位置扰动型施力系统的两种建模方法

介绍了位置扰动型施力系统的两种建模方法,以及各自所采取的消除多余力的措施,分析了两种数学模型各自在不同条件下应用的优越性。

混合动力汽车制动系统简析

一、混合动力制动系统概述电动汽车(电动汽车包括纯电动汽车、混合动力汽车和燃料电池汽车)的制动系统与其他汽车基本相同。不同的是,在电动汽车上,一般还有电磁制动装置,它可以利用驱动电动机的控制电路实现电动机的发电运行,使减速制动时的能量转换成对蓄电池充电的电流,从而得到再生利用。混合动力汽车的制动系统不仅仅用于使车辆可靠、稳定地减速。

Numerical and experimental studies of flow field in hydrocyclone with air core

For the flow field in a d50 mm hydrocyclone, numerical studies based on computational fluid dynamics (CFD) simulation and experimental studies based on particle image velocimetry (PIV) measurement were carried out respectively. The results of two methods show that air core generally forms after 0.7 s, the similar characteristics of air core can be observed. Vortexes and axial velocity distributions obtained by numerical and experimental methods are also in good agreement. Studies of different parameters based on CFD simulation show that tangential velocity distribution inside the hydrocyclone can be regarded as a combined vortex. Axial and tangential velocities increase as the feed rate increases. The enlargement of cone angle and overflow outlet diameter can speed up the overflow discharge rate. The change of underflow outlet diameter has no significant effect on axial and tangential velocities.

NUMERICAL INVESTIGATION OF AERODYNAMIC AND MIXING CHARACTERISTICS OF SCARFED LOBED MIXER FOR TURBOFAN ENGINE EXHAUST SYSTEM

The flow field and aerodynamic performances for the scarfed lobed forced mixer are studied based on a computational fluid dynamics（CFD） technique. A series of computations are conducted to obtain the effects of the bypass ratio and the scarf angle on the mixing performance for the scarfed lobed mixer. Results show that the scarfed lobed mixer is reduced in the system weight. Meanwhile, aerodynamic performances are slightly improved compared with the normal lobed mixer. Two reasons for causing the mixing enhancement between the core and the bypass flow are as follows： （1） The stream-wise vortices shed from the training edge of the half/full scarfed lobed mixer earlier is enhanced by about 25%. （2） The mixing augmentation is also associated with the increase of the interface length caused by scarfing. The thermal mixing efficiency is enhanced with the increase of the bypass ratio and the scarfing angle. The scarfed lobed mixer design has no negative effects on the pressure loss. The total pressure recovery coefficient reaches above 0. 935 in various bypass ratios and scarfed angles. As the bypass ratio increases, the total pressure recovery coefficient also increases for the scarfed lobed mixer.

Numerical simulation of a gas pipeline network using computational fluid dynamics simulators

This article describes numerical simulation of gas pipeline network operation using high-accuracy computational fluid dynamics (CFD) simulators of the modes of gas mixture transmission through long, multi-line pipeline systems (CFD-simulator). The approach used in CFD-simulators for modeling gas mixture transmission through long, branched, multi-section pipelines is based on tailoring the full system of fluid dynamics equations to conditions of unsteady, non-isothermal processes of the gas mixture flow. Identification, in a CFD-simulator, of safe parameters for gas transmission through compressor stations amounts to finding the interior points of admissible sets described by systems of nonlinear algebraic equalities and inequalities. Such systems of equalities and inequalities comprise a formal statement of technological, design, operational and other constraints to which operation of the network equipment is subject. To illustrate the practicability of the method of numerical simulation of a gas transmission network, we compare computation results and gas flow parameters measured on-site at the gas transmission enter-prise.

Dynamic simulation and experimental study of inspection robot for high-voltage transmission-line

A mobile robot developed by Wuhan University for full-path hotline inspection on 220 kV transmission lines was presented. With 4 rotating joints and 2 translational ones, such robot is capable of traveling along non- obstaclestraight-line segment and surmounting straight-line segment obstacles as well as transferring between two spans automatically. Lagrange’s equations were utilized to derive dynamic equations of all the links, including items of inertia, coupling inertia, Coriolis acceleration, centripetal acceleration and gravity. And a dynamic response experiment on elemental motions of robot prototype’s travelling along non-obstacle straight-line segment and surmounting obstacles was performed on 220 kV 1∶1 simulative overhanging transmission-line in laboratory. In addition, dynamic numerical simulation was conducted in the corresponding condition. Comparison and analysis on results of experiment and numerical simulation have validated theoretical model and simulation resolution. Therefore, the dynamic model formed hereunder can be used for the study of robot control.

