压电俘能结构力-电耦合特性有限元仿真分析

基于有限元方法对压电悬臂梁进行力电特性数值仿真,研究了不同截面形状压电悬臂梁的力-电特性,发现相比于矩形压电悬臂梁,梯形压电悬臂梁有较高的输出电压和一阶共振频率。进一步分析了梯形压电悬臂梁的压电片长度、压电片位置、基板-压电片厚度比对其性能的影响。结果表明,当压电片长度越短,且位置越靠近固定端时,梯形悬臂梁的输出性能越好,但一阶共振频率随着压电片长度的减小和与固定端距离的增加而降低;当基板-压电片厚度比为1.6时,梯形悬臂梁的电学输出特性最佳,一阶共振频率随着厚度比的增大而增大。

Aging Characteristics of Lithium-Ion Battery Under Fast Charging Based on Electrochemical-thermalmechanical Coupling Model

The aging characteristics of lithium-ion battery(LIB)under fast charging is investigated based on an electrochemical-thermal-mechanical(ETM)coupling model.Firstly,the ETM coupling model is established by COMSOL Multiphysics.Subsequently,a long cycle test was conducted to explore the aging characteristics of LIB.Specifically,the effects of charging(C)rate and cycle number on battery aging are analyzed in terms of nonuniform distribution of solid electrolyte interface(SEI),SEI formation,thermal stability and stress characteristics.The results indicate that the increases in C rate and cycling led to an increase in the degree of nonuniform distribution of SEI,and thus a consequent increase in the capacity loss due to the SEI formation.Meanwhile,the increases in C rate and cycle number also led to an increase in the heat generation and a decrease in the heat dissipation rate of the battery,respectively,which result in a decrease in the thermal stability of the electrode materials.In addition,the von Mises stress of the positive electrode material is higher than that of the negative electrode material as the cycling proceeds,with the positive electrode material exhibiting tensile deformation and the negative electrode material exhibiting compressive deformation.The available lithium ion concentration of the positive electrode is lower than that of the negative electrode,proving that the tensile-type fracture occurring in the positive material under long cycling dominated the capacity loss process.The aforementioned studies are helpful for researchers to further explore the aging behavior of LIB under fast charging and take corresponding preventive measures.

CFD simulation of high-temperature effect on EHD characteristics in a wire-plate electrostatic precipitator

A computational fluid dynamics （CFD） model is carried out to describe the wire-plate electrostatic precipitator （ESP） in high temperature conditions, aiming to study the effects of high temperature on the electro- hydrodynamic （EHD） characteristics. In the model, the complex interactions at high temperatures between the electric field, fluid dynamics and the particulate flow are taken into account. We apply different numerical methods for different fields, including an electric field model, Euler-Lagrange particle-laden flows model, and particle charging model. The effects of high temperature on ionic wind, EHD characteristics and collection effi- ciency are investigated. The numerical results show high temperature causes more significant effects of the ionic wind on the gas secondary flow. High viscosity of gas at high temperature makes particles follow the gas flow pattern more closely. High temperature reduces the surface electric strength, so that the mean electric strength weakens the space charging. On the contrary, there is an increase in the diffusion charging at high tem- perature compared with at low temperature. High temperature increases the ratio of mean drag force over mean electrostatic force actin~ on the ~atticles which mav contribute to a decline of collection efficiencv.

Long-term Hardening Characteristics of Prestressed Anchorage Grout

Grout plays an important role in the transmission and maintenance of anchoring force,and in the protection of anchorage materials against corrosion.Thus,the hardening characteristics of grout directly affect the anchoring effectivity and long-term reliability.We have excavated a prestressed anchorage which has been in service for 20 years,and have tested the grout which has worked for that long period under complicated geological conditions through strength tests and have analyzed its mineral composition using scanning electron microscopy(SEM) and X-ray diffraction(XRD).The results show that the mineral composition of the 12.5 m segment differs from other segments,and corresponds with poor coagulation characteristics of the 12.5 m segment grout.Analysis shows that unhydrated tricalcium silicate may be the reason for the localized poor coagulation.

