以力治理、性别偏好与女性参与——基于妇女参与乡村治理的地位分析

从普遍的情况看,中国农村妇女在乡村治理中的地位不高。已有的研究主要是从政策和文化的角度解释其原因,本文从农村治理形式的角度探讨影响农村妇女在乡村治理中地位的因素。农村以能力、权力和暴力为特征的力治形式以及由此产生的性别偏好和性别排斥,极大地制约了农村妇女参与乡村治理的进程。农村治理形式的转变是提高妇女在乡村治理中的地位的重要因素。作者认为农业税的取消、新农村的建设,农村的治理形式将发生重大转变,农村妇女的民主参与面临着重大的机遇和挑战。

从“力治”到“柔治”——基于武陵民族地区Y村治理实践的考察

税费改革前,中国乡村社会呈现出"以力治理"的图景,这是与当时中国农村社会的外部环境和内部治理结构息息相关的。此后,乡村基层社会的制度环境和治理格局发生新变化:国家乡村治理目标多元化、民选村官被纳入官僚化体系、农民生计模式多元化、乡村社会结构复杂化。这些新变化挖掉了"力治"的根基。基于对乡村社会内部治理实践的田野考察,立足武陵民族地区的乡土经验,提出"柔性治理"概念,描述和解释当前民族地区村干部在乡村社会治理中的行为策略。研究发现,村干部应对新变化的理性选择是放弃"力治",并通过自我去行政化策略、自己人扩大化策略、示弱策略、情面交换策略、怀柔包容策略及半边天策略等进行"柔治"。柔性治理模式能够更好解释当前乡村治理的现状。

Temperature-feedback two-photon-responsive metal-organic frameworks for efficient photothermal therapy

The realization of real-time thermal feedback for monitoring photothermal therapy(PTT)under near-infrared(NIR)light irradiation is of great interest and challenge for antitumor therapy.Herein,by assembling highly efficient photothermal conversion gold nanorods and a temperature-responsive probe((E)-4-(4-(diethylamino)styryl)-1-methylpyridin-1-ium,PyS)within MOF-199,an intelligent nanoplatform(AMPP)was fabricated for simultaneous chemodynamic therapy and NIR light-induced temperature-feedback PTT.The fluorescence intensity and temperature of the PyS probe are linearly related due to the restriction of the rotation of the characteristic monomethine bridge.Moreover,the copper ions resulting from the degradation of MOF-199 in an acidic microenvironment can convert H_(2)O_(2)into•OH,resulting in tumor ablation through a Fenton-like reaction,and this process can be accelerated by increasing the temperature.This study establishes a feasible platform for fabricating highly sensitive temperature sensors for efficient temperature-feedback PTT.

Clinical Study of Photodynamic Therapy for Upper Gastrointestinal Tract Cancers

Objective： To evaluate the clinical effectiveness and adverse effects of photodynamic therapy （PDT） for the upper gastrointestinal tract cancers. Methods： 56 patients with upper gastrointestinal cancers in different clinical stages were treated with PDT. Diode laser （630 nm） was used as the light source and the parameters were as follows： power density 200 to 400 mW/cm, energy density 100 to 300 J/cm. PHOTOFRIN was used as photosensitizer, which was given in a dose of 2 mg/kg intravenously 12-24 h before irradiation. Results： Evaluation of the 56 patients＇ therapeutic effectiveness showed that 6 patients （10.7%） had a complete response （CR）, 33 patients （58.9%） partial response （PR）, 12 patients （21.4%） mild response （MR）, and 5 patients （8.9%） no response （NR）. The total response rate （CR＋PR） was 69.6%. No patients had severe adverse effects in this group. Conclusion： PDT is an effective and safe palliative modality for upper gastrointestinal tract cancers.

Identification of Strawberry Anthracnose Pathogens and Screening of Germicides

[Objective] This study aimed to identify strawberry anthracnose pathogens and screen appropriate germicides. [Method] Strawberry anthracnose pathogens in Jurong City of Jiangsu Province were isolated and identified. The toxicities of sever-al germicides to Col etotrichum fragariae were determined with indoor mycelial growth inhibition assay. Field control test was preformed to further verify the control efficacy of germicides. [Result] The isolated strawberry anthracnose pathogenic strains were identified as C. gloeosporioide from genus Col etotrichum of subphylum Deuteromycotina. Prochloraz, pyrazole Kresoxim and hexaconazole al exhibited good indoor control effects; 25% pyrazole Kresoxim EC2000-fold solution, 24% azoxys-trobin＆#183;hexaconazole （azoxystrobin∶hexaconazole=1∶2） SC1500-fold solution and 25%prochloraz EC1000-fold solution al exhibited significant field control efficacy. [Con-clusion] The study provides reference for the alternate use of germicides in actual production.

