《营造法式》功限、料例的形式构成研究

《营造法式》是我国古代重要科技典籍,由制度、功限、料例和图样4部分组成。考察《营造法式》功限、料例条文的形式构成,发现分解法、增减法是形式构成的两个主要方面;并对其中的"增减法"作了较为详尽的研究,总结出增减法的两个类型及其数量表达式。其后,讨论形式构成与诸作等第的关系,澄清诸作等第的真正含义。最后,考察功限料例的形式构成自唐至清的发展轨迹,以求进一步认识《营造法式》功限、料例形式构成的特征和成就。

《营造法式》大木作功限研究

《营造法式》大木作制度历来是研究的重点,作为辅助材料的大木作功限条文,更是屡屡被引用,显示其史料价值。但大木作功限条文本身至今未有全面梳理,我们对其中一些问题的认识难免一知半解。本文试图做初步解读工作,并提出若干粗浅看法,以求把大木作制度和功限的研究引向深入。

计及发电机无功越限的广域戴维南等值参数在线计算方法

为适应可再生能源大规模接入带来的随机性和波动性,在广域量测条件下,提出基于单一运行状态断面数据的戴维南等值参数在线跟踪计算方法。首先,对负荷节点的负荷进行等效阻抗处理;其次,通过修正原系统节点导纳矩阵得到等效阻抗处理后的系统导纳矩阵;最后,根据修正后导纳阵和节点电压方程,按戴维南等值的定义,计算负荷节点的开路电压作为戴维南等值电势,进而获得负荷节点的戴维南等值全部参数。在该方法基础上,还可以较为准确地计算发电机无功越限即PV转PQ节点情况下的戴维南等值参数。通过仿真算例分析验证了该方法的正确性和有效性,在PV转PQ节点情况下也具有较好的计算精度。

“功限”、“料例”与唐宋工程管理——《天圣营缮令》和《营造法式》的比较

《天圣营缮令》和《营造法式》是唐宋时期两部关于建造施工的法典性文献,为今天我们了解国家工程营造制度及其财务运作提供了宝贵资料。不同历史时期的文献,因建造用词的不同,要把握其准确含义遂有难度。比如本文所要讨论的《营造法式》中的"功限"、"料例"两名词,在唐代文献中尚未见应用,分别是指施工人力、时间标准的规定以及施工用料的标准定额,是国家公共工程预算的重要内容。此外,匠人的技术等级划分从唐至宋也更趋于细化。本文试图在唐宋不同时代的视角下,分析围绕工程预算、标准定额等相关公共工程建设实施的程序,探索国家财政管理和职司运作的相关规制与制度变迁。

一种直流输电无功控制功能优化策略及应用分析

目前在高压直流输电工程中,当整流站交流系统较弱而要求无功控制功能选择电压控制模式,或无功控制模式处于手动模式时,直流运行中无功控制功能因未配置系统无功平衡控制功能,导致出现交流系统无功越限或不足的问题。现提出一种直流输电工程中无功控制功能的优化策略,并通过RTDS验证了该优化策略的可行性。该策略在高岭背靠背直流工程中实现了首次应用,在确保无功控制功能为手动模式或电压控制模式的同时消除了系统无功越限或不足的问题,提高了直流系统稳定运行效率。

Synthesis Scheme for Low Power Designs Under Timing Constraints

To minimize the power consumption with resources operating at multiple voltages a time-constrained algorithm is presented.The input to the scheme is an unscheduled data flow graph (DFG),and timing or resource constraints.Partitioning is considered with scheduling in the proposed algorithm as multiple voltage design can lead to an increase in interconnection complexity at layout level.That is,in the proposed algorithm power consumption is first reduced by the scheduling step,and then the partitioning step takes over to decrease the interconnection complexity.The time-constrained algorithm has time complexity of O(n 2),where n is the number of nodes in the DFG.Experiments with a number of DSP benchmarks show that the proposed algorithm achieves the power reduction under timing constraints by an average of 46 5%.

