TVS:视点结构大学功能-活动场

大学系统是以"培养高级人才"为核心的内外多因素相互联系构成的一个庞大的功能-活动场。然而长期以来这一场内的若干主要概念及其相互关系的混沌状态,导致其理论与实践的低效重复。TVS即视点结构教学(Teaching of Viewpoint-Structure Model)是笔者探索构建的一种一以贯之的教学模式,后上升为一般系统结构原理、结构方式和思维方式。用TVS来检视大学系统,即以"培养高级人才"这一主要功能概念和直接相关的"高深知识教学"这一主要活动概念为并联核心(视点),将所有大学系统内外因素逻辑地联系起来(结构),一以贯之透视和构建大学教学场、学术场、社会场;大学理念、制度、管理、评价;大学与社会政治、经济、科技、文化互动的统一场,为大学系统的研究、调整与改革提供一个清晰的架构与思路。

Exo-glycosidases Activities in Artemisia sphaerocephala Mucilaginous Achene Germination Process

白沙蒿 (ArtemisiasphaerocephalaKrasch .)是中国西北沙区分布的多年生植物。瘦果遇湿后其粘液层开始膨胀。对其种子萌发不同阶段的种胚提取物中几种可能降解果皮外层粘液物质的外切糖苷酶进行了检测。结果表明 :β 吡喃半乳糖苷酶在干种子中的活性很高 ,但是随着种子的吸涨而逐渐降低 ,在已萌发的种子中无法探测到。α和 β 吡喃阿拉伯糖苷酶、β 吡喃葡萄糖苷酶以及 β 吡喃甘露糖苷酶在种子萌发过程的胚提取物中也显示出了一些活性 ,但是这些活性在种胚外却无法探测到。所有胚提取物中的外切糖苷酶都无法降解果皮粘液物质。所有的证据都表明果皮外层的粘液物质无法在种子萌发的早期被水解。因此果皮粘液物质在干旱沙质条件下的生态功能被限制在吸收水分以及延长胚吸水的时间。

Enhanced recovery for non-colorectal surgery

In recent years the advent of programs for enhanced recovery after major surgery (ERAS) has led to modifications of long-standing and well-established perioperative treatments. These programs are used to target factors that have been shown to delay postoperative recovery (pain, gut dysfunction, immobility) and combine a series of interventions to reduce perioperative stress and organ dysfunction. With due differences, the programs of enhanced recovery are generally based on the preoperative amelioration of the patient's clinical conditions with whom they present for the operation, on the intraoperative and postoperative avoidance of medications that could slow the resumption of physiological activities, and on the promotion of positive habits in the early postoperative period. Most of the studies were conducted on elective patients undergoing colorectal procedures (either laparotomic or laparoscopic surgery). Results showed that ERAS protocols significantly improved the lung function and reduced the time to resumption of oral diet, mobilization and passage of stool, hospital stay and return to normal activities. ERAS' acceptance is spreading quickly among major centers, as well as district hospitals. With this in mind, is there also a role for ERAS in non-colorectal operations?

Physical activity,fitness and all-cause mortality:An 18-year follow-up among old people

Background：Little is known about change in physical activity（PA） and its relationship to all-cause mortality among old people.There is even less information about the association between PA,fitness and all-cause mortality among people aged 80 years and above.The objective is to investigate persistence and change in PA over 5 years as a predictor of all-cause mortality,and fitnes as a mediator of this association,among people aged 80 and 85 years at the beginning of an 18-year mortality follow-up period.Methods：Using Evergreen Project data（started in 1989）,4 study groups were formed according to self-reported changes in PA level,over a 5-year period（starting in 1989–1990 and ending in 1994–1995）：remained active（RA,control group）,changed to inactive（CI）,remained inactive（RI）,and changed to active（CA）.Mortality was followed up over the 18-year period（1994–2012）.Cox models with different covariates such as age,sex,use of alcohol,smoking,chronic diseases,and a 10 m walking test were used to analyze the association between change in PA level and mortality.Results：Compared to RA,those who decreased their PA level（CI） between baseline and follow-up had higher all-cause mortality（hazard ratio（HR=2.09;95%CI：1.63–2.69） when adjusted for age,gender,and chronic diseases.RI showed the highest all-cause mortality（HR = 2.16;95%CI：1.59–2.93）.In CA,when compared against RA,the risk of all-cause mortality was not statistically significan（HR=1.51;95%CI：0.95–2.38）.In comparison with RA,when walking speed over 10 m was added as a covariate,all-cause mortality risk was almost statistically significan only in CI（HR=1.37;95%CI：1.00–1.87）.Conclusion：Persistence and change in PA level was associated with mortality.This association was largely explained by fitnes status.Randomized controlled studies are needed to test whether maintaining or increasing PA level could lengthen the life of old people.