Integrated outburst detector sensor-model tests

Outbursts of methane and rocks are, similarly to rock bursts, the biggest hazards in deep mines and are equally difficult to predict. The violent process of the outburst itself, along with the scale and range of hazards following the rapid discharge of gas and rocks, requires solutions which would enable quick and unambiguous detection of the hazard, immediate power supply cut-off and evacuation of personnel from potentially hazardous areas. For this purpose, an integrated outburst detector was developed. Assumed functions of the sensor which was equipped with three measuring and detection elements： a chamber for constant measurement of methane concentration, pressure sensor and microphone. Tests of the sensor model were carried out to estimate the parameters which characterize the dynamic properties of the sensor. Given the impossibility of carrying out the full scale experimental outburst, the sensor was tested during the methane and coal dust explosions in the testing gallery at KD Barbara. The obtained results proved that the applied solutions have been appropriate.

Characteristics for wind energy and wind turbines by considering vertical wind shear

The probability distributions of wind speeds and the availability of wind turbines were investigated by considering the vertical wind shear. Based on the wind speed data at the standard height observed at a wind farm, the power-law process was used to simulate the wind speeds at a hub height of 60 m. The Weibull and Rayleigh distributions were chosen to express the wind speeds at two different heights. The parameters in the model were estimated via the least square(LS) method and the maximum likelihood estimation(MLE) method, respectively. An adjusted MLE approach was also presented for parameter estimation. The main indices of wind energy characteristics were calculated based on observational wind speed data. A case study based on the data of Hexi area, Gansu Province of China was given. The results show that MLE method generally outperforms LS method for parameter estimation, and Weibull distribution is more appropriate to describe the wind speed at the hub height.

A study on the electrical property of HgSe under high pressure

Using a microcircuit fabricated on a diamond anvil cell, we have measured in-situ conductivity of HgSe under high pressures, and investigated the temperature dependence of conductivity under several different pressures. The result shows that HgSe has a pressure-induced transition sequence from a semimetal to a semiconductor to a metal, similar to that in HgTe. Several discontinuous changes in conductivity are observed at around 1.5, 17, 29 and 49GPa, corresponding to the phase transitions from zinc-blende to cinnabar to rocksalt to orthorhombic to an unknown structure, respectively. In comparison with HgTe, it is speculated that the unknown structure may be a distorted CsCl structure. For the cinnabar-HgSe, the energy gap as a function of pressure is obtained according to the temperature dependence of conductivity. The plot of the temperature dependence of conductivity indicates that the unknown structure of HgSe has an electrical property of a conductor.

Experimental study on thermal characteristics of LiFePO_4 power batteries

As an important high-energy chemical power source, lithium-ion power batteries come up to application problems of thermal performance, such as extended temperature range and high power charge ＆ discharge. LiFeP04 battery is applied and developed well recently, its charge and discharge experiment at different temperatures and hybrid pulse power characterization （HPPC） test are analyzed, and the optimal temperature range of LiFeP04 battery is put forward. In order to provide experimental suggestion of power battery application and its thermal management, internal resistance, influencing factor of electromotive force and entropy change state of charge （SOC）, battery thermal characteristic of different charge ＆ discharge rates are summarized.

Contribution of Iron and Aluminum Oxides to Electrokinetic Characteristics of Variable Charge Soils in Relation to Surface Charge