CFD Analysis of Gas Distributor in Packed Column ——Prediction of Gas Flow and Effect of Tower Internals Geometry Structure

Computational fluid dynamics (CFD) simulations were carried out on the gas flow patterns of twin-tangential annular deflector gas distributor in the absence of liquid flow in a packed column (6.4 m in diameter), and the gas flow field in the column was presented close to reality on the whole. Furthermore, after ame-(lioration) of this gas distributor frame, turbulence energy and turbulence energy dissipation rate were both decreased greatly.Simulation results showed that the flow pattern and the distribution of gas flow were strongly affected by the column bottom frame; the proper column bottom frame could decrease the flow pressure drop greatly. Multifold factors, such as the column bottom geometry structure and distributor structure which affects the distribution capacity, must be considered.

CFD simulation of an industrial hydrocyclone with Eulerian-Eulerian approach: A case study

In the present study, a three-dimensional computational fluid dynamics simulation together with experimental field measurements was applied to optimize the performance of an industrial hydrocyclone at Sarcheshmeh copper complex. In the simulation, the Eulerian–Eulerian approach was used for solid and liquid phases, the latter being water. In this approach, nine continuous phases were considered for the solid particles with different sizes and one continuous phase for water. The continuity and momentum equations with inclusion of buoyancy and drag forces were solved by the finite volume method. The k–e RNG turbulence model was used for modeling of turbulency. There was a good agreement between the simulation results and the experimental data. After validation of the model accuracy, the effect of inlet solid percentage, pulp inlet velocity, rod inserting in the middle of the hydrocyclone and apex diameter on hydrocyclone performance was investigated. The results showed that by decreasing the inlet solid percentage and increasing the pulp inlet velocity, the efficiency of hydrocyclone increased. Decreasing the apex diameter caused an increase in the hydrocyclone efficiency.

Unilateral self-locking mechanism for inchworm in-pipe robot

A unilateral self-locking mechanism(USM) was proposed to increase the tractive ability of the inchworm in-pipe robots for pipeline inspection.The USM was basically composed of a cam,a torsional spring and an axis.The self-locking and virtual work principles were applied to studying the basic self-locking condition of the USM.In order to make the cooperation between the crutch and telescopic mechanism more harmonical,the unlocking time of the USM was calculated.A set of parameters were selected to build a virtual model and fabricate a prototype.Both the simulation and performance experiments were carried out in a pipe with a nominal inside diameter of 160 mm.The results show that USM enables the robot to move quickly in one way,and in the other way it helps the robot get self-locking with the pipe wall.The traction of the inchworm robot can rise to 1.2 kN,beyond the limitation of friction of 0.497 kN.

Acoustic pressure simulation and experiment design in seafloor mining environment

Since the suspended sediments have severe influence on acoustic radiated field of transducer, it is significant for sonar system to analyze the influence of suspended sediments on acoustic pressure in the seafloor mining environment. Based on the KZK （Khokhlov-Zabolotkaya-Kuznetsov） equation, the method of sound field analysis in turbid water is proposed. Firstly, based on the analysis of absorption in clean water and viscous absorption of suspended sediments, the sound attenuation coefficient as a function of frequency in the mining environment is calculated. Then, based on the solution of KZK equation in frequency domain, the axial sound pressure of transducer in clear water as well as turbid water is simulated using MATLAB. Simulation results show that the influence of the suspended sediments on the pressure of near field is negligible. With the increase of distance, the axial sound pressures of transducer decay rapidly. Suspended sediments seriously affect the pressure in far-field. To verify the validity of this numerical method, experiment is designed and the axial sound pressure of transducer with a frequency of 200 kHz and a beam width of 7.5~ is measured in simulated mining experiment. The results show that the simulation results agree well with the experiments, and the KZK equation can be used to calculate the sound field in turbid water.

An Investigation of Error Sources in Computational Fluid Dynamics Modelling of a Co-current Spray Dryer

The paper is focused on identifying error sources in computational fluid dynamics(CFD) predictions of a spray drying process. Seven groups of drying and atomisation parameters were selected for analysis and 13simulation trials were performed. The theoretical results were compared with experimental data and sensitivity of the simulation results to the analysed factors was determined. The following parameters affecting the accuracy of CFD spray modelling were found: gas turbulence model, particle dispersion, atomising air, initial parameters of atomisation and heat losses to the environment. A major difference in the errors committed during modelling of spray drying process for fine and coarse sprays was observed.