基于PSS的城市移动献血车服务体验设计

自20世纪90年代以来,在信息系统、业务管理、工程与设计等领域对产品服务系统(PSS)进行了大量的研究。PSS旨在创造客户效用和创造价值的一整套产品和服务。在工程与设计领域,PSS强调PSS工程方法、可持续性和PSS设计等概念。本文将PSS设计支持工具应用于城市移动献血车的服务体验设计。首先,构建了城市移动献血车的服务蓝图,然后提取分析了"提供初步筛选服务"的服务要素与产品要素。利用FAI(功能-活动交互)矩阵,从PSS的角度探讨了优化城市移动献血车服务体验的本地化解决方案,并通过使用可供性来整合产品与服务元素,证明了PSS设计方法的有效性。同时,此方法应用于本地化设计时,须进行适当的调整与扩展。摘要:

Study on Tribological Properties of CVT Fluid Containing Inert and Active Functional Elements

The lubricating characteristics of CVTF(continuously variable transmission fluid) mixed with a multi-functional complex additive were studied. The said complex additive contained an organic borate ester and a new type of friction improver comprising phosphorus element and poly-methylmethacrylate(PMMA), and a viscosity index improver. The viscosity-pressure characteristics were evaluated by a high-pressure quartz viscometer, and the anti-wear property was investigated by a four-ball friction tester. The mechanism of lubrication by the CVTF was studied using X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy(XPS). The results showed that CVTF T10, which contained a multi-functional complex additive, exhibited excellent properties, featuring greater solidification pressure and pressure-viscosity coefficient, improved oil film strength, and low wear value. These attributes meet the special CVTF requirements for "high friction and low wear" that make it possible to provide both traction and lubrication. The lubricating mechanism was varied using different functional elements, such as inert and active elements. Sulfur and phosphorus are active extreme pressure elements that can react on the metal friction surface and produce an extreme pressure lubrication film. Boron is an inert functional element and does not react upon the metal surface; boron is only adsorbed onto the metal surface to act as a lubricant for adsorption film and fillers.

Celebrating the Harvest and san yklk： Exploring Festival and Public Ritual as Collective Memory to Sustain Cultural Identity

This paper argues that ritual is not only restricted to religious activities, but can also be ethological, sociological, and ecological in nature. The artistic, stylistic, and functional characteristics of one particular festival of the Bamana in Mali to celebrate the harvest and new planting season will be analyzed. This festival primarily takes on the form of animal masquerades in which masks, puppets, drumming, singing, and dancing are blended into a ritualistic celebration of a certain cultural identity. The Bamana culture has lost religion as a marker, as Islam is now the dominant religion in Mali, but traditional social relationships and morals among the Bamana as a patriarchal society are concretized and objectified by their animal masquerades. Apart from being a seasonal festival, events from the past are commemorated; customary gender roles are defined; and some fundamental and complex social concepts are reinforced by a performance mode which relies on a collective memory and oral transmission.

