The evolutionary strategy with a dynamic weighting schedule is proposed to find all the compromised solutions of the multi-objective integrated structure and control optimization problem, where the optimal system perf...The evolutionary strategy with a dynamic weighting schedule is proposed to find all the compromised solutions of the multi-objective integrated structure and control optimization problem, where the optimal system performance and control cost are defined by H2 or H∞ norms. During this optimization process, the weights are varying with the increasing generation instead of fixed values. The proposed strategy together with the linear matrix inequality (LMI) or the Riccati controller design method can find a series of uniformly distributed nondominated solutions in a single run. Therefore, this method can greatly reduce the computation intensity of the integrated optimization problem compared with the weight-based single objective genetic algorithm. Active automotive suspension is adopted as an example to illustrate the effectiveness of the proposed method.展开更多
A kind of combining forecasting model based on the generalized weighted functional mean is proposed. Two kinds of parameter estimation methods with its weighting coefficients using the algorithm of quadratic programmi...A kind of combining forecasting model based on the generalized weighted functional mean is proposed. Two kinds of parameter estimation methods with its weighting coefficients using the algorithm of quadratic programming are given. The efficiencies of this combining forecasting model and the comparison of the two kinds of parameter estimation methods are demonstrated with an example. A conclusion is obtained, which is useful for the correct application of the above methods.展开更多
Association rules are useful for determining correlations between items. Applying association rules to intrusion detection system (IDS) can improve the detection rate, but false positive rate is also increased. Weight...Association rules are useful for determining correlations between items. Applying association rules to intrusion detection system (IDS) can improve the detection rate, but false positive rate is also increased. Weighted association rules are used in this paper to mine intrustion models, which can increase the detection rate and decrease the false positive rate by some extent. Based on this, the structure of host-based IDS using weighted association rules is proposed.展开更多
Two new methods, the generalized Levy method and the weighted iteration method, are presented for identification of non-integer order systems. The first method generalizes the Levy identification method from the integ...Two new methods, the generalized Levy method and the weighted iteration method, are presented for identification of non-integer order systems. The first method generalizes the Levy identification method from the integer order systems to the non-integer order systems. Then, the weighted iteration method is presented to overcome the shortcomings of the first method. Results show that the proposed methods have better performance compared with the integer order identification method. For the non-integer order systems, the proposed methods have the better fitting for the system frequency response. For the integer order system, if commensurate order scanning is applied, the proposed methods can also achieve the best integer order model which fits the system frequency response. At the same time, the proposed algorithms are more stable.展开更多
To reduce the dependence of EM inversion on the choice of initial model and to obtain the global minimum, we apply transdimensional Bayesian inversion to time-domain airborne electromagnetic data. The transdimensional...To reduce the dependence of EM inversion on the choice of initial model and to obtain the global minimum, we apply transdimensional Bayesian inversion to time-domain airborne electromagnetic data. The transdimensional Bayesian inversion uses the Monte Carlo method to search the model space and yields models that simultaneously satisfy the acceptance probability and data fitting requirements. Finally, we obtain the probability distribution and uncertainty of the model parameters as well as the maximum probability. Because it is difficult to know the height of the transmitting source during flight, we consider a fixed and a variable flight height. Furthermore, we introduce weights into the prior probability density function of the resistivity and adjust the constraint strength in the inversion model by changing the weighing coefficients. This effectively solves the problem of unsatisfactory inversion results in the middle high-resistivity layer. We validate the proposed method by inverting synthetic data with 3% Gaussian noise and field survey data.展开更多