Shock resistance of supercharged boilers through integration with ship structure

The non-linear finite element software ABAQUS was used to simulate the dynamic response of a marine supercharged boiler when subjected to impact loading. Shock resistance was analyzed by the time-domain simulation method. After exhaustive simulations,the effect of air pressure induced by different working conditions on the shock response of a supercharged boiler was reviewed,leading to conclusions about the variability of structural response with different loading parameters. In order to simulate the real impulsive environments of supercharged boilers,the integration of equipment and ship structure was then primarily used to analyze shock response. These distinctly different equipment shock test methods,run under equivalent work conditions,were compared and the causes of discrepancy were analyzed. The main purpose of this paper is to present references for the anti-shock design of marine supercharged boilers.

Characteristics from a hydrodynamic model of a trapezoidal artificial reef

Flume experiments and numerical simulation were conducted to characterize the hydrodynamics of a trapezoid artificial reef.Measurements in particle image velocimetry were conducted to observe the formation of upwelling and vortices;and forces for the reef model were measured by load cell.The results of flume experiments agree well with the numerical data.In addition,the flow structure around a reef combining trapezoidal and cubic blocks was simulated numerically under two deployment schemes,showing a more complicated flow structure than that of a stand-alone reef.Relationship between drag coefficient and Reynolds number suggest that the degree of turbulence can be assessed from the value of drag coefficient downstream from the reef.The role of the reef in water flow is to reduce flow velocity and generate turbulence.

A Potential Flow Based Flight Simulator for an Underwater Glider

Underwater gliders are recent innovative types of autonomous underwater vehicles （AUVs） used in ocean exploration and observation. They adjust their buoyancy to dive and to return to the ocean surface. During the change of altitude, they use the hydrodynamic forces developed by their wings to move forward. Their flights are controlled by changing the position of their centers of gravity and their buoyancy to adjust their trim and heel angles. For better flight control, the understanding of the hydrodynamic behavior and the flight mechanics of the underwater glider is necessary. A 6-DOF motion simulator is coupled with an unsteady potential flow model for this purpose. In some specific cases, the numerical study demonstrates that an inappropriate stabilizer dimension can cause counter-steering behavior. The simulator can be used to improve the automatic flight control. It can also be used for the hydrodynamic design optimization of the devices.

Dynamics optimization of a novel high speed and high precision 3-DOF manipulator

After introducing a novel 3-DOF high speed and high precision manipulator which combines direct driven planar parallel mechanism and linear actuator, ways of increasing its stiffness are studied through dynamics simulation in ADAMS software environment. Design study is carried out by parametric analysis tools to analyze the approximate sensitivity of the design variables, including the effects of parameters of each beam cross section and relative position of linear actuator on model performance. Conclusions are drawn on the appropriate way of dynamics optimization to get a lightweight and small deformation manipulator. A planar parallel mechanism with different cross section is used to an improved manipulator. Resuits of dynamics simulation of the improved system and another unrefined one are compared. The stiffness of them is almost equal, but the mass of the improved one decreases greatly, which illustrates the wavs efficient.

Experimental Study on the Distribution of Velocity and Pressure near a Submarine Pipeline

As a transport means of oil and gas the submarine pipeline has many merits, such as continuous delivery, large conveying capacity, convenient management, etc. A tube was chosen in our study to simulate the submarine pipeline in the experiments. A high accuracy instrument ADV and high precision point-type pressure sensors were used to measure the parameters of the flow field, including the pressure distribution, velocities at seven cross sections near the submarine pipeline with five different clearance ratios, and twelve dynamic pressure values around the pipeline. The pressure distributions and velocity changes around the pipe under dif- ferent flow velocities and clearance ratios were analyzed. These results might be useful for further study of submarine pipeline ero- sion and protection.