The contribution of iron and aluminum oxides to electrokinetic characteristics of variable charge soils was studied through determination of electrophoretic mobilities of the red soils treated with either removal of iron oxides or coating of aluminum oxides, and of those deferrated under natural conditions. After removal of the iron oxides, zeta potentials of the latosol and the red earth decreased obviously with a shift of IEP to a lower pH, from 6.4 to 5.3 and 4.1 to 2.4 for the former and the latter, respectively, and the electrokinetic change for the latosol was greater than for the red earth. Zeta potentials of the kaolinite sample increased markedly after coated with iron oxides. The striking effect of iron oxides on electrokinetic properties of the soils was also demonstrated by the electrokinetic differences between the samples from the red and white zones of a plinthitic horizon formed naturally, and between the samples from the gley and bottom horizons of a paddy soil derived from a red earth. The coatings of aluminum oxides on the latosol and the yellow earth made their zeta potentials rise pronouncedly and their IEPs move toward higher pHs, from 6.2 to 6.8 and 4.3 to 5.3 for the former and the latter, respectively. The samples with different particle sizes also exhibited some electrokinetic variation. The experiment showed that the effects of iron and aluminum oxides were closely related to the pH and type of the soils.

Lattice Dynamics and Electronic Properties of Heusler Alloys Li_(2)AlX(X=Ga,In):A Comparison Study

The lattice parameters,bulk modulus,rst derivative of the bulk modulus,electronic band structures,phonon dispersion curves and phonon density of states calculations for Li_(2)AlGa and Li_(2)AlIn Heusler alloys are performed and compared in this study using density functional theory within the generalized gradient approximation.Computed lattice parameters display a good agreement with the literature.Obtained electronic band structures of both Heusler alloys show that they are in semi-metallic structure.Phonon dispersion curves and the phonon density of states graphs are also obtained in order to study the lattice dynamics of these Heusler alloys.It is noticed that Li_(2)AlGa and Li_(2)AlIn Heusler alloys are dynamically stable in the ground state.

Dynamic Characteristics Analysis of the Offshore Wind Turbine Blades

The topic of offshore wind energy is attracting more and more attention as the energy crisis heightens.The blades are the key components of offshore wind turbines,and their dynamic characteristics directly determine the effectiveness of offshore wind turbines.With different rotating speeds and blade length,the rotating blades generate various centrifugal stiffening effects.To directly analyze the centrifugal stiffening effect of blades,the Rayleigh energy method (REM) was used to derive the natural frequency equation of the blade,including the centrifugal stiffening effect and the axial force calculation formula.The axial force planes and the first to third order natural frequency planes which vary with the rotating speed and length were calculated in three-dimensional coordinates.The centrifugal stiffening coefficient was introduced to quantitatively study the relationship between the centrifugal stiffening degree and the rotating speed,and then the fundamental frequency correction formula was built based on the rotating speed and the blade length.The analysis results show that the calculation results of the fundamental frequency correction formula agree with the theoretical calculation results.The error of calculation results between them is less than 0.5%.

Motion Characteristics of Novel Floating Foundation for Offshore Wind Turbine

A novel floating foundation to support the NREL offshore 5 MW wind turbine was designed conceptually by combining the characteristics of barge and Spar. The main focus was structural design and hydrodynamic modelling. Based on this novel floating foundation, the hydrodynamic performance was investigated in the frequency domain and time domain by using the wave analysis software Hydro D and Deep C from Det Norske Veritas. The frequency domain analysis was conducted to investigate the effects of the incident wave angle and water depth. The time-domain analysis was carried out to evaluate the response of the floating foundation under a selected operational condition. The hydrodynamic performances of this floating foundation with respect to time series and response spectra were also investigated in this study.

An Experimental Study for Inverse Load Reconstruction

This paper performs an experimental study for inverse load reconstruction. By measuring and analyzing the load characteristics of different home and office electric devices, the author shows that a reconstruction of the individual power consumption of different loads from the total measurement of a single power meter is possible.

Insulation System of Power Transformers Behavior Comparison of Mineral Oils and Natural Ester Dielectric Fluids

Paper deals with a comparison of selected properties of several vegetable oil representatives along their accelerated thermal ageing at the temperature of 90 ℃. These properties are compared to two widely used and commercially available mineral transformer oils. A combined insulating system （an oil-paper system） was created with the usage of mentioned oils for measurement purposes. Dissipation factor, capacity and volume resistance are characteristics measured along a thermal ageing of the oil-paper systems. Infrared spectroscopy was used as an additional method. After 1,000 hours of ageing, the dissipation factor of all systems based on vegetable oils did not exceed the value of 0.015. The volume resistance of systems containing mineral oils was approx, twice as high as the volume resistance of those with vegetable oils. The capacity on the other hand was slightly lower in the case of mineral oils application. An experiment also showed that the paper combined with the vegetable oil dries more quickly than in combination with the mineral oil. Infrared spectroscopy has not shown any expressive changes in the chemical structure of aU tested oils yet （up to 1,000 hours of ageing）.