5-aminolaevulinic Acid-photodynamic Therapy for the Treatment of Cervical Condylomata Acuminata

Objective To investigate the efficacy and safety of photodynamic therapy （PDT） with topical 5-aminolaevulinic acid （ALA） on cervical condylomata acuminata. Methods Patients with cervical condylomata （n=30） were allocated into primary and recurrent group, and were given topical ALA under occlusive dressing for 3 hours followed by irradiation with semiconductor laser at a dose of 100 Jcm 2 and a power of 100 roW. The treatment was repeated 7 days later if the lesion was not completely removed after the first treatment. Complete response rate and recurrence rate of wart lesions as well as rate of adverse reaction were analyzed. Results The total complete response rate of PDT was 100% and the total recurrence rate was 5% after 3 months of follow-up. Recurrence rate of recurrent group was significantly lower than that of prior managements （100%, P〈0.01）. The side effects of PDT in patients mainly included mild burning and/or stinging restricted to the illuminated areas, and was significant lower than their own control （25% vs. 100%, P〈0.05）. Conclusion Compared with conventional therapies, topical application of ALA-PDT is a simple, effective, safe, well-tolerated, and low recurrence rate treatment for cervical condylomata acuminata.

Synergetic anticancer effect of combined gemcitabine and photodynamic therapy on pancreatic cancer in vivo

AIM： To investigate the anti-tumor effects of combined cytotoxic drug （gemcitabine） and photodynamic therapy （PDT） on human pancreatic cancer xenograft in nude mice.METHODS： Human pancreatic cancer cell line SW1990 was used in the investigation of the in vivo effect of combined gemcitabine and PDT on human pancreatic cancer xenograft in mice. Sixty mice were randomly allocated into a control group （without treatment）, photosensitizer treatment group （2 mg/kg photosan, without illumination）, chemotherapy group （50 mg/kg gemcitabine i.p.）, PDT group （2 mg/kg photosan ＋ laser irradiation） and combined treatment group （photosan ＋ chemotherapy）, with 12 mice in each group. Tumor size was measured twice every week. Anti-tumor activity in different groups was evaluated by tumor growth inhibition （TGI）RESULTS： No significant anti-tumor effect was observed either in photosensitizer treatment group or in chemotherapy group. PDT led to necrosis in cancer lesions and significantly reduced tumor volume compared with photosensitizer on day 6 and at the following time points after initialization of therapy （0.24 ± 0.15-0.49 ± 0.08 vs 0.43 ± 0.18-1.25± 0.09, P 〈 0.05）. PDT significantly reduced tumor volume in combined treatment group compared with photosensitizer treatment group （0.12 ± 0.07-0.28 ± 0.22 vs 0.39 ± 0.15-2.20 ± 0.12, P 〈 0.05）, small dose chemotherapy group （0.12 ± 0.07-0.28 ± 0.12 vs 0.32 ± 0.14-1.16 ± 0.08, P 〈 0.05） and control group （0.12 ± 0.07-0.28 ± 0.12 vs 0.43 ± 0.18-1.25 ± 0.09, P 〈 0.05）. TGI was higher in the combined treatment group （82.42%） than in the PDT group （58.18%）.CONCLUSION： PDT has a significant anti-tumor effect, which is maintained for a short time and can be significantly enhanced by small doses of gemcitabine.

