基于大型有限元计算软件的结构模型内力优化设计

本文针对第五届全国大学生结构竞赛赛题中的模型进行理论分析与内力优化,其中包括基本构件选型、构件细部尺寸优化等,主要涉及静力分析、ANSYS结构优化设计。其中结构内力优化是指将部分变量控制在一定范围内寻找最优解。本文是将内力、尺寸、荷载条件控制在一定条件下,然后寻求质量的最优解。通过计算结果对杆件的受力大小进行分析,以确保结构与构件的安全。

正交实验设计优化离子聚合物金属复合材料的力输出性能

离子聚合物金属复合材料(ionic polymer metal composite)作为新型驱动材料在微小系统驱动等方面有着明确的应用前景,输出力较低和对水环境的依赖限制了该材料进一步的应用.本文采用正交实验设计法,针对IPMC制备过程中的3个主要参数,选用L16(45)正交表,以输出力为指标开展制备工艺的优化.结果表明主镀过程铂氨复合物的浓度对IPMC输出力的影响最大,Nafion膜中四乙氧基硅(TEOS)含量对输出力的影响次之,还原剂浓度对输出力没有显著影响.在实验确定的最优条件下,IPMC的最大输出力达到50mN,相应的最大位移为14mm.在最大输出位移性能相当的情况下,较常规条件最大力输出提高了2.4倍,有效工作寿命大幅提高,有效力输出延长了5.8倍,有效位移输出性能延长了5倍.该研究为IPMC进一步的应用奠定了坚实的基础.

PREPROCESSING AND POSTPROCESSING SYSTEM FOR FINITE ELEMENT COMPUTATION

This paper discusses some aspects of finite element computation,such as the automatic generation of finite element ,refinement of mesh,process of node density, distribution of load,optimum design and the drawing of stress contour, and describes the developing process of software for a planar 8 node element.

IMPROVED LANDING-GEAR DESIGN FOR FLEXIBLE AIRPLANE

Landing dynamic simulation and landing-gear optimization design are used to improve the landing-gear design for a flexible airplane. Landing response is simulated by using velocity-squared damping, polytropic exponential air-compression spring, tire force power function characteristics, and an equivalent three-mass system.Optimization of landing-gear parameters is performed considering the maximum displacement of the landing-gear shock stroke, the maximum landing-gear force and the maximum deformation of the wingtip in the landing impact. Resutls show that landing-gear design parameters have an important influence on the structural flexibility of the airplane. And the landing performance of the landing-gear can be improved by the optimized metering pin type landing-gear.

Contact pressure distribution and support angle optimization of kiln tyre

According to the shearing force character and the deformation coordination condition of shell at the station of supports, the mathematical models to calculate contact angle and contact pressure distribution between tyre and shell were set up, the formulae of bending moment and bending stress of tyre were obtained. Taking the maximum of tyre fatigue life as the optimal objective, the optimization model of tyre support angle was built. The computational results show that when tyre support angle is 30°, tyre life is far less than that when tyre support angle is optimal, which is 35.6°, and it is unsuitable to stipulate tyre support angle to be 30° in traditional design. The larger the load, the less the nominal stress amplitude increment of tyre, the more favorable the tyre fatigue life when tyre support angle is optimal.

Effects of Different Draft Baffles on the Hydrodynamics in Internal-Loop Airlift Reactors

In this paper, a 2-D airlift reactor was developed. The streamline and hydrodynamic parameters were measured in a 2-D airlift loop reactor(ALR)with different draft baffles. Three regimes were observed under different conditions. Particle image velocimetry(PIV)measurement showed that the liquid velocity distribution in horizontal direction presented different profiles in the three regimes. The length, the height and the spacing of draft baffles were applied in the experiments to optimize the ALR structure. It was found that the draft tube structure is of great importance in determining the hydrodynamics of ALRs. Additionally, the experimental results may serve as a step to the further optimization and design of ALR.