Influence of the characteristics of fault gouge on the stability of a borehole wall

How to find more effective way to stabilize the borehole wall in the fault gouge section is the key technical challenge to control the stability of the borehole wall in the Wenchuan fault gouge section during the process of core drilling. Here we try to describe the characters of deep fault gouge in fracture zones from the undisturbed fault gouge samples which are obtained during the core drilling. The X- Ray Diffraction （XRD）, X-Ray Fluorescence （XRF） and Scanning Electron Microscope （SEM） provided the detailed information of the fault gouge＇s microscopic characteristics on the density, moisture content, expansibility, dispersity, permeability, tensile strength and other main physical-mechanical properties. Based on these systematic experimental studies above and analysis of the fault gouge instability mechanism, a new technical procedure to stabilize the borehole wall is proposed -- a low water and a low loss low permeability drilling fluid system that consists of 4% day ＋ 0.5% CMC-HV ＋ 2% S-1 ＋ 3%sulfonated asphalt ＋ 1% SMC ＋ 0.5% X-1 ＋ 0-5% T type lubricant ＋ barite for core drilling in fault gouge sections.

导电沥青混凝土的桥面铺装开裂预警技术研究

沥青混凝土桥面铺装层在低温条件下极易产生开裂,空气中水分、灰尘等通过裂缝深入到桥面板与铺装层中间,会进一步造成层间滑移、水损坏。为及时对沥青混凝土桥面铺装的低温开裂病害进行预警,降低后期维修养护费用,采用碳纤维、石墨制备了复合导电沥青混凝土,并通过间接拉伸蠕变试验研究了其变形发展与电阻率的变化关系,根据曲线特点利用多项式拟合获得了不同蠕变阶段其力-电机敏特性。结果表明:碳纤维-石墨导电沥青混凝土电阻率与应变在不同阶段分别呈现出二次非线性、线性相关关系。同时,结合实体工程设计了分布式光纤传感器布设方案与施工流程,即在桥面铺装层间布设分布式光纤,上面层铺筑碳纤维-石墨导电混凝土,形成一种新型桥面铺装结构,为沥青混凝土桥面铺装低温开裂预警提供了一种全新的思路。

Low band-gap benzodithiophene-thienothiophenecopolymers: the effect of dual two-dimensional substitutions on optoelectronic properties

Two new conjugated copolymers, PBDT-T6-TTF and PBDT-T12-TTF, were derived from a novel 4-fluorobenzoyl thienothi- ophene （TTF）. In addition, two types of benzodithiophene （BDT） units with 2,3-dihexylthienyl （T6） and 2,3-didodecylthienyl （T12） substituents, respectively, were successfully synthesized. The effect of the dual two-dimensional （2D） substitutions of the building blocks upon the optoelectronic properties of the polymers was investigated. Generally, the two polymers exhibited good solubility and broad absorption, showing similar optical band gaps of ~1.53 eV. However, PBDT-T6-TTF with its shorter alkyl chain length possessed a larger extinction coefficient in thin solid film. The highest occupied molecular orbital （HOMO） level of PBDT-T6-TTF was located at -5.38 eV while that of PBDT-T12-TTF was at -5.51 eV. In space charge-limited- current （SCLC） measurement, PBDT-T6-TTF and PBDT-T12-TTF displayed respective hole mobilities of 3.0~10-~ and 1.6x10 5 cm2 V-1 s-l. In polymer solar cells, PBDT-T6-TTF and PBDT-T12-TTF showed respective power conversion efficiencies （PCEs） of 2.86% and 1.67%. When 1,8-diiodooctane （DIO） was used as the solvent additive, the PCE of PBDT-T6-TTF was remarkably elevated to 4.85%, but the use of DIO for the PBDT-T12-TTF-blend film resulted in a lower PCE of 0.91%. Atomic force microscopy （AFM） indicated that the superior efficiency of PBDT-T6-TTF with 3% DIO （v/v） should be related to the better continuous phase separation of the blend film. Nevertheless, the morphology of the PBDT-T12-TTF deteriorated when the 3% DIO （v/v） was added. Our results suggest that the alkyl-chain length on the 2D BDT units play an important role in determining the optoelectronic properties of dual 2D BDT-TT-based polymers.