A Novel Polysilicon and Oxide Sandwich Deep Trench with Field Limiting Ring for RF Power Transistors

A vertical sandwich deep trench with a field limiting ring is proposed to improve the breakdown voltage of power devices and high voltage devices.Simulation result shows that nearly 100% breakdown voltage of the plane junction can be realized.

Analysis on Mode Field Distribution of Waveguide Grating Coupler by the Scalar FDTD

The scalar two-dimensional finite difference time domain (FDTD) method is applied to simulate the mode field distribution of TE 0 of the waveguide grating coupler. Computer simulation shows that the same stable mode field distribution pattern is obtained through the different kinds of driving sources. It is found that the optical field mode is determined by waveguide structure and optical wavelength other than the driving source.According to the mode field distribution, the optimum coupling efficiency can be predicted. Compared with another numerical methods,the CPU-time and memory elements of computer used by FDTD are much less.

Impact of Maximum Transmit Power Limit on the First-Order and Second-Order Performance of Cognitive Opportunistic Relaying

Abstract： This paper focuses on the first-or- der and second-order performance of dual-hop underlay cognitive radio systems with oppor- tunistic relaying （UCR-OR） over indepen- dent and non-identically distributed （i.ni.d） Rayleigh fading channels. For the UCR-OR systems, the tolerable maximum interference power （TMIP） Q at primary users （PUs） and the allowable maximum transmission power limit （AMTP） P at secondary users （SUs） are considered, simultaneously. We first obtain the closed-form solutions to the first-order performance such as outage probability, ave- rage symbol error ratio （SER）, and ergodic capacity （EC）. Secondly, we investigate the second-order statistical performance, i.e., ave- rage outage rate （AOR） and average outage duration （AOD）. With the consideration that in practice implementation the receiver perfor- mance is primarily influenced by the signal- to-noise ratio （SNR） （not the signal envelope）, the second-order statistical performance is investigated based on the equivalent instan- taneous end-to-end SNR. Finally, we present the detailed performance comparison analysis of UCR-OR systems by defining a random variable ,μ=Pmax/Q. The results show that the effect of μ on the first-order and second-or- der performances is different greatly. For the first-order performance, the perlbrmance gap is negligible when the value of// is relatively large. However, for the second-order one, the gap is distinct.

Analytical Expression of the Threshold Pump Power of Erbium－doped Fiber Lasers Pumped at 980nm and 1480nm Wavelengths

The rate equations,which is suitable to erbium-doped fiber lasers pumped at 980 nm and 1 480nm wavelengths respectively,are investigated,and analytical expressions of the threshold pump powers under two pump wavelengths are derived.As a result,some important parameters can be quantitatively specified.

Influence of surface treatments on fatigue life of a two-stroke free piston linear engine component using random loading

This paper describes the finite element (FE) analysis technique to predict fatigue life using the narrow band frequency response approach. The life prediction results are useful for improving the component design methodology at the very early development stage. The approach is found to be suitable for a periodic loading but requires very large time records to accurately describe random loading processes. This paper is aimed at investigating the effects of surface treatments on the fatigue life of the free piston linear engine’s components. Finite element modelling and frequency response analysis were conducted using computer aided design and finite element analysis commercial codes, respectively. In addition, the fatigue life prediction was carried out using finite element based fatigue analysis commercial code. Narrow band approach was specially applied to predict the fatigue life of the free piston linear engine cylinder block. Significant variation was observed between the surface treatments and untreated cylinder block of free piston engine. The obtained results indicated that nitrided treatment yielded the longest life. This approach can determine premature products failure phenomena, and therefore can reduce time to market, improve product reliability and customer confidence.