Robust design and optimization for autonomous PV-wind hybrid power systems

This study presents a robust design method for autonomous photovoltaic (PV)-wind hybrid power systems to obtain an optimum system configuration insensitive to design variable variations. This issue has been formulated as a constraint multi-objective optimization problem, which is solved by a multi-objective genetic algorithm, NSGA-II. Monte Carlo Simulation (MCS) method, combined with Latin Hypercube Sampling (LHS), is applied to evaluate the stochastic system performance. The potential of the proposed method has been demonstrated by a conceptual system design. A comparative study between the proposed robust method and the deterministic method presented in literature has been conducted. The results indicate that the proposed method can find a large mount of Pareto optimal system configurations with better compromising performance than the deterministic method. The trade-off information may be derived by a systematical comparison of these configurations. The proposed robust design method should be useful for hybrid power systems that require both optimality and robustness.

Optimization of mechanical properties using D-optimal factorial design of experiment: Electromagnetic stir casting process of A357-SiC nanocomposite

Electromagnetic stir casting process of A357-Si C nanocomposite was discussed using the D-optimal design of experiment(DODOE) method. As the main objective, nine random experiments obtained by DX-7 software were performed. By this method, A357-Si C nanocomposites with 0.5, 1.0 and 1.5 wt.% Si C were fabricated at three different frequencies(10, 35 and 60 Hz) in the experimental stage. The microstructural evolution was characterized by scanning electron and optical microscopes, and the mechanical properties were investigated using hardness and roomtemperature uniaxial tensile tests. The results showed that the homogeneous distribution of Si C nanoparticles leads to the microstructure evolution from dendritic to non-dendritic form and a reduction of size by 73.9%. Additionally, based on DODOE, F-values of 44.80 and 179.64 were achieved for yield stress(YS) and ultimate tensile strength(UTS), respectively, implying that the model is significant and the variables(Si C fraction and stirring frequency) were appropriately selected. The optimum values of the Si C fraction and stirring frequency were found to be 1.5 wt.% and 60 Hz, respectively. In this case, YS and UTS for A357-Si C nanocomposites were obtained to be 120 and 188 MPa(57.7% and 57.9 % increase compared with those of the as-cast sample), respectively.

Thermodynamic analysis and process optimization of zinc and lead recovery from copper smelting slag with chlorination roasting

An efficient chlorination roasting process for recovering zinc(Zn)and lead(Pb)from copper smelting slag was proposed.Thermodynamic models were established,illustrating that Zn and Pb in copper smelting slag can be efficiently recycled during the chlorination roasting process.By decreasing the partial pressure of the gaseous products,chlorination was promoted.The Box−Behnken design was applied to assessing the interactive effects of the process variables and optimizing the chlorination roasting process.CaCl_(2) dosage and roasting temperature and time were used as variables,and metal recovery efficiencies were used as responses.When the roasting temperature was 1172℃ with a CaCl_(2) addition amount of 30 wt.%and a roasting time of 100 min,the predicted optimal recovery efficiencies of Zn and Pb were 87.85%and 99.26%,respectively,and the results were validated by experiments under the same conditions.The residual Zn-and Pb-containing phases in the roasting slags were ZnFe_(2)O_(4),Zn_(2)SiO_(4),and PbS.

Novel sensitivity analysis method and dynamics optimization for multiple launch rocket systems

This study establishes the launch dynamics method,sensitivity analysis method,and multiobjective dynamic optimization method for the dynamic simulation analysis of the multiple launch rocket system(MLRS)based on the Riccati transfer matrix method for multibody systems(RMSTMM),direct differentiation method(DDM),and genetic algorithm(GA),respectively.Results show that simulation results of the dynamic response agree well with test results.The sensitivity analysis method is highly programming,the matrix order is low,and the calculation time is much shorter than that of the Lagrange method.With the increase of system complexity,the advantage of a high computing speed becomes more evident.Structural parameters that have the greatest influence on the dynamic response include the connection stiffness between the pitching body and the rotating body,the connection stiffness between the rotating body and the vehicle body,and the connection stiffnesses among 14^(#),16^(#),and 17^(#)wheels and the ground,which are the optimization design variables.After optimization,angular velocity variances of the pitching body in the revolving and pitching directions are reduced by 97.84%and 95.22%,respectively.

