabad valley ranged from 11.65% -13.41%, 9.73%-28.87% in Bagrote and 13.81%-25.59% in Haramosh valley. Data obtained for chemical properties of these varieties showed variation in TSS from 11.14-14.3 （~Brix）, acidity 0.39%-0.88%, and maturity index 12.72-36.5, reducing sugar 7.27-12.5 g/100 mL, seed oil 13.1%-14.34% and pH 2.46-3.04. Physical properties in terms of pulp, juice, peel ash, seed ash, seed moisture and peel moisture contents were found as 52.5%-53.7%, 33.16%-36.5%, 0.68%-0.70%, 0.57%-0.67%, 75.83%-79.92% and 70.8%-75.0% among the four varieties. Physiological properties viz., fruit length, fruit diameter, number of seed/fruit, fruit weight, 100 seed weight and seed/fruit weight were also recorded during this study. The overall results of the present study showed higher pre-harvest losses in Haramosh and Bagrote valleys that need to be addressed through improved crop management practices for economic benefits of the farming communities.展开更多
基金partly supported by the Natural Science Foundation of China,Contract No. 41274061
文摘Ionosphereic foF2 variations are very sensitive to the seismic effect and results of ionospheric perturbations associated with earthquakes seem to very hopeful for short-term earthquake prediction. On January 18,2011 at 20: 23 UT a great earthquake( M = 7. 2)occurred in Dalbandin( 28. 73° N,63. 92° E),Pakistan. In this study,we have tried to find out the features of pre-earthquake ionospheric anomalies by using the hourly day time( 08. 00 a. m.- 05. 00 p. m.) data of critical frequency( foF2) obtained by three vertical sounding stations installed in Islamabad( 33. 78°N,73. 06°E),Multan( 32. 26°N,71. 51°E) and Karachi( 24. 89° N,67. 02° E), Pakistan. The results show the significant anomalies of foF2 in the earthquake preparation zone several days prior to the Dalbandin earthquake. It is also observed that the amplitude and frequency of foF2 anomalies are more prominent at the nearest station to the epicenter as compared to those stations near the outer margin of the earthquake preparation zone. The confidence level for ionospheric anomalies regarding the seismic signatures can be enhanced by adding the analysis of some other ionospheic parameters along with critical frequency of the layer F2.
文摘The incidence of pre-harvest fruit losses of four pomegranate varieties were surveyed in fifteen villages of three valleys in Gilgit-Baltistan Pakistan during 2010-2011. These varieties were also used to analyze their chemical, physical and physiological properties. The results of the study revealed that mean pre-harvest loss in Jalalabad valley ranged from 11.65% -13.41%, 9.73%-28.87% in Bagrote and 13.81%-25.59% in Haramosh valley. Data obtained for chemical properties of these varieties showed variation in TSS from 11.14-14.3 （~Brix）, acidity 0.39%-0.88%, and maturity index 12.72-36.5, reducing sugar 7.27-12.5 g/100 mL, seed oil 13.1%-14.34% and pH 2.46-3.04. Physical properties in terms of pulp, juice, peel ash, seed ash, seed moisture and peel moisture contents were found as 52.5%-53.7%, 33.16%-36.5%, 0.68%-0.70%, 0.57%-0.67%, 75.83%-79.92% and 70.8%-75.0% among the four varieties. Physiological properties viz., fruit length, fruit diameter, number of seed/fruit, fruit weight, 100 seed weight and seed/fruit weight were also recorded during this study. The overall results of the present study showed higher pre-harvest losses in Haramosh and Bagrote valleys that need to be addressed through improved crop management practices for economic benefits of the farming communities.
