半导体温差发电器的热力学准则和性能参数

应用非平衡态热力学和有限时间热力学理论,导出了半导体温差发电器输出功率和效率的一般表达式;兼顾输出功率和效率,给出了半导体温差发电器优化性能的热力学准则;分析了效率随塞贝克系数与汤姆孙系数之比的变化,指出塞贝克系数与汤姆孙系数之比是半导体温差发电器的一个重要性能参数.

空战攻防对策力学准则的推广

对空战攻防对策力学准则进行了推广研究。导出了考虑导弹杀伤半径不为零时的“圆捕获”界栅方程，该方程表明“点捕获”界栅方程是“圆捕获”界栅方程的特例；给出了捕获区、逃逸区和界栅几何图形，该图形描述了界栅与视线距、视线变化率、视线角速度之间的关系；分析了导弹杀伤半径、导弹和目标机动能力的差值对导弹和目标空战效果的影响。

热源间制冷与泵热循环参数选择的有限时间热力学准则

按经典热力学,工作在两个恒温热源之间的逆卡诺循环的最大性能系数为或其中ε_r和ψ_r分别为制冷系数和供热系数,T_1和T_2分别为高温和低温热源的温度。(1)、(2)式给出的启示是:要达到理想的热力学界限,工质同热源间的传热温差应无穷小。

热源间热机工作参数选择的有限时间热力学准则

经典热力学给出工作在两个恒温热源之间的热机最大效率为 η=1-Q_2/Q_1=1-T_2/T_1,(1) 其中Q_1、Q_2分别为热机工质每循环可逆地从高温热源吸取的热量和向低温热源放出的热量,T_1、T_2分别为高、低温热源的温度。(1)式给我们的启示是尽可能减小工质同热源间的传热温差,需无限缓慢地工作,其结果是以时间为基础的功率趋向于零。然而。

取向硅钢冷轧裂纹力学行为研究

基于裂纹扩展断裂力学准则,建立了取向硅钢冷轧边裂萌生、扩展的临界条件,并对冷轧裂纹力学行为进行探讨。结果表明,1mm边裂在韧性条件下的临界工作应力为1330~1760MPa、脆性状态为300~800MPa;在相同载荷条件下,单边裂纹的应力强度因子最高,双边裂纹次之,中心裂纹最低。

D-P准则与岩石断裂韧度K_(Ic),K_(II)c关系的研究

通过断裂力学中裂纹端部的应力叠加,得出拉剪裂纹的端部总应力,代入D-P破坏准则,经推导得出D-P准则与岩石断裂韧度KIc,KIIc的相互关系。并以三峡永久船闸高边坡为例,说明该推导的合理性。

高渗压条件下裂隙岩体的劈裂破坏特性

基于岩体工程中普遍存在节理裂隙岩体,裂隙岩体在地下工程卸荷扰动后形成复杂应力状态和高水头压力的共同作用下将发生压剪复合破坏或拉剪复合破坏,对裂纹面的应力状态进行分析以判定其破坏模式,并进一步研究岩体裂纹开裂特性及岩桥断裂贯通力学机理,建立相应的临界水压和初裂强度判据。同时,对处于水力劈裂状态的高水头压力隧洞围岩的破坏特性进行模拟。研究结果表明:隧洞在高渗透水压的驱动下周边围岩开始发生水力劈裂,形成拉剪劈裂区;随着内水外渗的发展,随即在拉剪劈裂区外侧形成压剪劈裂带,同时,拉剪区和压剪区继续扩展直至渗流衰减趋于稳定。

离散变量结构优化设计的混合遗传算法

以力学准则法为基础 ,提出了一种求解离散变量结构优化设计的拟满应力方法 ;这种方法能直接求解具有应力约束和几何约束的离散变量结构优化设计问题。通过在遗传算法中定义拟满应力算子 ,建立了一种离散变量结构优化设计的混合遗传算法 -拟满应力遗传算法。算例表明这种混合遗传算法适用性广 。

柱下十字交梁基础的优化选型

柱下十字交梁基础是多高层建筑结构常用的一种浅基础形式,其受力状态较为复杂,工程中根据经验进行两方向基础的选型,常导致两方向基底支反力不相等,易造成地基基础的不均匀沉降。本文以两方向基底反力相等为优化目标,研究分析了柱下十字交梁基础的优化选型问题,并计算总结了工程设计中的实用选型原则,对此类基础的合理设计具有重要的理论价值。

采场上覆厚硬岩层的结构稳定性分析

采用托板理论对厚硬岩层的结构稳定性进行分析,结合地表沉陷中"三带"理论对托板进行分类,给出了不同类型托板的力学判断准则,结合相似模拟试验结果与托板判定准则分析评价,表明这种分类判断准则在开采损害工程中具有较好的应用价值。

Plastic yielding of NiTi shape memory alloy under local canning compression

As a new attempt, local canning compression was applied in order to implement large plastic deformation of nickel-titanium shape memory alloy （NiTi SMA） at room temperature. The plastic mechanics of local canning compression of NiTi SMA was analyzed according to the slab method as the well as plastic yield criterion. Transmission electron microscopy （TEM）, high resolution transmission electron microscopy （HRTEM） and scanning electron microscopy （SEM） were used to study the microstructural evolution as well as deformation behavior of NiTi samples under local canning compression. Increasing the hydrostatic pressure with the increase in the outer diameters of the steel cans is responsible for suppressing the initiation and growth of the micro-cracks, which contributes to enhancing the plasticity ofNiTi SMA and avoiding the occurrence of brittle fracture. Plastic deformation of NiTi SMA under a three-dimensional compressive stress state meets von-Mises yield criterion at the true strains ranging from about 0.15 to 0.50, while in the case of larger plastic strain, von-Mises yield criterion is unable to be met since the amorphous phase arises in the deformed NiTi sample.