Systems Neuroengineering: Understanding and Interacting with the Brain

In this paper, we review the current state- of-the-art techniques used for understanding the inner workings of the brain at a systems level. The neural activity that governs our everyday lives involves an intricate coordination of many processes that can be attributed to a variety of brain regions. On the surface, many of these functions can appear to be controlled by specific anatomical structures; however, in reality, numerous dynamic networks within the brain contribute to its function through an interconnected web of neuronal and synaptic pathways. The brain, in its healthy or pathological state, can therefore be best understood by taking a systems-level approach. While numerous neuroengineering technologies exist, we focus here on three major thrusts in the field of systems neuroengineering： neuroimaging, neural interfacing, and neuromodulation. Neuroimaging enables us to delineate the structural and functional organization of the brain, which is key in understanding how the neural system functions in both normal and disease states. Based on such knowledge, devices can be used either to communicate with the neural system, as in neural interface systems, or to modulate brain activity, as in neuromodulation systems. The consideration of these three fields is key to the development and application of neuro-devices. Feedback-based neuro-devices require the ability to sense neural activity （via a neuroimaging modality） through a neural interface （invasive or noninvasive） and ultimately to select a set of stimulation parameters in order to alter neural function via a neuromodulation modality. Systems neuroengineering refers to the use of engineering tools and technologies to image, decode, and modulate the brain in order to comprehend its functions and to repair its dysfunction. Interactions between these fields will help to shape the future of systems neuroengineering--to develop neurotechniques for enhancing the understanding of whole- brain function and dysfunction, and the management of neurological and mental disorders.

Increase of Local Seismicity Due to the Construction of Taipei 101?

Considering the controversy over whether the Taipei 101 skyscraper has induced an increase of local seismicity, we reanalyzed the local earthquake catalogue before and after the construction to investigate whether the reported seismicity increase related to the construction is statistically significant. Statistical tests obtained a positive conclusion about the apparent seismicity increase. However, the calculation of maximum ACFS shows that at most a 2.2 × 10^-4 bar Coulomb Failure Stress change was produced by the construction. Therefore, whether the construction of Taipei 101 really triggered the increase of seismicity still remains an open question： Statistically-yes; physically-no.

Research on resting spontaneous brain activity and functional connectivity of acupuncture at uterine acupoints

Objective The resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging(rs-f MRI)method was used to observe brain activity and its functional connection upon electroacupuncture stimulation at bilateral uterine acupoints(EX-CA1),as well as to investigate the mechanism of acupuncture in the treatment of gynecological diseases.Methods Twenty-two healthy female subjects were stimulated by electroacupuncture at bilateral uterine acupoints;rs-f MRI data of the brain were acquired and standardized.Degree centrality(DC),amplitude of low-frequency fluctuation(ALFF),and regional homogeneity(ReHo)were used to analyze local spontaneous brain activity via acupuncture.An independent component analysis was used to evaluate the functional connectivity of the resting brain networks after acupuncture.Results Analytical results showed that the neural activity intensity of the precuneus lobe,orbitofrontal cortex,lingual gyrus,amygdala,and posterior central gyrus decreased after acupuncture(voxel P<0.001,cluster P<0.05).Functional connectivity analysis revealed weakened auditory and right frontal-parietal networks(voxel P<0.001,cluster P<0.05),enhanced visual network(voxel P<0.001,cluster P<0.05),and synergistic auditory network and hypothalamic-pituitary system.Conclusion Significant differences in neural activity and functional connectivity in specific brain regions were observed after acupuncture intervention at uterine acupoints;the hypothalamic-pituitary system also showed various active states in different brain regions.It is speculated that the effective mechanism of acupuncture at uterine acupoints is related to the regulation of reproductive hormones,emotional changes,and somatic sensations.Therefore,the methods used in this study could clarify the neural mechanism of uterine-point acupuncture in the treatment of gynecological diseases and may serve as a reference for other studies pertaining to acupuncture.