Historical reflections on autoimmune hepatitis

Autoimmune hepatitis(AIH),initially known as chronic active or active chronic hepatitis(and by various other names),first came under clinical notice in the late 1940s.However,quite likely,chronic active hepatitis(CAH) had been observed prior to this and was attributed to a persistently destructive virus infection of the liver.An earlier(and controversial) designation in 1956 as lupoid hepatitis was derived from associated L.E.cell test positivity and emphasized accompanying multisystem features and immunological aberrations.Young women featured prominently in early descriptions of CAH.AIH was first applied in 1965 as a descriptive term.Disease-characteristic autoantibodies were defined from the early 1960s,notably antinuclear antibody(ANA),smooth muscle antibody(SMA) and liver-kidney microsomal(LKM) antibody.These are still widely used diagnostically but their relationship to pathogenesis is still not evident.A liver and disease specific autoantigen has long been searched for but unsuccessfully.Prolonged immunosuppressive therapy with predisolone and azathioprine in the 1960s proved beneficial and remains standard therapy today.AIH like many other autoimmune diseases is associated with particular HLA alleles especially with the "ancestral" B8,DR3 haplotype,and also with DR4.Looking forwards,AIH is one of the several enigmatic autoimmune diseases that,despite being(relatively) organ specific,are marked by autoimmune reactivities with non-organ-specific autoantigens.New paradigms are needed to explain the occurrence,expressions and pathogenesis of such diseases.

Key questions about the checkpoint blockade-are microRNAs an answer?

The introduction of immune-checkpoint blockade in the cancer therapy led to a paradigm change of the management of late stage cancers. There are already multiple FDA approved checkpoint inhibitors and many other agents are undergoing phase 2 and early phase 3 clinical trials. The therapeutic indication of immune checkpoint inhibitors expanded in the last years, but still remains unclear who can benefit. Micro RNAs are small RNAs with no coding potential. By complementary pairing to the 3' untranslated region of messenger RNA, microRNAs exert posttranscriptional control of protein expression. A network of microRNAs directly and indirectly controls the expression of checkpoint receptors and several microRNAs can target multiple checkpoint molecules,mimicking the therapeutic effect of a combined immune checkpoint blockade. In this review, we will describe the microRNAs that control the expression of immune checkpoints and we will present four specific issues of the immune checkpoint therapy in cancer:(1) imprecise therapeutic indication,(2) difficult response evaluation,(3) numerous immunologic adverse-events, and(4)the absence of response to immune therapy. Finally, we propose microRNAs as possible solutions for these pitfalls. We consider that in the near future microRNAs could become important therapeutic partners of the immune checkpoint therapy.

Successful photodynamic therapy for biliary papillomatosis:A case report

Papillomatosis of the bile duct is a rare disease with a high risk of malignant transformation. Therapeutical options include partial hepatectomy and liver trans- plantation. A previously healthy 65-years old male developed jaundice and right upper abdominal quadrant pain in 1996. A villous adenoma of the distal bile duct was diagnosed. A Whipple procedure was performed. In 2002 the patient turned symptomatic again. An- other adenoma was found in the right hepatic duct resulting in a right hepatectomy. Two years later the patient again developed cholestasis. Alter drainage of the left hepatic duct with a percutaneous transhepatic cholangial drainage （PTCD） catheter, a recurrent biliary adenomatosis was diagnosed by cholangioscopy. As there was no surgical option left, the patient received photodynamic therapy （PDT） for the recurrent biliary papillomatosis. Three mo alter he received further photodynamic therapies, the bile duct epithelium appeared normal and the patient had no signs of adenomatosis, both macroscopically and histologically. The follow-up cholangioscopy in late 2005 revealed only a small papil-loma without the need for intervention. In early 2006, the patient died of multi organ failure without signs of extrahepatic cholestasis or cholangitis at the age of 75, 10 years after the diagnosis of biliary papillomatosis was established. The patient exceeded the average life expectancy of patients with biliary papillomatosis by far. Thus, PDT might be a sufficient therapeutic option for recurrent papillomatosis patients with no significant side effects.

Success of photodynamic therapy in palliating patients with nonresectable cholangiocarcinoma: A systematic review and meta-analysis

To perform a systematic review and meta-analysis on clinical outcomes of photodynamic therapy (PDT) in non-resectable cholangiocarcinoma.METHODSIncluded studies compared outcomes with photodynamic therapy and biliary stenting (PDT group) vs biliary stenting only (BS group) in palliation of non-resectable cholangiocarcinoma. Articles were searched in MEDLINE, PubMed, and EMBASE. Pooled proportions were calculated using fixed and random effects model. Heterogeneity among studies was assessed using the I2 statistic.RESULTSTen studies (n = 402) that met inclusion criteria were included in this analysis. The P for χ2 heterogeneity for all the pooled accuracy estimates was > 0.10. Pooled odds ratio for successful biliary drainage (decrease in bilirubin level > 50% within 7days after stenting) in PDT vs BS group was 4.39 (95%CI: 2.35-8.19). Survival period in PDT and BS groups were 413.04 d (95%CI: 349.54-476.54) and 183.41 (95%CI: 136.81-230.02) respectively. The change in Karnofsky performance scores after intervention in PDT and BS groups were +6.99 (95%CI: 4.15-9.82) and -3.93 (95%CI: -8.63-0.77) respectively. Odds ratio for post-intervention cholangitis in PDT vs BS group was 0.57 (95%CI: 0.35-0.94). In PDT group, 10.51% (95%CI: 6.94-14.72) had photosensitivity reactions that were self-limiting. Subgroup analysis of prospective studies showed similar results, except the incidence of cholangitis was comparable in both groups.CONCLUSIONIn palliation of unresectable cholangiocarcinoma, PDT seems to be significantly superior to BS alone. PDT should be used as an adjunct to biliary stenting in these patients.