地基剪切波速与抗剪强度的关系研究

地基土特性与其剪切波速密切相关。根据软粘土的非线性本构模型、莫尔-库仑强度准则及土动力学原理,建立了软粘土地基的抗剪强度与剪切波速的关系式。工程实例表明,该公式能有效地估算地基的抗剪强度,满足工程实际应用的要求。

焊接接头的强度

介绍了屈服极限600一800N[Pa钢手弧焊以及机械化埋弧焊和气体保护焊焊成的焊缝金属耐寒性能的实验数据。除冲击韧性外,还在采用断裂力学准则的基础上确定了金属的抗断裂强度。证实,适当选择填充材料和焊接工艺。

大尺度空间薄膜地面振动试验网格膜等效理论分析与数值模拟

针对薄膜结构对空气阻力效应敏感、难以进行全尺寸地面动力学验证试验的问题,提出采用网格膜作为矩形膜面的等效结构进行地面动力学验证试验。建立了矩形膜面与网格膜的动力学等效准则,对网格膜的预应力场及结构参数进行了限定。算例数值模拟表明,在该等效准则的约束下,网格膜与矩形膜面具有基本一致的动力学特性。同时,声固耦合仿真验证了网格膜对空气阻力效应不敏感。

Numerical analysis of soil-rock mixture's meso-mechanics based on biaxial test

Soil-rock mixture(S-RM)is a widely distributed geotechnical medium composed of "soil" and "rock block" different both in size and strength. Internal rock blocks form special and variable meso-structural characteristics of S-RM. The objective of this work was to study the control mechanism of meso-structural characteristics on mechanical properties of S-RM. For S-RM containing randomly generated polygonal rock blocks, a series of biaxial tests based on DEM were conducted. On the basis of research on the effects of rock blocks' breakability and sample lateral boundary type(rigid, flexible) on macroscopic mechanical behavior of S-RM, an expanded Mohr-Coulomb criterion in power function form was proposed to represent the strength envelop. At the mesoscopic level, the variations of meso-structure such as rotation of rock block, and the formation mechanism and evolution process of the shear band during tests were investigated. The results show that for S-RM with a high content of rock block, translation, rotating and breakage of rock blocks have crucial effects on mechanical behavior of S-RM. The formation and location of the shear band inside S-RM sample are also controlled by breakability and arrangement of rock blocks.

Numerical simulation of triaxial compression test for brittle rock sample using a modified constitutive law considering degradation and dilation behavior

The understanding of the rock deformation and failure process and the development of appropriate constitutive models are the basis for solving problems in rock engineering. In order to investigate progressive failure behavior in brittle rocks, a modified constitutive model was developed which follows the principles of the continuum damage mechanics method. It incorporates non-linear Hoek-Brown failure criterion, confining pressure-dependent strength degradation and volume dilation laws, and is able to represent the nonlinear degradation and dilation behaviors of brittle rocks in the post-failure region. A series of triaxial compression tests were carried out on Eibenstock(Germany) granite samples. Based on a lab data fitting procedure, a consistent parameter set for the modified constitutive model was deduced and implemented into the numerical code FLAC3 D. The good agreement between numerical and laboratory results indicates that the modified constitutive law is well suited to represent the nonlinear mechanical behavior of brittle rock especially in the post-failure region.

Zonal disintegration mechanism of isotropic rock masses around a deep spherical tunnel

In order to investigate zonal disintegration mechanism of isotropic rock masses around a deep spherical tunnel, a new mechanical model subjected to dynamic unloading under hydrostatic pressure condition is proposed. The total elastic stress-field distributions is determined using the elastodynamic equation. The effects of unloading rate and dynamic mechanical parameters of isotropic deep rock masses on the zonal disintegration phenomenon of the surrounding rock masses around a deep spherical tunnel as well as the total elastic stress field distributions are considered. The number and size of fractured and non-fractured zones are determined by using the Hoek-Brown criterion. Numerical computation is carried out. It is found from numerical results that the number of fractured zones increases with increasing the disturbance coefficient, in-situ stress, unloading time and unloading rate, and it decreases with increasing parameter geological strength index, the strength parameter and the uniaxial compressive strength of intact rock.

Incubation time approach in rock fracture dynamics

The paper is summarizing latest results connected with application of the incubation time approach to problems of dynamic fracture of rock materials. Incubation time based fracture criteria for intact media and media with cracks are discussed. Available experimental data on high rate fracture of different rock materials and incubation time based fracture criteria are used in order to evaluate critical parameters of causing fracture in these materials. Previously discovered possibility to optimize (minimize) energy input for fracture is discussed in connection to industrial rock fracture processes. It is shown that optimal value of momentum associated with critical load in order to initialize fracture in rock media does strongly depend on the incubation time and the impact duration. Existence of optimal load shapes minimizing momentum for a single fracturing impact or a sequence of periodic fracturing impacts is demonstrated.

Failure behavior and criteria of metallic glasses

Metallic glasses(MGs)constitute an emerging class of advanced structural materials due to their excellent mechanical properties.However,brittle failure at room temperature and the resultant complicated fracture behavior greatly limit their wide engineering applications.Over the past decades,the deformation and fracture in ductile or brittle mode referring to material compositions,load conditions,sample size,etc.,have been widely studied,and significant progress has been made in understanding the failure behavior of MGs.Micromechanisms of fracture have been revealed involving shear banding,cavitation and the nature of the crack tip field.The ductile-to-brittle transition and inherent governing parameters have been found.To well describe and predict the failure behavior of MGs,failure criteria for ductile and brittle MGs have been established empirically or based on atomic interactions.In this paper,we provide a detailed review of the above advances and identify outstanding issues in the failure of MGs that need to be further clarified.