金属和陶瓷配副件条件下TiN薄膜的摩擦学特性

多弧离子镀TiN薄膜具有广泛的应用。采用多弧离子镀技术在不锈钢衬底表面沉积了TiN薄膜。用显微硬度计测试了TiN薄膜的硬度,用往复球-盘式摩擦磨损试验机评价了在GCr15和S i3N4两种不同配副件及空气中干摩擦条件下TiN薄膜的摩擦学性能,用表面轮廓仪测试了磨痕处的磨痕轮廓,用配有能谱仪(EDS)的扫描电镜(SEM)和X射线光电子能谱(XPS)观察和测试了磨痕形貌和磨痕处主要化学元素组成,用金相显微镜观察了配副件磨损表面形貌。结果表明:在不同配副件条件下,TiN薄膜的摩擦因数随速度和载荷的增加均出现了降低的趋势。而在相同速度和载荷下,以GCr15为配副件时TiN薄膜的摩擦因数小于以S i3N4为配副件时的摩擦因数。以S i3N4为配副件时TiN薄膜主要表现为磨粒磨损。以GCr15为配副件时TiN薄膜几乎没有磨损,而配副件GCr15主要表现为磨粒与粘着磨损。

对机械运动学领域中“运动链”及“n副件”定义的剖析及处理

指出并的机构运动学领域中“运动链”的定义分歧及由“ｎ副件”定义所导致的矛盾， 一项可消除定义分歧和解决定义内在矛盾的新定义。

记帐凭证中不应有“正件”、“副件”之分

记帐凭证中不应有“正件”、“副件”之分作为记帐凭证的原始凭证或汇总原始凭证，只有自制原始凭证或外来原始凭证之分，这是众所周知的。然而，笔者在年终财务检查中发现，不少单位在日常会计事务处理中，将证帐凭记中的附件分为＂正件＂与＂副件＂，如把工资调资通知、...

基于DynaForm冲压件成形性分析

运用冲压件成形分析软件DynaForm,对在CATIA环境下建立的某汽车副车架冲压件三维数模进行CAE仿真分析。通过对计算结果的查看,对可能出现的成形缺陷进行预判,并进行适当的优化,以便在设计之初能够解决后期工艺上的一些问题。为产品开发节省时间,节约企业开发新产品的成本。

合体类纺织品的分离痕迹检验

本文根据同一认定的检验原理,在同质单体整体分离检验理论的基础上,通过对缝线、熨烫褶皱特征、辅料副件等检验,对同质合体与异质合体类纺织品的检验进行探讨。

一汽-大众CC发动机故障灯点亮、动力下降

故障现象:一辆2015年产一汽-大众CC轿车,搭载1.4T发动机和双离合变速器,当前行驶里程12万km。用户反映车辆在行驶时动力明显不足,仪表板上的发动机故障灯点亮。检查分析:维修人员首先对车辆进行常规检查,发现车辆怠速运转正常,发动机无异响。但是当车辆处于行驶状态时,发动机输出功率明显不足。

Comparative Analysis of Extreme High Temperature Weather in the Summers of 2013 and 2003

The characteristics of regional high temperature(HT) weather in 2013 and 2003 and their causes were studied using daily maximum temperature data, National Center for Environmental Prediction(NCEP) reanalysis data, and outgoing longwave radiation(OLR) data. For these two years of HT weather, there were many similar characteristics, such as their long duration, wide range, high intensity, and severe influence. However, there were also three obvious differences: firstly, in 2013, the major area where HT weather occurred was farther north than in 2003; secondly, the HT weather in South China and the southeast area of Jiangnan in 2013 lasted fewer days than in 2003, but in other areas it lasted for more days than in 2003; thirdly, the intensity of the HT weather in 2013 was also stronger in the north and weaker in the south, similar to that of the duration. A strong and stable western Pacific subtropical high(WPSH), a continental warm high, and the distribution of the warm center in the lower troposphere played important roles in the HT weather formation. Several probable causes for the differences are that the cold air was weaker, the WPSH was farther north, and the tropical convective systems were stronger in 2013 than in 2003. Finally, a preliminary cause analysis of the WPSH anomaly was presented.

Precipitation under Subtropical High Conditions:Evidence and Implications

The impact of the subtropical high (STH) on precipitation was investigated on a daily timescale using matched NCEP and the Global Precipitation Climatology Project (GPCP) datasets.Comparison of the conditional probability (intensity) of precipitation under STH condi-tions with that under non-STH conditions suggests that the presence of the STH conditions has a limited impact on local precipitation.In the West Pacific Subtropical High (WPSH) and the North Atlantic Subtropical High (NASH),precipitation was only 30% lower under STH conditions than under non-STH conditions.The STH conditions had somewhat more impact on precipitation intensity,but it was still 50% less than the intensity under non-STH conditions (mean of roughly 5 mm d 1).Pre-cipitation under STH conditions was found to be highly correlated with vertical motion.Active updrafts occurring even under STH conditions are essential for frequent oc-currences and moderate intensities of precipitation.