Design optimization on the front wheel orientation parameters of a vehicle

A uniform optimization object function for front wheel orientation parameters of a vehicle is reported, which includes the tolerances of practical values and set values of front wheel orientation parameters under full load, and the changing value of each parameter with front wheel fluctuation to build a front suspension model for optimization analysis based on the multi-body dynamic (MD) theory. The original suspension is optimized with this model, and the variation law of each parameter with front wheel fluctuation is obtained. The results of a case study demonstrate that the front wheel orientation parameters of the optimized vehicle are reasonable under typical conditions and the variation of each parameter is in an ideal range with the wheel fluctuating within 40 mm. In addition, the driving performance is improved greatly in the road test and practical use.

Optimal design of FRMSM to decrease detent force

An optimal configuration of the flux-reversal linear synchronous motor (FRLSM) with the optimal number of attachment permanent magnets (PMs) was presented. The optimal model of 2 000 N was designed to reduce the detent force by redesigning the air-gap structure and skewing. The design parameters,mover PMs and stator core,were selected for optimal design by DOE. The thrust and the detent force of the designed optimal models were compared by finite element analysis (FEA). As a result,the thrust of the optimal model is slightly decreased by 1.97% compared with the basic model,and the detent force of the optimal model is greatly decreased by 88.47% compared with the basic model.

Development of Cubic Bezier Curve and Curve-Plane Intersection Method for Parametric Submarine Hull Form Design to Optimize Hull Resistance Using CFD

Optimization analysis and computational fluid dynamics （CFDs） have been applied simultaneously, in which a parametric model plays an important role in finding the optimal solution. However, it is difficult to create a parametric model for a complex shape with irregular curves, such as a submarine hull form. In this study, the cubic Bezier curve and curve-plane intersection method are used to generate a solid model of a parametric submarine hull form taking three input parameters into account： nose radius, tail radius, and length-height hull ratio （L/H）. Application program interface （API） scripting is also used to write code in the ANSYS DesignModeler. The results show that the submarine shape can be generated with some variation of the input parameters. An example is given that shows how the proposed method can be applied successfully to a hull resistance optimization case. The parametric design of the middle submarine type was chosen to be modified. First, the original submarine model was analyzed, in advance, using CFD. Then, using the response surface graph, some candidate optimal designs with a minimum hull resistance coefficient were obtained. Further, the optimization method in goal-driven optimization （GDO） was implemented to find the submarine hull form with the minimum hull resistance coefficient （Ct）. The minimum C, was obtained. The calculated difference in （7, values between the initial submarine and the optimum submarine is around 0.26%, with the C, of the initial submarine and the optimum submarine being 0.001 508 26 and 0.001 504 29, respectively. The results show that the optimum submarine hull form shows a higher nose radius （rn） and higher L/H than those of the initial submarine shape, while the radius of the tail （r1） is smaller than that of the initial shape.

Design for Two-degree-of-freedom PID Regulator Based on Improved Generalized Extremal Optimization Algorithm

A kind of new design method for two-degree-of-freedom(2DOF)PID regulator was presented,in which,a new global search heuristic--improved generalized extremal optimization(GEO)algorithm is applied to the parameter optimization design of 2DOF PID regulator.The simulated results show that very good dynamic response performance of both command tracking and disturbance rejection characteristics can be achieved simultaneously.At the same time,the comparisons of simulation results with the improved GA,the basic GEO and the improved GEO were given.From the comparisons,it is shown that the improved GEO algorithm is competitive in performance with the GA and basic GEO and is an attractive tool to be used in the design of two-degree-of-freedom PID regulator.

Applications of Power Rail Track Program to Tracings of Brazilian Railways

In Brazil, the use of software and applications in railway geometric designs is rare. Currently, after the division and privatization of the national rail network, the concessionaires who assumed the administration, are investing in modernization, recovery and extension of this transport model to make it more efficient. The PIL （Program of Investment in Logistics） has generated growth of the sector in response to the amount of investments, greatly enhancing the load capacity and optimizing the geometric design, which would allow speed of 80 km/h. Based on this information, the objective of this research is to verify the software applications of Power Rail Track Program of Bentley Systems, Inc. for geometric designs in future deployments of railways in Brazil. This software is based on numerical calculations, including roller adjustment by the least squares method to calculate and choose the best alignments, and regression tools, to a fast and effectively optimization of various parameters of the geometry for a future or existing railway. Different variables that allow you to optimize the geometric design are analyzed, considering several optional alignments and complex restrictions present in geometric design, taking into account variables such as circular curves, transition, tangents and rays. The software regression tools include curvature diagrams identifying points and curves, tangent and spirals. The analysis results are presented quickly and points can be added or deleted from the regression analysis, providing improved tracing. The software also allows to detail the elements of the executive project of the railway line such as rails, joints, turning points, waypoints and others. The result of this study has shown that the application of the Power Rail Track Program generates significant cost savings in time and increases in productivity, providing greater opportunity to optimize the geometry and reducing geometric design costs.