Fuel Cells as Energy Systems： Efficiency, Power Limits and Thermodynamic Behavior

Steady-state model of a high-temperature solid oxide fuel cell （SOFC） is considered, which refers to constant chemical potentials of incoming hydrogen fuel and oxidant. Lowering of the cell voltage below its reversible value is attributed to polarizations and imperfect conversions of reactions. An imperfect power formula summarizes the effect of transport laws, irreversible polarizations and efficiency of power yield. Reversible electrochemical theory is extended to the case with dissipative chemical reactions; this case includes systems with incomplete conversions, characterized by ＂reduced affinities＂ and an idle run voltage. Efficiency drop is linked with thermodynamic and electrochemical irreversibilities expressed in terms of polarizations （activation, concentration and ohmic）. Effect of incomplete conversions is modeled by assuming that substrates can be remained after the reaction and that side reactions may occur. Optimum and feasibility conditions are discussed for basic input parameters of the cell. Calculations of maximum power show that the data differ for power generated and consumed and depend on current intensity, number of mass transfer units, polarizations, electrode surface area, average chemical rate, etc.. These data provide bounds for SOFC energy generators, which are more exact and informative than reversible bounds for electrochemical transformation.

New Interference Estimation for Power Control in Wireless Networks

This paper proposes new interference estimation for power control in broadband wireless data networks. The proposed approach gives the filtered interference power in real-time removing undesired effects such as the fluctuation of interference power and the measurement noise due to receiver noise. The well-known Finite Impulse Response （FIR） structure filter is adopted for both the interference and the noise covarianee estimation. The proposed mechanism provides both the filtered interference power and the filtered number of active co-channel interferers, which shows good inherent properties. And the filtered interference power is not affected by the constant number of active co-channel interferes. It is also shown that the filtered number of active co-channel interference is separated from the filtered interference power. From discussions about the choice of design parameters such as window length and eovariance ratio, they can make the estimation performance of the proposed FIR filtering based mechanism as good as possible. Via extensive computer simulations, the performance of the proposed mechanism is shown to be superior to the existing Kalman filtering based mechanism.

Stability Monitoring and Control of Generation Based on the Synchronized Measurements in Nodes of Its Connection

Synchronized distributed measurements of mode parameters create a technical feasibility for development and implementing new technologies of control the mode stability and the admissibility of EPS （electric power system） mode. Discussion will focus on different models obtained from data synchronized measurements for operational and automatic emergency control without EPS being totally controlled. According to the proposed technology, the generator＇s output power restrictions are determined in real-time by the terms a static stability using the generators＇ mode model as a multipole with connection nodes of generators＇ electromotive forces （the matrix of SMA （self and mutual admittances） of electromotive forces of generators）. Potential applications of the technology are distribution network with the main substation and generators of commensurable capacity, and transmission network with large power plants （generators） distributed into the network. The one-level control system for all of generators with defining the generator＇s power limits relative to the main substation is implemented in the first case. In the second case, the two-level control system is brought in, based on the separation of large and small generation motion. The results of the method and technology efficiency verification are shown in the paper, by both computer simulations of the power system modes and its physical model.

The Number and Distributions of Limit Cycles of a Cubic Hamiltonian System with Z_2-symmetry Perturbation

This paper is concerned with the number and distributions of limit cycles of a cubic Z2-symmetry Hamiltonian system under quintic perturbation.By using qualitative analysis of differential equation,bifurcation theory of dynamical systems and the method of detection function,we obtain that this system exists at least 14 limit cycles with the distribution C91 [C11 ＋ 2（C32 2C12）].

Optimized staggered-grid finite-difference operators using window functions

The staggered-grid finite-difference （SGFD） method has been widely used in seismic forward modeling. The precision of the forward modeling results directly affects the results of the subsequent seismic inversion and migration. Numerical dispersion is one of the problems in this method. The window function method can reduce dispersion by replacing the finite-difference operators with window operators, obtained by truncating the spatial convolution series of the pseudospectral method. Although the window operators have high precision in the low-wavenumber domain, their precision decreases rapidly in the high-wavenumber domain. We develop a least squares optimization method to enhance the precision of operators obtained by the window function method. We transform the SGFD problem into a least squares problem and find the best solution iteratively. The window operator is chosen as the initial value and the optimized domain is set by the error threshold. The conjugate gradient method is also adopted to increase the stability of the solution. Approximation error analysis and numerical simulation results suggest that the proposed method increases the precision of the window function operators and decreases the numerical dispersion.

