求解无粘结预应力混凝土梁力筋应力增量的能量法

以弹性阶段直线配筋的无粘结预应力混凝土梁为例 ,推导了在均布荷载作用下按能量法求解无粘结预应力筋应力增量的过程 ,并以实例与目前已有方法所求得的应力增量进行了比较 。

土钉支护施工阶段土钉轴力的计算分析

土钉支护的形成过程对其受力和变形有直接影响。结合土钉支护边开挖、边支护且开挖在前的施工特点,定义开挖影响面以反映土体开挖时边坡滑动趋势的变化,与开挖影响面相交处的土钉在土体开挖时轴力增加最多。开挖土压力表示以开挖影响面为边界的土块体产生的土压力,由相邻两步开挖土压力之差求得挖土引起的不平衡力。增加的土钉轴力在平衡此不平衡力的同时,维持着边坡稳定。据此,以开挖影响面及其土钉轴力增量为主要研究对象,提出了施工阶段土钉轴力的分析方法。该方法在求得土钉轴力最大值及其作用位置的同时,还给出了土钉轴力沿钉长方向的分布。应用此方法对法国CLOUTERRE项目1号墙足尺试验进行了计算,结果表明:计算与测试结果吻合良好。

复合加筋土的强度与应力应变特性研究

为了探索土工格室与水平向土工合成材料联合加筋作用下土的应力变形及强度特性,本文采用理论分析和三轴试验相结合的方法,对此展开研究。首先推导得到了考虑筋材强度发挥和筋土比例的涤纶布-环状刚塑带加筋黄土的强度表达式,然后对加筋土三轴试验结果进行了分析。研究表明,用复合加筋形式,被约束土体的黏聚力有很大的提高,如果环内填土含有草根,则形成二次加筋作用,当草根比较柔软时,加筋后复合体的黏聚力有很大提高,当根比较坚硬,加筋复合体的黏聚力和内摩擦角皆有很大提高。将计算得到的偏应力与小主应力关系曲线与试验曲线进行比较,发现理论计算曲线与试验曲线吻合好,其最大误差在7.6%以内,同时表明环向筋强度的发挥在3%~15%,水平筋强度的发挥为100%。分析了加筋土的应力应变曲线,发现随着轴向变形的增加,加筋土的应力持续增长,未出现应力降低拐点,再次证明联合加筋材料未达到破坏状态.最后本文对强度指标进行分析,发现组合加筋情况下,黏聚力增加了1.569~5.054倍,而单独水平向加筋时,黏聚力增加了0.260~3.019倍,单独环向加筋时,黏聚力提高了0.732~3.417倍;复合加筋与单独加筋情况下,加筋后土内摩擦角基本不变,最大增加了约2.2°。本文结果对土工格室、土工袋加筋土挡墙承载力及稳定性的研究有指导作用。

力补偿压差回油活门设计

压差回油活门是航空发动机和燃气轮机燃油控制系统中的重要调节元件。为了解决常规结构压差回油活门压差保持精度较低的问题,采用理论分析与数值仿真结合的方法开展了带力补偿结构的新型压差回油活门设计。基于常规结构的压差回油活门分析得出影响压差保持精度的主要因素是弹簧力增量和稳态液动力;提出了一种参数设计的流程和方法及能够消除弹簧力增量和稳态液动力影响的力补偿压差回油活门结构,采用AMESim软件建立了力补偿压差回油活门仿真模型,对力补偿压差回油活门在多种干扰下的压差保持精度进行了仿真分析。结果表明:力补偿压差回油活门可消除弹簧力增量和稳态液动力的影响,压差保持精度可达±0.01 MPa,显著优于常规压差回油活门的。力补偿压差回油活门的参数设计方法简单有效,可用于工程设计。

体外预应力加固混凝土梁试验研究及工程应用

钢筋混凝土梁加固技术正在迅速发展,提出了许多切实可行的加固方法。文章介绍了几种常用的加固方法,重点阐述了体外预应力加固混凝土梁的基本原理及研究现状。对6根简支梁及6榀框架梁进行了体外预应力加固试验,提出了正截面抗弯承载力计算公式、力筋极限应力增量计算公式及挠度计算公式并在天津某展览馆加固改造工程中进行了应用,得到了较好的加固效果。