ANALYSIS ON INTRA-ANNUAL INHOMOGENEITY OF RAINSTORM EVENTS IN GUANGXI

Based on the daily precipitation data of 83 stations in Guangxi and the NCEP/NCAR monthly reanalysis data from 1979 through 2008, the characteristics of spatial and temporal distribution and variation of the rainstorm concentration degree(RCD) and the rainstorm concentration period(RCP) are analyzed by using the methods of Monte Carlo test etc. The results are shown as follows. The rainstorm events are concentrated in April-September, taking up about 90% of the yearly rainfall total, and the percentages of rainstorms in the annual total precipitation have an increasing tendency. RCD in the east of Guangxi is larger than that in the west. The RCP in the northeast and southwest of Guangxi is later than that in the other regions, and has the earliest onset in the northern mountainous regions of Baise and southeast Guangxi. The RCD exhibits an increasing tendency in the northwest and the coastal region while showing a decreasing tendency in the other regions. On a long-term basis, the RCP in the east and coastal region has a postponing trend but tends to be earlier in the other regions. The proposed mechanism is as follows: If the geopotential height in the south of Qinghai-Tibet Plateau and the West Pacific has a highly negative anomaly in winter, the western Pacific subtropical high will be strong in summer, which increases the RCD in Guangxi. If the geopotential height has a highly positive anomaly in winter, the subtropical high will have a significant periodic oscillation in summer, which decreases the RCD in Guangxi. The value of RCD is high(low) in the area of northern mountainous regions of Guangxi and Beihai in strong(weak) South China Sea summer monsoon years, while in the other areas, the value of RCD is low(high).

The Cold Vortex Circulation over Northeastern China and Regional Rainstorm Events

In this study,regional rainstorm events (RREs) in northeastern China associated with the activity of the Northeastern China Cold Vortex (NCCV) were investigated on a medium-range time scale.The RREs occurring in northeastern China could be categorized into three groups according to the distribution of heavy rainfall.The largest cluster is characterized by the rainstorm events that occur on the northwestern side of the Changbai Mountains along a southwest-northeast axis.These events occur most frequently during the post-meiyu period.The authors place particular emphasis on the RREs that belong to the largest cluster and are closely associated with the activity of the NCCV.These RREs were preconditioned by the transportation of substantial amounts of water vapor to which the anomalous western Pacific subtropical high (WPSH) contributed.The attendant anomalous WPSH was primarily driven by the anomalous transient eddy feedback forcing the nearby East Asian jet.The development of the NCCV circulation was concurrent with the RREs and acted as their primary causative factor.A perspective based on low-frequency dynamics indicates that Rossby wave packets emanated from the blocking-type circulation over northeastern Asia led to the development of the NCCV activity.

Large-Scale Circulation Features Typical of Wintertime Extensive and Persistent Low Temperature Events in China

A pair of northeast-southwest-tilted mid-tropospheric ridges and troughs on the continental scale was observed to be the key circulation feature common among wintertime extensive and persistent low tempera-ture events (EPLTE) in China.During the persistence of such anomalous circulations,the split flow over the inner Asian continent and the influent flow over the southeast-ern coast of China correspond well to the expanded and amplified Siberian high with tightened sea level pressure gradients and hence,a strong,cold advection over south-eastern China.The western Pacific subtropical high tends to expand northward during the early stages of most EPLTEs.

Subsurface temperature anomalies in the North Pacific Ocean associated with the ENSO cycle

Multi-year Simple Ocean Data Assimilation （SODA） and National Centers for Environmental Prediction （NCEP） datasets were used to investigate the leading patterns of subsurface ocean temperature anomalies （SOTA） and the corresponding atmospheric circulation structure in the Pacific Ocean （20°S-60°N）. In this paper, the evolution of North Pacific SOTA associated with El Nifio-southern oscillation （ENSO）, and their relationship with the overlying zonal/meridional atmospheric circulations were elucidated. The results indicate that： （1） there are two dominant modes for the interannual variability of the North Pacific SOTA. The primary mode is the dipole pattern of the central and western North Pacific SOTA associated with the leading mode of ENSO, and the second mode is the zonal pattern related to the second mode of ENSO. These two modes consist of the temporal-spatial variation of the SOTA in the North Pacific. （2） During the developing phase of the El Nifio event, positive （negative） SOTA appears in the western （central） portion of the North Pacific Ocean. During the mature and decaying phase of the E1 Nifio event, the western positive center and the central negative center continue to be maintained and enhanced. Meanwhile, the position of the western positive center slightly changes, and the central negative center moves eastward slowly. After the El Nifio event vanishes, the positive SOTA disappears, and the central negative SOTA becomes weak and remains in the northeastern Pacific Ocean. The results for La Nifia are generally the opposite. （3） During the El Nifio/La Nifia cycle, formation and evolution of the SOTA, with opposite signs in central and western North Pacific Ocean, resulted from vertical movement of the two northern branches of the Hadley Cell with opposite direction, as well as the positive feedback of the air-sea interaction induced by dynamic processes in the mid-latitudes. The former gives rise to the initial SOTA, and the latter intensifies SOTA. Under the forcing of these two processes, SOTA evolution is formed and sustained during the El Nino/La Nina events. Also discussed herein as background for the ENSO cycle are the possible connections among the West Pacific subtropical high, the strength of the Kuroshio near the East China Sea, the Kuroshio meanders south of Japan, the Aleutian Low, and cold advection in the central North Pacific Ocean.

周代农业生产工具名物考

在研究从西周到春秋之間的社会变革問題的有关資料中,发见当时的农业生产工具名物有被注释家注錯,矛盾百出的,为了考正而写成了这篇文章。錯誤在所难免,敢請批評指正。

Poincaré's Lemma on Some Non-Euclidean Structures

The author proves the Poincard lemma on some （n ＋1）-dimensional corank 1 sub-Riemannian structures, formulating the （n-1）n（n2＋3n-2） necessarily and sufficient- s ly ＂curl-vanishing＂ compatibility conditions. In particular, this result solves partially an open problem formulated by Calin and Chang. The proof in this paper is based on a Poincard lemma stated on l：tiemannian manifolds and a suitable Ceskro-Volterra path in- tegral formula established in local coordinates. As a byproduct, a Saint-Venant lemma is also provided on generic Riemannian manifolds. Some examples are presented on the hyperbolic space and Carnot/Heisenberg groups.