Urban Integrated Activity Zone （UIAZ） in Shanghai

Urban integrated activity zone （UIAZ） refers to multi-functional area that can provide various services. Integrated activity zone （IAZ）, which is based on the existing financial district and Central Business District （CBD）, often weakens administrative boundaries and changes the original single functional partition. It emphasizes the mixture of different functions and the vitality of the central area. The construction of IAZ is different from the simple space construction of economy and material production. IAZ emphasizes the participation of city dwellers in urban renewal process. Shanghai IAZs are those vigorous public activity centers in Shanghai. ]ust like those active cells, IAZs in Shanghai are to inspire and improve the comprehensive competitiveness and vitality of the city at macro, intermediate, and micro level, they are the public places in which urban cultural life takes place, develops, and precipitates. This paper provides broad and profound presentation on IAZ structure planning in Shanghai： mix-used function, multi-dimensions scale, people oriented development （POD） transportation, commercial development, and city form vitality. This paper provides not only qualitative analysis, but also makes a serious attempt to quantify the result and statement.

Effects of Tuina combined with graded motor imagery on the upper-limb motor function and quality of life of patients with hemiplegia after stroke

Objective:To observe the effects of Tuina(Chinese therapeutic massage)combined with graded motor imagery(GMI)on the upper-limb motor function and quality of life(QOL)in patients with poststroke hemiplegia.Methods:A total of 216 patients with hemiplegia caused by stroke were randomized into two groups by tossing a coin,with 108 cases in each group.The control group was treated with GMI,and the observation group was given additional Tuina treatment for four weeks in total.Before and after the treatment,the Fugl-Meyer assessment for upper extremity(FMA-UE),supper-limb/hand Brunnstrom staging,box and block test(BBT)for hand,co-contraction ratio(CR)of the upper-limb muscles,visual analog scale(VAS)for shoulder pain,modified Ashworth scale(MAS),modified Barthel index(MBI),and short-form 36-item health survey(SF-36)were adopted for observation of the two groups.Results:After the treatment,the scores of FMA-UE,upper-limb/hand Brunnstrom staging,hand BBT,MBI,and SF-36 increased(P<0.05),and the CR of biceps brachii at flexion,the CR of triceps brachii at extension,and the scores of VAS and MAS decreased in both groups(P<0.05).The scores of FMA-UE,upper-limb/hand Brunnstrom staging,and hand BBT were higher in the observation group than in the control group after the intervention(P<0.05);the CR of biceps brachii at flexion and the CR of triceps brachii at extension were lower in the observation group than in the control group(P<0.05).After the treatment,the scores of MBI and SF-36 were higher in the observation group than in the control group(P<0.05),and the scores of VAS and MAS were lower in the observation group than in the control group(P<0.05).Conclusion:Tuina combined with GMI can produce more significant effects in improving the upper-limb motor function and QOL in patients with hemiplegia after stroke.

Gastric motility functional study based on electrical bioimpedance measurements and simultaneous electrogastrography

For some time now,the research on gastric motility and function has fallen behind in the amount of research on gastric endocrine,exocrine secretion,and gastric morphology.In this paper,a noninvasive method to study gastric motility was developed,taking bioimpedance measurements over the gastric area simultaneously with the electrogastrography(EGG).This is based on the concept of observing and analyzing simultaneously the intrinsic electrical gastric activity(basic electric rhythm) and the mechanical gastric activity.Additionally,preliminary clinical studies of healthy subjects and subjects with functional dyspepsia(FD) and gastritis were carried out.The impedance gastric motility(IGM) measurements of the healthy and FD subjects were compared,along with the studies of the FD subjects before treatment and after one week and three weeks of treatment.We also compared IGM measurements of healthy subjects and subjects with erosive gastritis,along with the studies of the subjects with erosive gastritis before treatment and after one week of treatment.Results show that FD subjects have poor gastric motility(P<0.01).After a week of treatment,the gastric motility of FD subjects was not yet improved although the EGG had returned to normal by this time.By three weeks of treatment,the regular IGM rhythm returned in FD subjects.There was a significant difference of IGM parameters between the gastritis and healthy subjects(P<0.05).The EGG rhythm of the gastritis subjects returned to normal at one week post-treatment,while IGM parameters showed a trend to improvement(P>0.05),These results suggest the possibility of clinic application of the proposed method.