加锚节理面的抗剪试验研究

通过一系列剪切模型试验,研究在不同法向力、预应力和锚固情况下锚索对平滑节理面抗剪性能的影响,利用对比试验将销钉力、预应力和轴力增量3种力的抗剪作用分离出来,着重探讨了在剪切过程中3种力对节理面的抗剪贡献,并分析了锚索模拟体的破坏形式。试验结果表明,预应力锚固明显提高了节理面剪切力-位移曲线初始段的抗剪力和剪切刚度,并使得曲线末段表现出塑性强化的特征;预应力大小对加锚节理面抗剪强度的影响与试验条件、节理面状况和锚固角等有关。试验和理论分析表明,剪切位移开始阶段预应力和销钉作用发挥了主要作用,杆体形成塑性铰后轴力增量则起了重要的作用,锚索的破坏一般发生在节理面附近,属于拉剪复合破坏模式。

考虑施工过程的土钉支护坑壁水平位移计算

结合土钉支护边开挖边支护的特点,建立了以开挖影响面及其上土钉力增量为主要研究对象的施工阶段土钉支护分析模型,给出了施工过程中土钉支护坑壁水平位移的计算方法。采用本文计算方法,计算了Clouterre项目1号墙建造过程中的坑壁水平位移,与量测值符合良好;此外,对基坑几何形状、土体性质和土钉布设情况对坑壁水平位移的影响进行了分析,结果表明符合土钉支护坑壁水平位移的变化规律。

微型抗磁悬浮振动能量采集器结构研究与分析

针对微机电系统供电问题,提出一种新型的抗磁悬浮振动能量采集器结构。该结构消除了传统机械悬浮的能量损失,利用提升永磁体与悬浮永磁体之间的磁吸力抵消悬浮永磁体的重力,两个热解石墨薄板与悬浮永磁体之间的抗磁力作为回复力使悬浮永磁体回到平衡位置。通过有限元软件MAXWELL仿真计算,悬浮永磁体的最大活动范围1.3mm;同时,分析了在悬浮永磁体悬浮的范围内磁力的增量与抗磁力增量大小对比,得出了抗磁能量采集器的运动特性和稳定工作的范围为0.7mm。

非柔性加筋材料加筋土的强度特性分析

通常的加筋土所用的筋材一般为柔性材料 ,仅考虑筋的抗拉强度 ,加筋后土体强度的提高表现为粘聚力有很大的提高 ,而内摩擦角几乎不变 ;而特殊的一些加筋工程 ,所用的筋为非柔性材料 ,其特点是具有抗拉、抗剪和抗弯强度 ,根据非柔性材料的以上特点 ,通过建立复合体单元受力破坏模式 ,将加筋土体的破坏分为摩擦型破坏和拉断型破坏 ,分析了轴对称三轴试验条件下非柔性加筋材料加筋土的强度特性 ,通过静力平衡条件 ,得出大小主应力之间关系 ,该式表明 ,非柔性材料加筋后土体的粘聚力和内摩擦角均增大许多 .

客车爆胎应急安全装置试验方法研究

进行客车爆胎后转向力增量试验时需要在汽车行驶过程中模拟爆胎进行测试,该方法存在重复性差、成本高、安全性差、可操作性差等方面的问题,本文通过汽车爆胎时的动力学分析,研究了爆胎过程中对汽车方向盘转向力增量的主要影响因素,提出了新的试验方案,并从理论计算和试验验证两方面证明了该方案的合理性和有效性,可以有效简化相关试验,大大提高工作效率。

组合式刚塑带加筋土强度的理论分析与试验验证

根据试验结果和理论研究,推导得到水平向与环向组合式刚塑带加筋土的强度表达式,并考虑筋材强度的发挥和筋土比例,随后进行详细讨论分析。研究表明,组合式刚塑带加筋土的黏聚力有很大的提高,如果环内含有草根,则形成二次加筋作用,其强度会进一步提高。用文中所推导出的强度公式得到的计算曲线与试验曲线吻合较好,最大误差在5.1%以内,同时加筋材料强度的发挥在1%~7.5%。最后对加筋土强度指标进行分析,研究发现组合式刚塑带加筋土的黏聚力增大了2.75~5.35倍,内摩擦角最大提高了21.7%;而水平向刚塑带加筋土、环向刚塑带加筋土的黏聚力分别增大了0.5~2.767倍、0.732~3.417倍,而它们内摩擦角则增加不多,最大增加了2.2°。综合考虑认为,“4环+3水平”组合加筋形式的加筋效果最好,其次是“2环+4水平”组合加筋形式。在实践中,可参照以上两种加筋形式进行边坡、地基加固修复等。

