劳动的力本主义与人本主义——以工时制为分析对象

人类社会的发展与劳动密不可分。长期以来,劳动的力本主义实际上成为劳动价值的核心,其含义就是从资本运作的视角出发,将劳动当作生产的一个要素、一个步骤,往复不断地参与生产过程,将劳动蕴含的生产能力发挥到极致的一种观念。这种观念虽然有助于创造巨额的物质财富,但却压抑了人性,贬低了人的尊严。而劳动的人本主义强调人的主体地位、注重精神层面上的活动以及人类的社会化需求。这是构建文明社会所必须达到的要求。从工时制的角度分析,劳动的力本主义下的工时制,存在着时间的计量物化了生命、时间的安排消磨了意志以及时间的利用压抑了人性的问题。而劳动的人本主义下的工时观是一种社会化的、人性化的工时观。这可以进一步克服异化劳动,促进人的发展。

Objectivity on Quantum Events： The Principle of Complementarity and the Rortian Perspective

In this writing, I reconstruct the Principle of Complementarity in Quantum Mechanics, elaborated by Niels Bohr, and the conception of objectivity implied in it （and in Bohr＇s writings）. Then, I connect it with the epistemological pragmatism of the philosopher Richard Rorty. My aim is to reinterpret some issues of this quantum description that concern the category of objectivity from the Rortian perspective in a plausible way. This allows me to connect in a positive and a negative sense some quantum （and Bohrian） assumptions to the Rortian perspective, but mainly, it allows to reconsider the framework of scientific objects from the modern perspective to a new pragmatist and anti-essentialist point of view.

Justice and ＂Divine Violence＂ in Melville＇s Billy Budd

Reading Herman Melville＇s Billy Budd as a revenge text, this paper examines the actions of the three protagonists against each other, including John Claggart＇s revenge against Billy Budd, the reason for which are matters for speculation, and Billy＇s violence towards Claggart in front of Captain Vere, and Vere＇s insistence on enforcing the martial law to judge Billy. I argue that law is operating politically, however just it seems, and maintain that Billy＇s act of violence towards Claggart is in Benjamin＇s words ＂divine violence,＂ which is on the side of justice, as opposed to law. Comparing different interpretations of this posthumous novella regarding revenge and violence, this paper revisits what deconstruction has to say about divine violence, attempting to shed light on the relationship between justice and divine violence. 1 argue that there is something ＂devilish＂ in Melville＇s text, refusing to settle down on any single, close interpretation, and that ＂inner diabolism＂ （in D. H. Lawrence＇s words） is even critical of Billy＇s innocence.

Thick Shell with Different Masses

In the framework of Israel formalism the Oppenheimer-Snyder gravitational collapse and a Sehwarzschild cavity are studied. The motion of the Oppenheimer-Snyder thick shell can be represented by an appropriate thin shell if the expansion of the shell is great, which is valid in the fiat universe.

Ethics and Law： Reassessment on the Legal Positivism

Legal system in a modern society is administered by judiciary which is due to separation of powers in a constitutional government whose role is congruent with market-based （i.e., capitalist） social formation. At the outset of modernity, an overall morality, as a social system, lacked for ordering all social relations in modern society under overdetermination of market relationships and class differentiation. Despite the fact that we may attribute moral property to the patterned relationship, there is somewhat a common character between morals and laws that both of them visibly set forth by reciprocity between individuals and social groups, which are backed by external sanctions as manifested with notion of justice, as evaluative criterion of impartiality. Thereby, the other problem is a tiny relationship or sometimes tension between social systems of morals and individual ethical virtues; even though some philosophers are willing to equate virtues, morals, and the law as squarely reducing virtues to obey the established law. As though, legal system and some morals incidentally coincide, the law cannot be evenly rely on morality in spite of presumed legitimacy by means of morals that have been overall subject matter of philosophy of law. Regarding the social structure of any capitalist society, I frankly say that law autonomously or semi-autonomously arose as a discrete depolitical power system other than system of morals which was ultimately determined by mode of production. Therefore, it relies on a convention-like social approbation, whatsoever is stably or unstably balanced with political power.

Teaching Cultural Strategies for Undergraduate Chinese-English Translation in Chinese Context

Although in China, ordinary translation theories favor the foreignizing strategy in translating culture, and outside China, there are opposing strategies between the cultural studies school and deconstructionist school, translation teachers should be fully aware of their respective revelations and limitations to translation teaching. This paper holds that in undergraduate C-E （Chinese-English~ translation teaching, the linguistic strategy is assimilation rather than alienation, thus, idiomaticness and preciseness should be emphasized. In teaching cultural translation strategy, first, we should promote students＇ cultural competence, which includes culture perceptive competence, culture comparison competence, culture evaluation competence, and culture mediation competence. Second, we need differentiate cultural strategies to translate literary and practical materials. In translating practical materials, functionality determines adaptation or exoticization; in translating literary materials, when cultural factor is the topic of writing, exoticization is employed for the main except that part of politeness system in institutional culture, abstract concrete conversion and description affection model in spiritual culture are adapted. When cultural factor is the background of writing, it is the target text aestheticality and readership intertextuality that determine adaptation or exoticization.

Ability vs Background:An Analysis of the Distribution Mechanism of Higher Education Enrolment Opportunities

Individual education performance is usually influenced jointly by ability and background （family background）. The relative share of these two factors forms the basic grounds for judgments of educational equity. Using sheaf coefficients, we compare the influence of these two mechanisms on the distribution of access to regular first degree higher education opportunities for institutions at different levels. Our findings show that both ability and family background have a marked influence. The higher the level of the institution, thegreater the ability demanded of its students. The effect of family also increases significantly at this level, but ability always has a much stronger influence than family background. It can be seen that though fatuity background is influential in the distribution of higher education opportunities in China today, ability fundamentally remains the dominant criterion, embodying the classic features of a meritocratic society ＂open to talent.＂

China＇s Market Transition： A Third Reform Strategy

This paper tries to explain how China can keep domestic stability under both socialist government and rapid capitalist economic growth. By tracing China＇s reform experience and comparing it with the mainstream reform strategies, the paper argues that, first, Chin＇s reform strategy is fundamentally different from the conventional reform strategies; second, China＇s success to a large extent is the result of Chinese leaders＇ decision making and careful management over reform process rather than of simply market force. Finally, the paper suggests that the active role the Chinese Communist Party plays in economic reform grants its legitimacy, thus enabling it to enjoy political stability under long term rapid economic and social transition.