Itaipu Binacional Hydro Power Plant Thrust Bearing Design Optimization for Higher Efficiency

Hydro generators installed in Itaipu Binacional power plant with 824/737 MVA rated output power （50/60 Hz） belong to the largest ones in the world. Among many unique features, the generators are equipped with the largest hydrodynamic thrust bearings ever built （external diameter 5,200 mm, axial load equals approximately 3,600 t）. This paper is an attempt to propose a new thrust bearing design with the use of the state-of-the-art technologies and simulation techniques that demonstrate a reduction of friction power losses generated by the thrust bearing. This paper is divided into two parts. Within the first one, the original thrust bearing design which was implemented in the generators is described. Related calculation results based on a TEHD （thermo-elasto-hydrodynamic） calculation software used by Alstom will be presented. A comparison between measurement results gathered in the 1980s is given. In the second part, a potential solution of a more beneficial bearing design is described. The proposed thrust bearing design modification is an implementation of Alstom＇s PolypadTM coating. This modern polymer （PEEK） coating material has already been used by Alstom in projects around the world for many years. This coating allows pushing the operating parameters limits toward higher temperatures and lower oil film thicknesses far beyond the limits known for the conventional bearing materials.

Study of High Efficiency Membrane Pilot Test for Membrane Design Optimisation in Order to Reduce the Electrical Consumption

Regarding the studies of other authors about energy performance of a reverse osmosis desalination plant operating with variable pressure; about desalination efficiency in their different recent articles, we continued working in this way researching in a real seawater reverse osmosis plant following the items below. The objectives of this test are to get the minimum electrical consumption and energy costs for the operation of a sea water desalination plant using membranes. We need to compare the performance of the different membranes manufacturer＇s and to determine, under this new thermal scenario, the optimal configuration to get the water quality and quantity needs with the minimum energy consumption.

无卤板料啤板甩油的研究与改善

本文主要针对PCB无卤板料啤板甩油问题进行深入探讨研究,通过对板料冲裁性能、不同啤板方式、优化卸力设计三种组合变量进行DOE测试验证,得到最佳的解决无卤板料啤板甩油的加工条件,提高产品质量,降低公司成本及客户投诉率。

Optimization Framework for Conceptual Powertrain Design

With an increasing number of vehicles with alternative powertrains, the choice of the most appropriate powertrain system for a vehicle class or a load cycle is challenging. This paper introduces a method to design an optimal alternative powertrain based on a longitudinal dynamic simulation. The objective function of the minimization problem describes the characteristic map of the traction system. The goal of the optimization is to minimize fuel consumption respectively energy demand. Different types of propulsion systems are investigated. The results show that the proposed method delivers useful alternative powertrains by applying an optimization with reasonable restrictions.

Comparison of the Sound Power Levels of an Aerodynamically Designed EGV and a State-of-the-Art EGV

Within previous EU projects, possible modifications to the engine components have been investigated, that would allow for an optimised aerodynamic or acoustic design of the EGV （exit guide vanes） of the TEC （turbine exit casing）. However, the engine weight should not be increased and the aerodynamic performance must be at least the same. This paper compares the sound power level of a state-of-the-art TEC （reference TEC） with typical EGVs with an aerodynamically optimised TEC configuration for the engine operating point approach. It is shown that a significant weight reduction （only bladings considered） and reduction in engine length can be achieved but the sound power level for the fundamental tone （lst blade passing frequency） for this acoustically important operating point is increased. It is also shown that the losses of the aerodynamical optimised EGVs are higher for this off design point but significantly lower at the aero design point. Measurements were conducted in the STTF （subsonic test turbine facility） at the Institute for Thermal Turbo machinery and Machine Dynamics, Graz University of Technology. The inlet guide vanes, the LPT （low pressure turbine） stage, and the EGVs have been designed by MTU Aero Engines.