Spread Spectrum (SS) is a promising technique to resist interference in wireless communication system In order to further improve this capability, this paper proposes a Hybrid Carrier (HC) SS system, combining 4-W...Spread Spectrum (SS) is a promising technique to resist interference in wireless communication system In order to further improve this capability, this paper proposes a Hybrid Carrier (HC) SS system, combining 4-Weighted Fractional Fourier Transform (4-WFRFT) with SS technique. In this HC-SS system, due to the property of 4- WFRFT, the signal energy of proposed system is distributed on the time-frequency plane more evenly and symmmetrically, compared with the existing Single-Cartier (SC) and Multi-Carrier (MC) spread spectrum systems. In the selective channel, the proposed method can split the interference to a more broad range in order to reduce the influence, resulting in the better system perforrmnce. In addition, proposed system can be seen as the convergence of the existing SS techniques, which is a main feature in future.展开更多
Based on the compressive sensing,a novel algorithm is proposed to solve reconstruction problem under sparsity assumptions.Instead of estimating the reconstructed data through minimizing the objective function,the auth...Based on the compressive sensing,a novel algorithm is proposed to solve reconstruction problem under sparsity assumptions.Instead of estimating the reconstructed data through minimizing the objective function,the authors parameterize the problem as a linear combination of few elementary thresholding functions,which can be solved by calculating the linear weighting coefficients.It is to update the thresholding functions during the process of iteration.The advantage of this method is that the optimization problem only needs to be solved by calculating linear coefficients for each time.With the elementary thresholding functions satisfying certain constraints,a global convergence of the iterative algorithm is guaranteed.The synthetic and the field data results prove the effectiveness of the proposed algorithm.展开更多
The response surface method(RSM) is one of the main approaches for analyzing reliability problems with implicit performance functions.An improved adaptive RSM based on uniform design(UD) and double weighted regression...The response surface method(RSM) is one of the main approaches for analyzing reliability problems with implicit performance functions.An improved adaptive RSM based on uniform design(UD) and double weighted regression(DWR) was presented.In the proposed method,the basic principle of the iteratively adaptive response surface method is applied.Uniform design is used to sample the fitting points.And a double weighted regression system considering the distances from the fitting points to the limit state surface and to the estimated design points is set to determine the coefficients of the response surface model.Compared with the conventional approaches,the fitting points selected by UD are more representative,and a better approximation in the key region is also observed with DWR.Numerical examples show that the proposed method has good convergent capability and computational accuracy.展开更多
Diffusion-weighted magnetic resonance imaging(DWI)is a well established method for the evaluation of intracranial diseases,such as acute stroke.DWI for extracranial application is more difficult due to physiological m...Diffusion-weighted magnetic resonance imaging(DWI)is a well established method for the evaluation of intracranial diseases,such as acute stroke.DWI for extracranial application is more difficult due to physiological motion artifacts and the heterogeneous composition of the organs.However,thanks to the newer technical development of DWI,DWI has become increasingly used over the past few years in extracranial organs including the abdomen and pelvis.Most previous studies of DWI have been limited to the evaluation of diffuse parenchymal abnormalities and focal lesions in abdominal organs,whereas there are few studies about DWI for the evaluation of the biliopancreatic tract.Although further studies are needed to determine its performance in evaluating bile duct,gallbladder and pancreas diseases,DWI has potential in the assessment of the functional information on the biliopancreatic tract concerning the status of tissue cellularity,because increased cellularity is associated with impeded diffusion,as indicated by a reduction in the apparent diffusion coefficient.The detection of malignant lesions and their differentiation from benign tumor-like lesions in the biliopancreatic tract could be improved using DWI in conjunction with findings obtained with conventional magnetic resonance cholagiopancreatography.Additionally,DWI can be useful for the assessment of the biliopancreatic tract in patients with renal impairment because contrast-enhanced computed tomography or magnetic resonance scans should be avoided in these patients.展开更多