Complete Modeling for Systems of a Marine Diesel Engine

This paper presents a simulator model of a marine diesel engine based on physical, semi-physical, mathematical and thermodynamic equations, which allows fast predictive simulations The whole engine system is divided into several functional blocks： cooling, lubrication, air, injection, combustion and emissions. The sub-models and dynamic characteristics of individual blocks are established according to engine working principles equations and experimental data collected from a marine diesel engine test bench for SIMB Company under the reference 6M26SRP1. The overall engine system dynamics is expressed as a set of simultaneous algebraic and differential equations using sub-blocks and S-Functions of Matlab/Simulink. The simulation of this model, implemented on Matlab/Simulink has been validated and can be used to obtain engine performance, pressure, temperature, efficiency, heat release, crank angle, fuel rate, emissions at different sub-blocks. The simulator will be used, in future work, to study the engine performance in faulty conditions, and can be used to assist marine engineers in fault diagnosis and estimation （FDI） as well as designers to predict the behavior of the cooling system, lubrication system, injection system, combustion, emissions, in order to optimize the dimensions of different components. This program is a platform for fault simulator, to investigate the impact on sub-blocks engine＇s output of changing values for faults parameters such as： faulty fuel injector, leaky cylinder, worn fuel pump, broken piston rings, a dirty turbocharger, dirty air filter, dirty air cooler, air leakage, water leakage, oil leakage and contamination, fouling of heat exchanger, pumps wear, failure of injectors （and many others）.

Numerical Simulation of a Planing Vessel at High Speed

Planing vessels are applied widely in civil and military situations.Due to their high speed,the motion of planning vessels is complex.In order to predict the motion of planning vessels,it is important to analyze the hydrodynamic performance of planning vessels at high speeds.The computational fluid dynamic method（CFD） has been proposed to calculate hydrodynamic performance of planning vessels.However,in most traditional CFD approaches,model tests or empirical formulas are needed to obtain the running attitude of the planing vessels before calculation.This paper presents a new CFD method to calculate hydrodynamic forces of planing vessels.The numerical method was based on Reynolds-Averaged Navier-Stokes（RANS） equations.The volume of fluid（VOF） method and the six-degrees-of-freedom equation were applied.An effective process was introduced to solve the numerical divergence problem in numerical simulation.Compared with experimental results,numerical simulation results indicate that both the running attitude and hydrodynamic performance can be predicted well at high speeds.

Computational Fluid Dynamics Simulation of Liquid-Phase FCC Diesel Hydrotreating in Tubular Reactor

The computational fluid dynamics(CFD) code, FLUENT, was used to simulate the liquid-phase FCC diesel hydrotreating tubular reactor with a ceramic membrane tube dispenser. The chemical reaction and reaction heat were added to the model by user-defined function(UDF), showing the distribution of temperature and content of sulfides, nitrides, bicyclic aromatics and monocyclic aromatics in different parts of the reaction bed. When the pressure was 6.5 MPa, the amount of mixing hydrogen was 0.84%(m), the space velocity was 2 h-1 and the inlet temperature was 633 K, the temperature reached a maximum at a height of 0.15 m, and the range of radial temperature reached its maximum(2.5 K) at a height of 0.15 m. It indicated that the proper ratio of height to diameter of catalyst bed in the tubular reactor was 5-6. The increase of inlet temperature, the mixing hydrogen and the decrease of space velocity led to the decrease in the content of bicyclic aromatics, sulfides and nitrides, and the increase in monocyclic aromatics content, while the high temperature increased. The results were in good agreement with experimental data, indicating to the high accuracy of the model.

Optimal design for split-and-recombine-type flow distributors of microreactors based on blockage detection

In order to increase the productivity of microreactors, the parallelization of the microreactors is required. The performances of flow distributors can affect the product yield and fault detection ability when blockage happens.In this research, an optimal design method to calculate the channel diameters and to determine the flow sensor location is derived based on mass balance and pressure balance models of split-and-recombine-type flow distributors(SRFDs). The model accuracy is verified by experiment data. The proposed method is applied to optimal design of SRFDs under constant flow rate operation conditions. The maximum angle difference between normal and blockage conditions at one sensor to those at the other sensors is set to be the objective function and the uniformity of flow distribution in microreactors under normal condition is also required. The diameters of each pipe in SRFDs are selected as the design variables. Simulated annealing algorithm is used to solve the optimization problem. The effectiveness of the optimal design results is demonstrated by fluid dynamics simulations. The results show that using the optimal channel diameters of SRFDs, the pressure drop in SRFD section is lower than that of the microreactor section. Meanwhile, in the case studies, only a few sensors that are located inside the SRFDs can easily detect the blockage abnormal condition in the parallelized microreactor system.