煤基功能碳材料的合成及储能应用

煤及其热加工转化的衍生品煤沥青等是重要的化工资源,基于分子化学工程的技术方法和多维碳材料工程的新理念,发展煤基功能碳材料是实现煤炭资源清洁高效高值利用的有效途径。煤炭及煤沥青在分子层面呈现稠环芳烃特性,可通过物理外场(微波、等离子体等)强化作用,利用分子化学裁剪、杂化改性、界面组装等技术手段,实现零维、一维、二维和三维煤基功能碳材料的可控合成,将推动煤基功能碳材料的储能应用。介绍了煤及其热加工转化衍生品的来源、种类及理化性质,系统总结了数种煤基功能碳材料如碳点、炭纤维、碳纳米管、石墨烯、炭纳米片、多孔炭、炭气凝胶、泡沫炭等的制备方法及优缺点;重点介绍了硬炭、软炭、多孔炭、杂原子掺杂炭等煤基功能碳材料的储能应用,突出了碳层取向调控、杂原子掺杂、限域空间构筑等技术策略在提升碳材料离子存储性能方面的重要作用;介绍了煤基功能碳材料与过渡金属或过渡金属化合物有机耦合制备复合材料的方法,诠释了煤基碳源之性质与高容量且体积变化明显的碳电极材料之结构性能间的本征构效关系;讨论了煤基功能碳材料面临的可控度低、前驱体分子结构演变复杂、合成方法优化等问题。基于分子化学工程理念及过程强化技术的发展,讨论了煤基功能碳材料的未来发展方向。

使用50目鳞片石墨制备多功能碳材料

以50目鳞片石墨(Nature Grapite,NG)为原材料,采用化学氧化法制备石墨层间化合物(Graphite Intercalation Compounds,GIC),将GIC高温膨化制备了多功能碳材料(Multifunction carbon materials,MCM),指出了MCM在多种工业领域的应用。利用紫外光谱仪对乙酸分子插入石墨层间进行了确认,X-衍射光谱仪对NG、GIC和MCM的晶型进行了分析,扫描电镜表征了NG、GIC和MCM的形貌。

碳质功能材料在废水处理中的应用

在我国“双碳”政策的背景之下,实现绿色高效的废水处理过程成为了当前水处理领域的研究热点之一,对于实现碳减排具有重大意义。碳质功能材料凭借其良好的化学稳定性、经济适用性、易修饰性及环境友好性,从各类水处理材料中脱颖而出,并得以快速发展,有望成为水处理领域新一代绿色环保材料。重点介绍了多种碳质功能材料的改性原理、特点及其在水处理领域的应用进展,并对相关研究领域其目前所面临的挑战及未来的发展方向进行了展望,以期为碳质功能材料的开发和实际应用提供参考。

功能化碳纳米材料在含能材料领域中应用研究进展

功能化碳纳米材料(CNMs)正逐步应用于含能材料(EMs)领域,作为配位聚合物与金属离子结合形成配位杂化晶体,制备具有高热稳定性或激光感度较高的新型EMs。CNMs也能够作为添加剂来降低Ems的撞击摩擦感度,增强热稳定性、燃烧热、燃烧效率等性能。对近几年来功能化CNMs在EMs领域的应用研究进展进行综述,并展望了其未来研究方向。

重油残渣基新型碳功能材料的研究进展

综述了以重油残渣为原料,采用化学气相沉积法、共炭化法和微波等离子体法可控制备气相生长碳纤维、碳微球、内包铁洋葱状富勒烯、纳米碳管、内包金属碳微米颗粒及定向碳纳米薄膜等各种高附加值碳材料;采用等离子体氧化法、酸处理法、化学还原法等方法对气相生长碳纤维和碳微球进行表面修饰,在产物表面引入含氧官能团,解决了可溶性碳材料的制备问题;在碳微球表面引入Pt纳米颗粒,使重油残渣基新型碳材料在表面修饰和功能化后可望成为性能优异的吸附和催化材料。

碳基功能材料在太阳能海水淡化中的研究进展

碳基材料在太阳能海水淡化(SSD)领域,因其具有优秀的光吸收能力、较高的光热转换效率、水传输的平衡和耐盐性,受到了人们的广泛关注,是未来获取淡水资源的重要途径之一。在这篇小型综述中,笔者对碳基材料在SSD中的最新研究进行了分类和讨论,分析了碳基材料的光热转换机制,总结了目前SSD材料的发展现状,并讨论了水管理在碳基材料SSD中的重要作用。最后,展望了碳基材料在SSD应用中的关键问题与挑战,为进一步改进碳基材料实现高效SSD提供了理论参考。