Particle-in-cell (PIC) method has got much benefits from GPU-accelerated heterogeneous systems.However,the performance of PIC is constrained by the interpolation operations in the weighting process on GPU (graphic pro...Particle-in-cell (PIC) method has got much benefits from GPU-accelerated heterogeneous systems.However,the performance of PIC is constrained by the interpolation operations in the weighting process on GPU (graphic processing unit).Aiming at this problem,a fast weighting method for PIC simulation on GPU-accelerated systems was proposed to avoid the atomic memory operations during the weighting process.The method was implemented by taking advantage of GPU's thread synchronization mechanism and dividing the problem space properly.Moreover,software managed shared memory on the GPU was employed to buffer the intermediate data.The experimental results show that the method achieves speedups up to 3.5 times compared to previous works,and runs 20.08 times faster on one NVIDIA Tesla M2090 GPU compared to a single core of Intel Xeon X5670 CPU.展开更多
AIM: To explore the diffusion gradient b-factor that optimizes both apparent diffusion coefficient (ADC) measurement and contrast-to-noise (CNR) for assessing tumor response to transarterial chemoembolization (T...AIM: To explore the diffusion gradient b-factor that optimizes both apparent diffusion coefficient (ADC) measurement and contrast-to-noise (CNR) for assessing tumor response to transarterial chemoembolization (TACE) in a rabbit model. METHODS: Twelve New Zealand white rabbits bearing VX2 tumors in the liver were treated with TACE. Diffusion-weighted imaging (DWI) with various b values was performed using the same protocol before and 3 d after treatment with TACE. ADC values and CNR of each tumor pre- and post-treatment with different b factors were analyzed. Correlation between ADC values and extent of necrosis in histological specimens was analyzed by a Pearson's correlation test.RESULTS: The quality of diffusion-weighted images diminished as the b value increased. A substantial decrease in the mean lesion-to-liver CNR was observed on both pre- and post-treatment DW images, the largest difference in CNR pre- and post-treatment was manifested at a b value of 1000 s/mm^2 (P = 0.036 ). The effect of therapy on diffusion early after treatment was shown by a significant increase in ADCs (P = 0.007), especially with large b factors (≥ 600 s/mm^2). The mean percentage of necrotic cells present within the tumor was 76.3%-97.5%. A significant positive correlation was found between ADC values and the extent of necrosis with all b values except for b200, a higher relative coefficient between ADC values and percentage of necrosis was found on DWI with bl000 and b2000 (P = 0.002 and 0.006, respectively). CONCLUSION: An increasing b value of up to 600 s/mm^2 would increase ADC contrast pre- and post-treatment, but decrease image quality. Taking into account both CNR and ADC measurement, diffusion-weighted imaging obtained with a b value of 1000 s/mm^2 is recommended for monitoring early hepatic tumor response to TACE.展开更多
The main objective of this research is to integrate environmental impact optimization in the structural design of reinforced concrete slab frame bridges in order to determine the most environment-friendly design. The ...The main objective of this research is to integrate environmental impact optimization in the structural design of reinforced concrete slab frame bridges in order to determine the most environment-friendly design. The case study bridge used in this work was also investigated in a previous paper focusing on the optimization of the investment cost, while the present study focuses on environmental impact optimization and comparing the results of both these studies. Optimization technique based on the pattern search method was implemented. Moreover, a comprehensive LCA (life cycle assessment) methodology of ReCiPe and two monetary weighting systems were used to convert environmental impacts into monetary costs. The analysis showed that both monetary weighting systems led to the same results. Furthermore, optimization based on environmental impact generated models with thinner construction elements yet of a higher concrete class, while cost optimization by considering extra constructability factors provided thicker sections and easier to construct. This dissimilarity in the results highlights the importance of combining environmental impact (and its associated environmental cost) and investment cost to find more material-efficient, economical, sustainable and time-effective bridge solutions.展开更多