RHEOLOGICAL HYPOTHESIS OF COAL AND GAS OUTBURST MECHANISM

The existing bypotheses of coal and gas outburst mechanism are all based on the elasticity mechanies. Since they have not taken time factor into eonsideration, these hypotheses can not give a satisfactory explanation of the oceurrence and development of the outburst. A creep mathematital model of gas-contaming coal,which can better expdri the phenomenon of coal and methane outbursts,has been set up through creep tests and analyses under the condition of triaxiai compression.The tests have proved that there isn’ t essential difference between the rheological properties of outburst prone coal and non-outburst prone coal. Outburst can happen in any kind of coal if the rheologicai conditions exist. The creep mathematital model provides a soild foundation for establlshing a comprebcnsive criterion of coal and gas outburst.

Metal stenting to resolve post-photodynamic therapy stricture in early esophageal cancer

Photodynamic therapy (PDT) is an established endoscopic technique for ablating Barrett's esophagus with high-grade dysplasia or early-stage intraepithelial neoplasia. The most common clinically significant adverse effect of PDT is esophageal stricture formation. The strictures are usually superficial and might be dilated effectively with standard endoscopic accessories, such as endoscope balloon or Savary dilators. However, multiple dilations might be required to achieve stricture resolution in some cases. We report the case of stricture that recurred after dilation with a bougie, which was completely relieved by a self-expandable metal stent.

Dried-leaf Artemisia annua: A practical malaria therapeutic for developing countries?

Artemisinin from the plant Artemisia annua （A. annua） L., and used as artemisinin combination therapy （ACT）, is the current best therapeutic for treating malaria, a disease that hits children and adults especially in developing countries. Traditionally, A. annua was used by the Chinese as a tea to treat “fever”. More recently, investiga-tors have shown that tea infusions and oral consumption of the dried leaves of the plant have prophylactic and therapeutic effcacy. The presence of a complex matrix of chemicals within the leaves seems to enhance both the bioavailability and effcacy of artemisinin. Although about 1000-fold less potent than artemisinin in their antiplasmodial activity, these plant chemicals are mainly small molecules that include other artemisinic compounds, terpenes （mainly mono and sesqui）, favonoids, and polyphenolic acids. In addition, polysaccharide constituents of A. an-nua may enhance bioavailability of artemisinin. Rodent pharmacokinetics showed longer T？ and Tmax and greater Cmax and AUC in Plasmodium chabaudi -infected mice treated with A. annua dried leaves than in healthy mice. Pharmacokinetics of deoxyartemisinin, a liver metabolite of artemisinin, was more inhibited in infected than in healthy mice. In healthy mice, artemisinin serum levels were 〉 40-fold greater in dried leaf fed mice than those fed with pure artemisinin. Human trial data showed that when delivered as dried leaves, 40-fold less artemisinin was required to obtain a therapeutic response compared to pure artemisinin. ACTs are still unaffordable for many malaria patients, and cost estimates for A. annua dried leaf tablet production are orders of magnitude less than for ACT, despite improvements in the production capacity. Considering that for 〉 2000 years this plant was used in traditional Chinese medicine for treatment of fever with no apparent appearance of artemisinin drug resistance, the evidence argues for inclusion of affordable A. annua dried leaf tablets into the arsenal of drugs to combat malaria and other artemisinin-susceptible diseases.