有机废弃物制备功能碳纳米材料及其在电化学中应用的研究进展

近年来,碳纳米材料由于具有独特的电子、光学和机械性能,引起了持续而广泛的关注。在碳纳米材料制备过程中,研究者一直致力于寻求可再生的碳源前驱体和绿色可持续的制备途径。随着研究的不断发展和深入,以有机废弃物为原料制备功能碳纳米材料的方法应运而生。该方法可以有效利用有机废弃物富含的N、P等杂原子以及特殊结构改善碳纳米材料的理化性质,使得制备的碳纳米材料在电化学领域表现出优异的特性。本文综述了近年来利用有机废弃物制备功能碳纳米材料的研究进展,总结了有机废弃物性质、制备条件等对功能碳材料性质的影响,介绍和归纳了合成的碳纳米材料在电化学催化和储能方向的应用,最后指出了目前研究存在的问题,展望了利用有机废物合成功能碳纳米材料的研究方向。

SiC/C功能梯度材料的制备和评价

以粉末冶金方法制备了块体SiC／Ｃ ＦＧＭ，该材料结合了SiC的耐腐蚀、抗冲刷和石墨的高抗热冲击性能，具备良好的抗热疲劳性能，拓展了ＳiC陶瓷的应用前景．

环交联聚磷腈高分子材料的研究概况

环交联型聚磷腈是一类以六氯环三磷腈(HCCP)为主链合成的有机-无机杂化高分子材料。相比于人们所熟知的线型聚磷腈而言,环交联型聚磷腈更易合成,且具有与线型结构相似的生物相容性和生物降解性,同时因其自身的稳定性和耐热性以及小尺寸等特点,在阻燃材料、军工特种材料、填充材料、医药载药、吸附材料等领域有很高的研究价值和应用价值。环交联聚磷腈以其形貌可控、功能性可调在复合材料领域有着广泛的应用前景。文中综述了近年来环交联聚磷腈材料的分子特性以及基本性能,并介绍了其形貌调控的过程和各种复合材料,分析了环交联聚磷腈材料在功能性碳材料、荧光材料、吸附材料等方面的应用前景和发展趋势。

石墨烯的组装和织构调控:碳功能材料的液相制备方法

石墨烯是sp2杂化碳质材料的基本结构单元,为构筑具有特定结构和功能的碳质材料带来新的契机.通过石墨烯/氧化石墨烯的液相组装和组装体织构的二次调控可以实现新颖碳功能材料的可控制备,这种液相制备方法实现了碳结构单元在溶液相直接自组装构建固相碳质材料.相比较而言,碳功能材料制备的经典方法,如固相炭化方法侧重于材料宏观尺度的结构和形态调控(如炭纤维),气相沉积方法长于在微观层面实现材料结构控制(如碳纳米管);而这种基于石墨烯自组装的液相制备方法架起了从微观到宏观的桥梁,实现了材料介观织构的精确构建.结合本课题组近年来的研究工作,本文对与石墨烯相关的液相结构组装和组装体织构调控方面的研究进展进行了简要评述和前景展望,并着重介绍了几种新颖的石墨烯基多孔碳功能材料.

氨基功能化碳材料的水热制备及其对活性艳红K-2BP的吸附性能

以葡萄糖为前驱物,以氨水或谷氨酸为添加物,通过一步水热法制备出氨基功能化碳材料,并研究了这些碳材料对活性艳红K-2BP的吸附性能。结果表明,在葡萄糖水热过程中加入不同添加物可以得到不同形貌的碳材料(从微球到不规则形状)。当以只有葡萄糖为前驱物制备的碳微球作为K-2BP的吸附剂时,其对K-2BP的最大吸附量为6.28 mg/g。当在水热体系中加入氨水和谷氨酸作为共聚物后,两者会产生协同作用,使得到的碳材料对K-2BP的吸附性能大大提高,最大吸附量达到37.0 mg/g。单纯的葡萄糖水热体系得到的碳微球对K-2BP的吸附符合Langmuir吸附等温线,而氨基功能化的碳材料对K-2BP的吸附符合Freundlich吸附等温式,吸附过程符合准一级动力学模型。低的溶液pH有利于K-2BP的吸附。

限域化学:碳基功能材料从基础研究到应用

限域化学研究的是对象在纳米尺度限域空间内的化学行为。限域空间内的化学环境不同于常规本体溶液,因而会出现许多奇特的现象,如反应选择性增强、活性增加、稳定性提高。本文结合笔者课题组近年来的工作,对限域化学领域碳基功能材料的限域策略,包括限域界面诱导、限域化学组装印刷及三维多孔受限体系作简要介绍,并阐述了其在催化、储能方面的应用。最后提出了限域化学未来发展面临的主要挑战,期望能为此领域研究提供参考。