AIM:To determine whether and how magnetic resonance imaging(MRI)-based total liver volume(TLV) and diffusion weighted imaging(DWI) could predict liver fibrosis.METHODS:Sixteen experimental mature mini-pigs(6 males,10 ...AIM:To determine whether and how magnetic resonance imaging(MRI)-based total liver volume(TLV) and diffusion weighted imaging(DWI) could predict liver fibrosis.METHODS:Sixteen experimental mature mini-pigs(6 males,10 females),weighing between 20.0 and 24.0 kg were prospectively used to model liver fibrosis induced by intraperitoneal injection of 40% CCl4 dissolved in fat emulsion twice a week for 16 wk,and by feeding 40% CCl4 mixed with maize flour twice daily for the subsequent 5 wk.All the survival animals underwent percutaneous liver biopsy and DWI using b = 300,500 and 800 s/mm2 followed by abdominal gadolinium-enhanced MRI at the 0,5th,9th,16th and 21st weekend after beginning of the modeling.TLV was obtained on enhanced MRI,and apparent diffusion coefficient(ADC) was obtained on DWI.Hepatic tissue specimens were stained with hematoxylin and Masson' s trichrome staining for staging liver fibrosis.Pathological specimens were scored using the human METAVIR classification system.Statistical analyses were performed to determine whether and how the TLV and ADC could be used to predict the stage of liver fibrosis.RESULTS:TLV increased from stage 0 to 2 and decreased from stage 3(r = 0.211;P < 0.001).There was a difference in TLV between stage 0-1 and 2-4(P = 0.03) whereas no difference between stage 0-2 and 3-4(P = 0.71).TLV could predict stage ≥ 2 [area under receiver operating characteristic curve(AUC) = 0.682].There was a decrease in ADC values with increasing stage of fibrosis for b = 300,500 and 800 s/mm2(r =-0.418,-0.535 and-0.622,respectively;all P < 0.001).Differences were found between stage 0-1 and 2-4 in ADC values for b = 300,500 and 800 s/mm2,and between stage 0-2 and 3-4 for b = 500 or 800 s/mm2(all P < 0.05).For predicting stage ≥ 2 and ≥ 3,AUC was 0.803 and 0.847 for b = 500 s/mm2,and 0.848 and 0.887 for b = 800 s/mm2,respectively.CONCLUSION:ADC for b = 500 or 800 s/mm2 could be better than TLV and ADC for b = 300 s/mm2 to pre-dict fibrosis stage ≥ 2 or ≥ 3.展开更多
Branched continued fractions are one of the multidimensional generalization of the continued fractions. Branched continued fractions with not equivalent variables are an analog of the regular C-fractions for multiple ...Branched continued fractions are one of the multidimensional generalization of the continued fractions. Branched continued fractions with not equivalent variables are an analog of the regular C-fractions for multiple power series. We consider 1-periodic branched continued fraction of the special form which is an analog fraction with not equivalent variables if the values of that variables are fixed. We establish an analog of the parabola theorem for that fraction and estimate truncation error bounds for that fractions at some restrictions. We also propose to use weight coefficients for obtaining different parabolic regions for the same fraction without any additional restriction for first element.展开更多
文摘The evolutionary strategy with a dynamic weighting schedule is proposed to find all the compromised solutions of the multi-objective integrated structure and control optimization problem, where the optimal system performance and control cost are defined by H2 or H∞ norms. During this optimization process, the weights are varying with the increasing generation instead of fixed values. The proposed strategy together with the linear matrix inequality (LMI) or the Riccati controller design method can find a series of uniformly distributed nondominated solutions in a single run. Therefore, this method can greatly reduce the computation intensity of the integrated optimization problem compared with the weight-based single objective genetic algorithm. Active automotive suspension is adopted as an example to illustrate the effectiveness of the proposed method.
文摘A kind of combining forecasting model based on the generalized weighted functional mean is proposed. Two kinds of parameter estimation methods with its weighting coefficients using the algorithm of quadratic programming are given. The efficiencies of this combining forecasting model and the comparison of the two kinds of parameter estimation methods are demonstrated with an example. A conclusion is obtained, which is useful for the correct application of the above methods.
文摘Association rules are useful for determining correlations between items. Applying association rules to intrusion detection system (IDS) can improve the detection rate, but false positive rate is also increased. Weighted association rules are used in this paper to mine intrustion models, which can increase the detection rate and decrease the false positive rate by some extent. Based on this, the structure of host-based IDS using weighted association rules is proposed.
文摘Two new methods, the generalized Levy method and the weighted iteration method, are presented for identification of non-integer order systems. The first method generalizes the Levy identification method from the integer order systems to the non-integer order systems. Then, the weighted iteration method is presented to overcome the shortcomings of the first method. Results show that the proposed methods have better performance compared with the integer order identification method. For the non-integer order systems, the proposed methods have the better fitting for the system frequency response. For the integer order system, if commensurate order scanning is applied, the proposed methods can also achieve the best integer order model which fits the system frequency response. At the same time, the proposed algorithms are more stable.