Effect of Limiting Access to Drinking Water on Carcass Characteristics, Meat Quality and Kidneys of Rabbits

Feed restriction is a common practice to reduce post weaning digestive disorders in rabbits and to get carcasses with less fat. Hydric restriction is commonly used to induce feed restriction in growing rabbits. Two hydric restriction times （2 h and 4 h per day, continuously） were used in our trial carried in good sanitary conditions. Thirty six rabbits were divided at weaning （28 days） into three groups： R2 with restricted access to drinking water from 35 days to 80 days age of 2 h per day （from 8 a.m. to 10 a.m.）, R4： access to drinking water 4 h per day （from 8 a.m. to 12 a.m.） and T （control group） with unlimited access to drinking water. Six animals from each group were slaughtered at 80 days of age. Carcass measurements and meat quality were studied. Histological study for kidneys was carried out. Relative weight of gastrointestinal tract increases with the degree of restriction： 16.5, 18.4 and 18.9 for T, R4 and R2, respectively （P 〈 0.05）. Perirenal fat was lower in restricted groups but differences were not statically significant. Scapular fat decreases of 2/3 or 1/3 respectively with limiting access to drinking water of 2 h or 4 h per day. Compared to control group （T）, meat of restricted groups contains more water： 70.3%, 70% and 69.3% respectively for R4, R2 and T （P 〈 0.01）. The same tendency was observed for proteins： 19.2%, 19.3% and 17.7% for groups R2, R4 and T. Fat decreases in meat of restricted animals： 8.4%, 8.2% and 8.1% respectively for T, R4 and R2 （P 〈 0.05）. Water restriction induced decrease of carcass and meat adiposity. There were no differences between pH post mortem and pH ultimate （after 24 h） between the three groups. Hydric restriction does not effect on kidney histology.

POWER OPTIMIZATION OF FINITE STATE MACHINE BASED ON GENETIC ALGORITHM

Using state assignment to minimize power dissipation and area for finite state ma-chines is computationally hard. Most of published results show that the reduction of switchingactivity often trades with area penalty. In this paper, a new approach is proposed. Experimentalresults show a significant reduction of switching activity without area penalty compared withprevious publications.

An Active Inrush Current Limiter Based on SCR Phase Shift Control for EV Charging Systems

This article gives an overview of the main passive solutions and active techniques, based on AC switches to limit inrush currents in medium power AC-DC converters （up to 3.7 kW） for electric vehicle charging systems. In particular, a strategy, based on SCR （silicon controlled rectifier） phase, shift control in a mixed rectifier bridge with diodes and thyristors, is proposed. The challenge is to help designers optimize the triggering delay of SCRs to both limit the peak value of inrush current spikes and optimize the charge duration of the DC-link capacitor. A mathematical model （Mathcad engineering tool） has been defined to point out, the interest of a variable triggering delay to control SCRs to meet the expectations described previously. Experimental measurements using an industrial evaluation board of the AC-DC converter demonstrate the robustness of the method.

Numerical analysis on Joule heating of double-loop channel induction furnaces

In order to investigate Joule heating power,a three-dimensional finite element model(FEM) was developed to predict Joule heating power in the channels of double-loop inductor. The simulated results were compared with experimental data from low load trials for a 400 kW inductor. The results,such as power factor and Joule heating power,show reasonable correlation with experimental data,and Joule heating rate reaches the maximum at the corners and the minimum at the centre of the cross-section area. With increasing relative permeability of iron core,length of coils,current frequency and resistivity of metal melt,the power factor and Joule heating power change. It is concluded that current frequency,the resistivity and length of the coil play a critical role in determining the power factor and Joule heating power,whereas relative permeability of the magnetic core shows no significant influence on them.