N-doped ordered mesoporous carbon as a multifunctional support of ultrafine Pt nanoparticles for hydrogenation of nitroarenes

Due to the advantages of high surface areas, large pore volumes and pore sizes, abundant nitrogen content that favored the metal-support interactions, N-doped ordered mesoporous carbons are regarded as a kind of fascinating and potential support for the synthesis of effective supported cat-alysts. Here, a N-doped ordered mesoporous carbon with a high N content （9.58 wt%）, high surface area （417 m^2/g）, and three-dimensional cubic structure was synthesized successfully and used as an effective support for immobilizing Pt nanoparticles （NPs）. The positive effects of nitrogen on the metal particle size enabled ultrasmall Pt NPs （about 1.0 ± 0.5 nm） to be obtained. Moreover, most of the Pt NPs are homogeneously dispersed in the mesoporous channels. However, using the ordered mesoporous carbon without nitrogen as support, the particles were larger （4.4 ± 1.7 nm） and many Pt NPs were distributed on the external surface, demonstrating the important role of the nitrogen species. The obtained N-doped ordered mesoporous material supported catalyst showed excellent catalytic activity （conversion 100%） and selectivity （〉99%） in the hydrogenation of halogenated nitrobenzenes under mild conditions. These values are much higher than those achieved using a commercial Pt/C catalyst （conversion 89% and selectivity 90%）. This outstanding catalytic perfor-mance can be attributed to the synergetic effects of the mesoporous structure, N-functionalized support, and stabilized ultrasmall Pt NPs. Moreover, such supported catalyst also showed excellent catalytic performance in the hydrogenation of other halogenated nitrobenzenes and nitroarenes. In addition, the stability of the multifunctional catalyst was excellent and it could be reused more than 10 times without significant losses of activity and selectivity. Our results conclusively show that a N-doped carbon support enable the formation of ultrafine metal NPs and improve the reaction ac-tivity and selectivity.

闪热法处理固体废弃物的课程设计

基于闪热法处理固体废弃物制备石墨化功能碳材料,是高效资源化、无害化处理固体废物的有效方法之一。讨论以生物质炼制乙醇的废渣木质素制备石墨化功能碳材料在资源再生工程课程设计中的重要意义。闪热法处理固体废弃物课程设计不但可以提高资源循环科学与工程本科生对资源循环利用专业课的再认识,而且有利于培养学生的动手能力、工程实践能力,创新能力,提高学生对该课程的学习兴趣和就业过程中的竞争力。

Phase composition, transition and structure stability of functionally graded cemented carbide with dual phase structure

The phase composition, phase transition and phase structure transformation of the wire-cut section of functionally graded WC-Co cemented carbide with dual phase structure were investigated by XRD phase analysis. It is shown that the composition of η phase in the core zone is Co_3W_3C (M_6 C type). The structure of cobalt based solid solution binder phase is fcc type. At the cooling stage of the sintering process, the phase transition of η phase, i.e. M_6C→M_12C and the martensitic phase transition of the cobalt based solid solution binder phase, i.e. fcc→hcp are suppressed, which facilitates the strengthening of the alloy. Because the instantaneous temperature of the discharge channel is as high as 10 000 ℃ during the wire cutting process, the processed surface is oxidized. Nevertheless, the oxide layer thickness is in micro grade. In the oxide film, η phase is decomposed into W_2C and CoO, and cobalt based solid solution binder is selectively oxidized, while WC remains stable due to the existence of carbon containing liquid organic cutting medium.

Characterization of aluminum based functionally graded composites developed via friction stir processing

Al/SiC functionally graded material(FGM) was developed through a novel multi-step friction stir processing(FSP) method. Si C particles with a mean size of 27.5 μm were embedded in the groove on the 6082-Al plate. To create a graded structure over a predefined value, FSP was carried out with three tools with different pin lengths and with varying volume fractions of SiC particles. The structure was formed by passing tools with 1-3 passes with a constant rotational and traveling speeds of 900 r/min and 20 mm/min, respectively. The experiments were conducted at room temperature. Microstructural features of functionally graded(FG) samples were examined by using scanning electron microscopy(SEM) and 3D light microscopy. Mechanical properties in terms of wear resistance and microhardness were thoroughly assessed. The results indicate that the increase in FSP pass number causes more uniform SiC particle dispersion. The microhardness values were impacted by the number of passes and improved by 51.54% for Pass 3 when compared to as-received 6082-Al. Wear resistance of Al/SiC FG samples was found to increase as a result of the addition of SiC particles.