Using CFD Software to Calculate Hydrodynamic Coefficients

Applications of computational fluid dynamic(CFD) to the maritime industry continue to grow with the increasing development of computers.Numerical approaches have evolved to a level of accuracy which allows them to be applied for hydrodynamic computations in industry areas.Hydrodynamic tests,especially planar-motion-mechanism(PMM) tests are simulated by CFD software-FLUENT,and all of the corresponding hydrodynamic coefficients are obtained,which satisfy the need of establishing the simulation system to evaluate maneuverability of vehicles during the autonomous underwater vehicle scheme design stage.The established simulation system performed well in tests.

PHYSICAL SIMULATION AND ANALYSIS OF METHANE TRANSPORT IN COAL SEAM

This paper studies the effect of ground stress, pore gas pressure and adsorbed methane on methane transport in coal seam. and researches into the applleability of Darey’s inw to methane transport. The additional expansion stress of coal induced by adsorbed methane is measured. The paper establishes the constitutive equation of methane transport, taking ground stress, pore gas pressure and Klinkenburg’s effects into consideration. The features of methane transport under the condition of given stress or strain have been analyzed.

Assessment of oxidative stress in chronic pancreatitis patients

AIM: To assess the levels of antioxidant capacity and oxidative damage in blood of chronic pancreatitis (CP) patients in comparison with those in healthy control sub- jects, by using several different analytical techniques. METHODS: Thirty-five CP patients and 35 healthy con- trol subjects were investigated prospectively with re- spect to plasma levels of thiols, ferric reducing ability of plasma (FRAP, i.e. antioxidant capacity), levels of protein carbonyls and thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS). Additionally, we evaluated the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in whole blood. RESULTS: The antioxidative thiols including cysteine, cysteinylglycine and glutathione were significantly lower in CP patients. In addition, the non-enzymatic antioxi- dant capacity was significantly lower in CP patients, which correlated with the amount of oxidative protein (protein carbonyls) and the extent of lipid damage (TBARS), both were significantly higher in CP patients. The ROS production in whole blood after stimulation with phorbol 12-myritate 13-acetaat, demonstrated a strong tendency to produce more ROS in CP patients. CONCLUSION: Oxidative stress may contribute to the pathogenesis of chronic pancreatitis by decreasing anti- oxidant capacity and increasing oxidative damage in CP patients may be a rationale for intervention with antioxi- dant therapy.

Use of a device that applies external kneading-like force on the abdomen for treatment of constipation

AIM: To evaluate the efficacy of a recently developed device that applies kneading-like motion on the abdomen in improving constipation in elderly long-term care patients. METHODS: Thirty constipated elderly patients were randomly selected from two nursing homes. They were instructed to use the device once daily for 20 min. Rate of bowel movements, volume and consistency of stool and the use of laxantia were all recorded during a 3-wk baseline period and for 12-wk treatment period. Colonic transit time (CTT) was measured in 13 patients by radiopaque markers during the baseline and at the end of treatment. RESULTS: Bowel movement rate (BM/week) increased from 1.4±0.4 BM/wk during baseline to 3.9±0.8 BM/wk during treatment (P<5.0×10-7). Stool amount that was 'low' in 30 patients during baseline increased in 21 patients at the end of the study period (x2 = 19.048-P= 1.3×10-5). Stool consistency,that was 'hard' in 25 patients and 'soft' in 5 patients during baseline, ameliorated in 23 patients at the end of the study (only 2 patients referred 'hard' stool) (x2 = 21.043-P= 4.0×10-6). The mean baseline CTT measured was 92.3±32.3 h at baseline and decreased to 49.4±31.3 h during the study period (P = 0.000208). No side effects were observed during the study period. CONCLUSION: External mechanical vibration of the abdomen reduced CTT and helped to relieve severe constipation in elderly constipated patients.

PARADIGM-HF trial： will LCZ696 change the current treatment of systolic heart failure？

1 Introduction Heart failure （HF） is a global health problem with an estimated prevalence of over 5.8 million in the USA and over 23 million worldwide.It represents the most common cause of hospitalization in elderly patients （〉 65 years） and its incidence has a growing trend mainly due to the aging of the population. Neurohumoral activation plays a major role in the pathophysiology. So in consequence, the cornerstone of its medical treatment is based on the inhibition of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system （RAAS） and the sympathetic nervous system, According to this, all patients with HF and reduced ejection fraction should be treated with an angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitor （ACEI） or an angiotensin receptor blocker （ARB） plus a beta blocker （BB） and if needed, a mineralocorticoid recep- tor antagonist （MRA）.