教育成本分担中的几个认识问题

教育成本分担中的几个认识问题戚业国教育收费无疑是近年我国社会生活中最为引人关注的热点问题之一，几乎影响到全社会的每一个家庭。在众多关于教育收费的文章中，引用最多的两个理由是“非义务教育”和“较高的回报率”。在非义务教育和收费之间，在教育回报率与收费之...

基于分离积分的捷联惯导系统改进算法

传统捷联惯性导航算法基于比力积分变换求解地速时,采用一阶近似与二阶截断带来的误差对于高精度导航应用造成的影响不可忽略。为消除这种影响,在惯性参考坐标下,采用分离积分的思想,提出了一种改进的高精度捷联惯导算法。针对惯性系下由比力积分定义的推力速度,在获得比力积分变换增量解析解的基础上,通过分析划船误差产生的原因,确定基于修正速度增量的补偿方案,得到了能够完全补偿动态误差(包括圆锥误差、旋转误差、划船误差)的推力速度确切解,圆锥误差与划船误差的计算可直接采用传统优化算法。将推力速度更新思想扩展应用于引力加速度的积分与位置更新,获得了完整的高精度捷联惯性导航算法,通过复杂动态环境下的仿真测试比较结果验证了该算法在整体性能上的显著优势。

Numerical Derivation of Strain Rate Effects on Material Properties of Masonry with Solid Clay Bricks

In this paper, numerical method is used als. A typical unit of masonry is selected to serve merical model of RVE is established with detailed to study the strain rate effect on masonry materias a representative volume element （RVE）. Nudistinctive modeling of brick and mortar with their respective dynamic material properties obtained from laboratory tests. The behavior of brick and mortar are characterized by a dynamic damage model that accounts for rate-sensitive and pressuredependent properties of masonry materials. Dynamic loads of different loading rates are applied to RVE. The equivalent homogenized uniaxial compressive strength, threshold strain and elastic modulus in three directions of the masonry are derived from the simulated responses of the RVE. The strain rate effect on the masonry material with clay brick and mortar, such as the dynamic increase factor （DIF） of the ultimate strength and elastic modulus as a function of strain rate are derived from the numerical results.

Working mechanism of two-direction reinforced composite foundation

Based on the discussion about working mechanism of horizontal reinforcement and that of vertical reinforcement,respectively,the working mechanism of two-direction reinforced composite foundation was studied.The enhancing effect of horizontal reinforcement on vertical reinforced composite foundation was analyzed.A simplified calculation method for such two-direction reinforced working system was presented.A model experiment was carried out to validate the proposed method.In the experiment,geocell reinforcement worked as the horizontal reinforcement,while gravel pile composite foundation worked as the vertical reinforcement.The results show that the calculated curve is close to the measured one.The installation of geosynthetic reinforcement can increase the bearing capacity of composite foundation by nearly 68% at normal foundation settlement,which suggests that the enhancing effect by geosynthetic reinforcement should be taken into account in current design/analysis methods.

An improved hypoplastic constitutive model of rockfill considering effect of stress path

An incrementally nonlinear hypoplastic constitutive model was introduced, which was developed without recourse to the concepts in elastoplasticity theory such as yield surface, plastic potential and the decomposition of the deformation into elastic and plastic parts. Triaxial drained tests on rockfill were conducted on a large scale triaxial apparatus under two types of stress paths, which were the stress paths of constant stress ratio and the complex stress paths with transitional features. Motivated by the effect of stress path, the Gudehus-Bauer hypoplastic model was improved by considering the parameter variations with different ratios of stress increment. Fitting parameter a presents a piecewise linear relationship with cosine of the slope angle θ determined by instantaneous stress path. The improved hypoplastic model can present peak stress increasing and volumetric strain changing from dilatancy to contractancy with the increase of transitional confining pressure σ3t and the decrease of slope angle θ of stress path. Compared with the test data, it is shown that the model is capable of fully considering the effect of stress path on rockfill.