Facile preparation and high performance of wearable strain sensors based on ionically cross-linked composite hydrogels

Flexible sensors that can respond to multiple mechanical excitation modes and have high sensitivity are of great significance in the fields of electronic skin and health monitoring.Simulating multiple signal responses to skin such as strain and temperature remains an important challenge.Therefore,new multifunctional ion-crosslinked hydrogels with toughness and conductivity were designed and prepared in this work.A chemical gel with high mechanical strength was prepared by cross-linking acrylamide with N,N’-methylenebisacrylamide and ammonium persulfate.In addition,in order to enhance the conductive properties of the hydrogel,Ca^(2+),Mg^(2+)and Al^(3+)ions were added to the hydrogel during crosslinking.The double-layer network makes this ionic hydrogel show excellent mechanical properties.Moreover,the composite hydrogel containing Ca^(2+)can reach a maximum stretch of 1100%and exhibits ultra-high sensitivity(Sp=10.690 MPa^(-1)).The obtained hydrogels can successfully prepare wearable strain sensors,as well as track and monitor human motion.The present prepared multifunctional hydrogels are expected to be further expanded to intelligent health sensor materials.

Near-Origin Structure of the Hooke's Atoms

The Hooke＇s atoms with two or more than two electrons give rise to an interesting quantum mechanical model with valuable practical applications. In this work, we study the electronic properties near the origin of the harmonic potential. It is seen that the spherically averaged density, ~, exhibits an interesting character -- it has only even order terms in its small r expansion. The spherical average of the Hartree potential, ~, and the spherical average of the Kohn-Sham exchange-correlation potential, 9~c, are also shown to have the same property -- all odd order terms in their expansions vanish. F^rthermore, the analysis and results extend also to the case of two-dimensional models. While only models interacting via. the Coulomb potential are primarily considered in the article, the results also extend to models interacting via. other potentials （viz. Van der Waals potential）.

Interaction specific binding hotspots in Endonuclease colicin-immunity protein complex from MD simulations

The binding of Endonuclease colicin 9 (E9) by Immunity protein 9 (Im9) was found to involve some hotspots from helix III of Im9 on protein-protein interface that contribute the dominant binding energy to the complex.In the current work,MD simulations of the WT and three hotspot mutants (D51A,Y54A and Y55A of Im9) of the E9-Im9 complexes were carried out to investigate specific interaction mechanisms of these three hotspot residues.The changes of binding energy between the WT and mutants of the complex were computed by the MM/PBSA method using a polarized force field and were in excellent agreement with experiment values,verifying that these three residues were indeed hotspots of the binding complex.Energy decomposition analysis revealed that binding by D51 to E9 was dominated by electrostatic interaction due to the presence of the carboxyl group of Asp51 which hydrogen bonds to K89.For binding by hotspots Y54 and Y55,van der Waals interaction from the aromatic side chain of tyrosine provided the dominant interaction.For comparison,calculation by using the standard (nonpolarizable) AMBER99SB force field produced binding energy changes from these mutations in opposite direction to the experimental observation.Dynamic hydrogen bond analysis showed that conformations sampled from MD simulation in the standard AMBER force field were distorted from the native state and they disrupted the inter-protein hydrogen bond network of the protein-protein complex.The current work further demonstrated that electrostatic polarization plays a critical role in modulating protein-protein binding.