Functional study of hyperpolarization activated channel (I_h) in Drosophila behavior

Hyperpolarization-activated, cyclic nucleotide-gated and cation-nonselective ion channels （lh channels, or HCN channels） are known to play important roles in mammals. Their physiological functions in invertebrate remain largely unclear. Here, we re- port our studies with lh channel in Drosophila melanogaster. Drosophila lh channel mutants are found with several defects by behavioral analyses. Their lifespan is reduced, and their chemical sensitivity is shifted. In addition, their length of sleep at light-dark condition is mildly reduced. We generated transgenic flies of lh promoter-driven Gal4 and examined its expression pattern in both larvae and adult flies. Our results suggest that Ih channel may play diverse roles in Drosophila and provide a basis to further expand our understanding of Drosophila Ih channel function in vivo.

The changes of renewable water resources in China during 1956 –2010

Water is a critical natural resource upon which all social and economic activities and ecosystem functions depend. With a surprising social and economic development in the past decades, water has become an important constraint for China's sustainable development, and a matter concerning economic security, ecological security and national security of the country. Understanding the changes of water resources is greatly helpful in analyzing the impacts of climatic change, formulating plans for utilization and protection of water resources, and making water resource decisions. Based on China's national water resources assessment, the Mann-Kendall's test, and Morlet wavelet, we analyzed the changing trends and periods of China's renewable water resources during 1956–2010. The results as following:(1) There is no significant change trend of water resources on the countrywide scale during the period 1956–2010, the total water resources show a slight increasing trend, and the national annual average water resources during the period 1991–2010 increased by 1% relative to that of the period 1961–1990.(2) The changes of water resources in different level-I water resource regions vary significantly. Annual average water resources of the Haihe River and Yellow River regions in the northern China decreased 19% and 17% respectively in the past 20 years. Water resource increased in Southern and Northwestern rivers regions, particularly in the Northwest rivers region, with the increasing amplitude by nearly 10% in the past 20 years.(3) The inter-annual variation of national water resource became larger in the past 20 years, as compared with that of the period 1961–1990. The coefficients of water resource variation increased in Northwestern and Southwestern rivers regions, while the inter-annual variation tended to decrease in the Haihe and the Yellow River regions where significant decline of water resources happened.(4) A 14-year quasi-periodicity of the national water resource variation was detected, overlapping with various periodicities of water resources of different level-I water resource regions. Remarkable uniformity exists between the first or secondary primary periodicity of water resource variation in adjacent level-I water resource regions.

Effect of Liandouqingmai Recipe on life quality and vascular endothelial injury in patients with coronary heart disease

OBJECTIVE:To observe the effects of Liandouqingmai Recipe on life quality and vascular endothelial injury in patients with coronary heart disease.METHODS:Capitalized 101 patients with coronary heart disease were randomly divided into a treatment group(n=45) treated with Liandouqingmai Recipe and a standard treatment group(control group,n=56).A normal group of 16 healthy persons was additionally set up.Changes in ET-1 and NO levels were measured and Seatle Angina Questionnaire(SAQ) was adopted in studying life quality before and after treatment for two weeks.The data were analyzed with SPSS 16.0 statistic software.RESULTS:The average level of ET-1 in the normal group was lower and NO higher than that of patients with coronary heart disease.There was no significant difference in the average level of ET-1 and NO and in the scores of SAQ [physical limitation(PL),pngina stability(AS),apngina frequency(AF),treatment satisfaction(TS) and disease perception(DP)] between the two groups before treatment(P>0.05).But after treatment,the scores of SAQ(PL,AS,AF,TS,DP) and NO level were higher than those in the control group,and ET-1 average level in the treatment group was lower than that in the control group.The negative relations between PL and ET-1 and between AF and ET-1 were found in this study.CONCLUSION:Liandouqingmai Recipe can raise scores of SAQ and NO level and decline ET level in patients with coronary heart disease on the basis of convertional standard treatment,thus improving vascular endothelial function and life quality.Life quality is related to vascular endothelial function.