Experimental research on mechanical properties of prestressed truss concrete composite beam encased with circular steel tube

Tests of 4 simply supported unbonded prestressed truss concrete composite beams encased with circular steel tube were carried out. It is found that the ratio of the stress increment of the unbonded tendon to that of the tensile steel tube is 0.252 during the using stage,and the average crack space of beams depends on the ratio of the sum of the bottom chord steel tube's outside diameter and the secondary bottom chord steel tube's section area to the effective tensile concrete area. The coefficient of uneven crack distribution is 1.68 and the formula for the calculation of crack width is established. Test results indicate that the ultimate stress increment of unbonded tendon in the beams decreases in linearity with the increase of the composite reinforcement index β0. The pure bending region of beams accords with the plane section assumption from loading to failure. The calculation formula of ultimate stress increment of the unbonded tendon and the method to calculate the bearing capacity of normal section of beams have been presented. Besides,the method to calculate the stiffness of this sort of beams is brought forward as well.

Verification and Improvement of the Ability of CFSv2 to Predict the Antarctic Oscillation in Boreal Spring

The boreal spring Antarctic Oscillation(AAO)has a significant impact on the spring and summer climate in China.This study evaluates the capability of the NCEP's Climate Forecast System,version 2(CFSv2),in predicting the boreal spring AAO for the period 1983-2015.The results indicate that CFSv2 has poor skill in predicting the spring AAO,failing to predict the zonally symmetric spatial pattern of the AAO,with an insignificant correlation of 0.02 between the predicted and observed AAO Index(AAOI).Considering the interannual increment approach can amplify the prediction signals,we firstly establish a dynamical-statistical model to improve the interannual increment of the AAOI(DY AAOI),with two predictors of CFSv2-forecasted concurrent spring sea surface temperatures and observed preceding autumn sea ice.This dynamical-statistical model demonstrates good capability in predicting DY AAOI,with a significant correlation coeffcient of 0.58 between the observation and prediction during 1983-2015 in the two-year-out cross-validation.Then,we obtain an improved AAOI by adding the improved DY AAOI to the preceding observed AAOI.The improved AAOI shows a significant correlation coeffcient of 0.45 with the observed AAOI during 1983-2015.Moreover,the unrealistic atmospheric response to March-April-May sea ice in CFSv2 may be the possible cause for the failure of CFSv2 to predict the AAO.This study gives new clues regarding AAO prediction and short-term climate prediction.

Improved Formula for Estimating Added Resistance of Ships in Engineering Applications

The authors previously introduced a semi-empirical formula that enabled fast estimation of the added resistance of ships in head waves, and in this study the formula is further refined for easy use in engineering applications. It includes an alternative ship draft correction coefficient, which better accounts for the wave pressure decay with ship’s draft. In addition, it only uses the speed and main characteristics of the ship and wave environment as input, and has been simplified to the extent that it can be readily processed using a pocket calculator. Extensive validations are conducted for different ship types at low to moderate speeds in various typical irregular sea conditions, and encouraging results are obtained. This relevant and topical research lies within the framework of the recent IMO MEPC.232（65） （2013） EEDI guidelines for estimating the minimum powering of ships in adverse weather conditions, which specify for the use of simple methods in current Level 2 assessment within engineering applications.Keywords： added resistance, minimum power, IMO regulation, EEDI regulation, weather coefficient, semi-empirical formulas, ships, head waves

Removal of Nickel（II） from Aqueous Solution Using Activated Charcoal Derived from the Leaves of Bitter Orange Tree （Citrus aurantium）

The present work deals with the removal of Ni（II） ion using activated charcoal prepared from the dry leaves of bitter orange tree （Citrus aurantium）. The effects of its concentration, adsorbent dosage, particle size, pH and temperature on removal of Ni（II） ion have been studied. The removal of Ni（II） ion is higher at lower concentration and gradually decreases as the concentration increases. The pH of 5 was the most suitable. The removal of Ni（II） ion increases with the increases in the adsorbent dosage. The effect of particle size reveals that the percentage removal of Ni（II） ion decreases with increase in particle size of adsorbent. The effect of temperature shows that as temperature increases, the percentage removal of Ni（II） ion decreases and this is due to the interaction forces weakening at high temperature. Thermodynamic parameters from the effect of temperature were calculated.