A water-stable fcu-MOF material with exposed amino groups for the multi-functional separation of small molecules

The energy-efficient purification of methane from C2-hydrocarbons is of great significance for the upgrading of natural gas. So does the capture of carbon dioxide for remission of greenhouse effect. It is well established that some functional sites, such as open metals sites, Lewis basic nitrogen sites and fluorine groups, have shown significantly enhanced affinity toward more polarizable molecules. Thus, a water-stable Eu3+-based fcu-metal-organic framework(MOF)(compound 1) with amino functional groups has been successfully constructed through a reticular chemistry approach.As a result, the activated compound 1 exhibits moderately high uptakes of C2-hydrocarbons, but a less obvious adsorption of CH4 at the same conditions. Among them, the adsorption capacity of C2 H2 is up to 143.6 cm3 cm-3 and a relatively high selectivity of C2 H2/CH4(107.7) is obtained at near room temperature. Moreover, compound 1 is also validated as an exceptional adsorbent for CO2 capture, with the fairly high capacity of CO2(92.6 cm3 cm-3) and CO2/N2 selectivity(151.7) at ambient conditions. The excellent performance of compound 1 is mainly driven by the exposed amino functional groups within the contracted pores. Such effect thus leads to the achievement of dual-functional platform for methane purification and carbon dioxide capture. Furthermore, compound 1 features a satisfactory water stability,which is confirmed by the powder X-ray diffraction(PXRD)analysis and the retest of porosity after being soaked in water.

Multifunctional FeCo-Graphitic Carbon Nanocrystals for Combined Imaging, Drug Delivery and Tumor-Specific Photothermal Therapy in Mice

Ultrasmall FeCo-graphitic carbon shell nanocrystals （FeCo/GC） are promising multifunctional materials capable of highly efficient drug delivery in vitro and magnetic resonance imaging in vivo. In this work, we demonstrate the use of FeCo/GC for highly effective cancer therapy through combined drug delivery, tumor-selective near-infrared photothermal therapy, and cancer imaging of a 4T1 syngeneic breast cancer model. The graphitic carbon shell of the ~4 nm FeCo/GC readily loads doxorubicin （DOX） via π-π stacking and absorbs near-infrared light giving photothermal heating. When used for cancer treatment, intravenously administrated FeCo/GC-DOX led to complete tumor regression in 45% of mice when combined with 20 min of near-infrared laser irradiation selectively heating the tumor to 43-45 ℃. In addition, the use of FeCo/GC-DOX results in reduced systemic toxicity compared with free DOX and appears to be safe in mice monitored for over 1 yr. FeCo/GC-DOX is shown to be a highly integrated nanoparticle system for synergistic cancer therapy leading to tumor regression of a highly aggressive tumor model.

Enhanced Electrical Properties in Carbon Nanotube/Poly （3-hexylthiophene） Nanocomposites Formed Through Non-Covalent Functionalization

Poly（3-hexylthiophene） （P3HT） has received much attention as a good candidate to replace inorganic semiconductors for flexible electronics due to its solution-processability. However, the low charge mobility of P3HT is an obstacle to its commercialization. To overcome this problem, we propose a new non-covalent functionalization method for carbon nanotubes （CNTs） for use in CNT/P3HT nanocomposites. By using modified pyrene molecules with hydrophobic long alkyl chains, the non-covalently functionalized CNTs can become well dispersed in hydrophobic solutions and organic semiconductor matrices. Fabrication of organic thin-film transistors （OTFTs） from the non-covalently functionalized CNT/organic semiconductor nanocomposites shows that our non-covalent functionalization method significantly reduces damage to CNTs during functionalization when compared with covalent functionalization by treatment with acids. The OTFTs show 15 times enhancement of field effect mobility （1.5 × 10^-2 cm^2/（V.s）） compared to the mobility of OTFTs made from pure P3HT. This enhancement is achieved by addition of only 0.25 wt% of CNTs to P3HT.

Simultaneous structure and luminescence property control of barium carbonate nanocrystals through small amount of lanthanide doping

Rare earth doping has been widely applied in many functional nanomaterials with desirable properties and functions,which would have a significant effect on the growth process of the materials.However,the controlling strategy is limited into high concentration of lanthanide doping,which produces concentration quenching of the lanthanide ion luminescence with an increase in the Ln^(3+)concentration,resulting in lowering the fluorescence quantum yield of lanthanide ion.Herein,for the first time,we demonstrate simultaneous control of the structures and luminescence properties of BaCO_3nanocrystals via a small amount of Tb^(3+)doping strategy.In fact,Tb^(3+)would partially occupy Ba^(2+)sites,resulting in the changes to the structures of the BaCO_3nanocrystals,which is primarily determined by charge modulation,including the contributions from the surfaces of crystal nuclei and building blocks.These structurally modified nanocrystals exhibit tunable luminescence properties,thus emerging as potential candidates for photonic devices such as light-emitting diodes and color displays.