This research investigates the impact of cyclone Sidr on six regional economic systems of Bangladesh. The study uses secondary data on direct damages and corresponding changes in consumer spending and public/private i...This research investigates the impact of cyclone Sidr on six regional economic systems of Bangladesh. The study uses secondary data on direct damages and corresponding changes in consumer spending and public/private investment expenditure. It employs input–output modeling and simulates the changes in national and regional output,income, and employment due to cyclone Sidr. Our findings indicate that coastal regions of Bangladesh—Barisal,Chittagong, and Khulna—are more vulnerable to cyclone disaster than are other parts of the country. The cycloneinduced loss of output is highest for Chittagong Division and income and employment losses are greatest in Barisal Division. The most affected sectors are housing services,agriculture, construction, and industrial activities. But sectoral losses vary widely across the regions. This research also finds that the present state of consumer spending and investment expenditure is not great enough to handle cyclone-induced output, income, and employment losses. It argues that investment decisions must consider regional patterns of output, income, and employment losses in different economic sectors to ensure cyclone-resilient development in Bangladesh.展开更多
Aims Invasive plants may alter soil fungal communities in a way that improves their growth.Nitrogen(N)content of soil affects the symbiosis between plants and arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi(AMF),further determining plan...Aims Invasive plants may alter soil fungal communities in a way that improves their growth.Nitrogen(N)content of soil affects the symbiosis between plants and arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi(AMF),further determining plant growth.Yet,it is unclear whether altered AMF communities change the dependence of invasive and native species on N-form,and whether N forms alter the invasive plant–AMF interaction(PSIM).Methods Two synthetic plant communities,including four Solidago canadensis individuals and four native plant species,were inoculated with AMF spores from S.canadensis-invaded soils and adjacent non-invaded soils,and were provided with nitrate,ammonia or glutamate.After their growth,the performance of the two plant communities in treatments of AMF origin and N forms,and the pathways of the N forms affecting S.canadensis growth and PSIM were evaluated.Important Findings Solidago canadensis had no obvious N-form dependence in any of the AMF inoculations.Native plant species showed weak N-form dependence,but invasive AMF could remove their N-form dependence.In the absence of N,AMF did not affect growth of S.canadensis and the native plants.In contrast,with N addition,invasive AMF significantly increased belowground and total biomass of the invasive plants but not those of the native plants.Positive PSIM of S.canadensis was also evidently greater than that of native plant species and was realized through directly or indirectly regulating phenotypic traits including plant height,leaf number and number of rhizomes.Our findings emphasize the importance of plant–AMF interactions and a unique N-acquisition strategy during plant invasions.展开更多
基金the Climate Change Trust FundMinistry of Environment and Forest, Government of the People’s Republic of Bangladesh for funding this research
文摘This research investigates the impact of cyclone Sidr on six regional economic systems of Bangladesh. The study uses secondary data on direct damages and corresponding changes in consumer spending and public/private investment expenditure. It employs input–output modeling and simulates the changes in national and regional output,income, and employment due to cyclone Sidr. Our findings indicate that coastal regions of Bangladesh—Barisal,Chittagong, and Khulna—are more vulnerable to cyclone disaster than are other parts of the country. The cycloneinduced loss of output is highest for Chittagong Division and income and employment losses are greatest in Barisal Division. The most affected sectors are housing services,agriculture, construction, and industrial activities. But sectoral losses vary widely across the regions. This research also finds that the present state of consumer spending and investment expenditure is not great enough to handle cyclone-induced output, income, and employment losses. It argues that investment decisions must consider regional patterns of output, income, and employment losses in different economic sectors to ensure cyclone-resilient development in Bangladesh.
基金This work was financially supported for the design of the study,the data collection,analysis and interpretation,and writing the manuscript by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(31700476)Natural Science Foundation of Zhejiang Province(LY20C030003,LY19C030002).
文摘Aims Invasive plants may alter soil fungal communities in a way that improves their growth.Nitrogen(N)content of soil affects the symbiosis between plants and arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi(AMF),further determining plant growth.Yet,it is unclear whether altered AMF communities change the dependence of invasive and native species on N-form,and whether N forms alter the invasive plant–AMF interaction(PSIM).Methods Two synthetic plant communities,including four Solidago canadensis individuals and four native plant species,were inoculated with AMF spores from S.canadensis-invaded soils and adjacent non-invaded soils,and were provided with nitrate,ammonia or glutamate.After their growth,the performance of the two plant communities in treatments of AMF origin and N forms,and the pathways of the N forms affecting S.canadensis growth and PSIM were evaluated.Important Findings Solidago canadensis had no obvious N-form dependence in any of the AMF inoculations.Native plant species showed weak N-form dependence,but invasive AMF could remove their N-form dependence.In the absence of N,AMF did not affect growth of S.canadensis and the native plants.In contrast,with N addition,invasive AMF significantly increased belowground and total biomass of the invasive plants but not those of the native plants.Positive PSIM of S.canadensis was also evidently greater than that of native plant species and was realized through directly or indirectly regulating phenotypic traits including plant height,leaf number and number of rhizomes.Our findings emphasize the importance of plant–AMF interactions and a unique N-acquisition strategy during plant invasions.