Altered relationship between thickness and intrinsic activity amplitude in generalized tonic–clonic seizures

A thinner cortex has higher potential for binding GABA receptor A which is associated with larger amplitudes of intrinsic brain activity(i BA). However, the relationship between cortical thickness and i BA is unknown in intact and epileptic brains. To this end, we investigated the relationship between cortical thickness measured by highresolution MRI and surface-based i BA derived from resting-state functional MRI in normal controls(n = 82) andpatients with generalized tonic–clonic seizures(GTCS)only(n = 82). We demonstrated that the spatial distribution of cortical thickness negatively correlated with surface-based i BA amplitude at both whole-brain and within independent brain functional networks. In GTCS patients,spatial coupling between thickness and i BA amplitude decreased in the default mode, dorsal attention, and somatomotor networks. In addition, the vertex-wise acrosssubject thickness–i BA amplitude correspondence altered in the frontal and temporal lobes as well as in the precuneus in GTCS patients. The relationship between these two modalities can serve as a brain-based marker for detecting epileptogenic changes.

Brain activity in Parkinson's disease patients with mild cognitive impairment

Mild cognitive impairment （MCI） is common in patients with Parkinson＇s disease （PD）, yet the underlying neural mechanisms of this disease state remain unclear. We investigated alterations in the spontaneous brain activity of PD patients with MCI （PD-MCI） relative to cognitively normal PD patients （PD-CN） and healthy control （HC） subjects. In this work, 13 PD-MCI patients, 16 PD-CN patients, and 16 HC subjects completed resting state functional MRI. Spontaneous brain activity was measured by calculating amplitude of low frequency fluctuation （ALFF） values across the whole brain. Between-group differences and correlations between ALFF values and cognitive test scores were analyzed. ALFF values decreased in the right superior temporal gyrus and increased in the left middle temporal gyrus and left superior frontal gyms of PD-MCI patients compared with PD-CN patients. In the PD-MCI group, ALFF values in the left middle temporal gyrus were negatively correlated with Montreal Cognitive Assessment and vocabulary test scores, and the ALFF values in the left superior frontal gyms were negatively correlated with vocabulary test scores. Our study demonstrates that PD-MCI is associated with abnormal spontaneous brain activity in the temporal and frontal lobes. These findings inform the underlying neural mechanism of cognitive impairment in PD.

Relationships Between Abundance of Microbial Functional Genes and the Status and Fluxes of Carbon and Nitrogen in Rice Rhizosphere and Bulk Soils

Rapid nitrogen(N) transformations and losses occur in the rice rhizosphere through root uptake and microbial activities. However,the relationships between rice roots and rhizosphere microbes for N utilization are still unclear. We analyzed different N forms(NH+4,NO-3, and dissolved organic N), microbial biomass N and C, dissolved organic C, CH4 and N2O emissions, and abundance of microbial functional genes in both rhizosphere and bulk soils after 37-d rice growth in a greenhouse pot experiment. Results showed that the dissolved organic C was significantly higher in the rhizosphere soil than in the non-rhizosphere bulk soil, but microbial biomass C showed no significant difference. The concentrations of NH+4, dissolved organic N, and microbial biomass N in the rhizosphere soil were significantly lower than those of the bulk soil, whereas NO-3in the rhizosphere soil was comparable to that in the bulk soil. The CH4 and N2O fluxes from the rhizosphere soil were much higher than those from the bulk soil. Real-time polymerase chain reaction analysis showed that the abundance of seven selected genes, bacterial and archaeal 16 S rRNA genes, amoA genes of ammonia-oxidizing archaea and ammonia-oxidizing bacteria, nosZ gene, mcrA gene, and pmoA gene, was lower in the rhizosphere soil than in the bulk soil, which is contrary to the results of previous studies. The lower concentration of N in the rhizosphere soil indicated that the competition for N in the rhizosphere soil was very strong, thus having a negative effect on the numbers of microbes. We concluded that when N was limiting, the growth of rhizosphere microorganisms depended on their competitive abilities with rice roots for N.