基金This paper was financially supported by the Key National Research Project of China (Nos. 2017YFC0601900 and 2016YFC0303100), and the Key Program of National Natural Science Foundation of China (No. 41530320) and Surface Project (No. 41774125).
文摘To reduce the dependence of EM inversion on the choice of initial model and to obtain the global minimum, we apply transdimensional Bayesian inversion to time-domain airborne electromagnetic data. The transdimensional Bayesian inversion uses the Monte Carlo method to search the model space and yields models that simultaneously satisfy the acceptance probability and data fitting requirements. Finally, we obtain the probability distribution and uncertainty of the model parameters as well as the maximum probability. Because it is difficult to know the height of the transmitting source during flight, we consider a fixed and a variable flight height. Furthermore, we introduce weights into the prior probability density function of the resistivity and adjust the constraint strength in the inversion model by changing the weighing coefficients. This effectively solves the problem of unsatisfactory inversion results in the middle high-resistivity layer. We validate the proposed method by inverting synthetic data with 3% Gaussian noise and field survey data.
基金Acknowledgements The authors would like to thank the reviewers whose comments have helped them to improve the technical quality and the presentation of the manuscript. This work was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China under Grant No. 61171110.
文摘Spread Spectrum (SS) is a promising technique to resist interference in wireless communication system In order to further improve this capability, this paper proposes a Hybrid Carrier (HC) SS system, combining 4-Weighted Fractional Fourier Transform (4-WFRFT) with SS technique. In this HC-SS system, due to the property of 4- WFRFT, the signal energy of proposed system is distributed on the time-frequency plane more evenly and symmmetrically, compared with the existing Single-Cartier (SC) and Multi-Carrier (MC) spread spectrum systems. In the selective channel, the proposed method can split the interference to a more broad range in order to reduce the influence, resulting in the better system perforrmnce. In addition, proposed system can be seen as the convergence of the existing SS techniques, which is a main feature in future.
文摘Based on the compressive sensing,a novel algorithm is proposed to solve reconstruction problem under sparsity assumptions.Instead of estimating the reconstructed data through minimizing the objective function,the authors parameterize the problem as a linear combination of few elementary thresholding functions,which can be solved by calculating the linear weighting coefficients.It is to update the thresholding functions during the process of iteration.The advantage of this method is that the optimization problem only needs to be solved by calculating linear coefficients for each time.With the elementary thresholding functions satisfying certain constraints,a global convergence of the iterative algorithm is guaranteed.The synthetic and the field data results prove the effectiveness of the proposed algorithm.
基金Project(50774095) supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of ChinaProject(200449) supported by National Outstanding Doctoral Dissertations Special Funds of China
文摘The response surface method(RSM) is one of the main approaches for analyzing reliability problems with implicit performance functions.An improved adaptive RSM based on uniform design(UD) and double weighted regression(DWR) was presented.In the proposed method,the basic principle of the iteratively adaptive response surface method is applied.Uniform design is used to sample the fitting points.And a double weighted regression system considering the distances from the fitting points to the limit state surface and to the estimated design points is set to determine the coefficients of the response surface model.Compared with the conventional approaches,the fitting points selected by UD are more representative,and a better approximation in the key region is also observed with DWR.Numerical examples show that the proposed method has good convergent capability and computational accuracy.
基金Supported by Clinical research grant from Pusan National University Hospital
文摘Diffusion-weighted magnetic resonance imaging(DWI)is a well established method for the evaluation of intracranial diseases,such as acute stroke.DWI for extracranial application is more difficult due to physiological motion artifacts and the heterogeneous composition of the organs.However,thanks to the newer technical development of DWI,DWI has become increasingly used over the past few years in extracranial organs including the abdomen and pelvis.Most previous studies of DWI have been limited to the evaluation of diffuse parenchymal abnormalities and focal lesions in abdominal organs,whereas there are few studies about DWI for the evaluation of the biliopancreatic tract.Although further studies are needed to determine its performance in evaluating bile duct,gallbladder and pancreas diseases,DWI has potential in the assessment of the functional information on the biliopancreatic tract concerning the status of tissue cellularity,because increased cellularity is associated with impeded diffusion,as indicated by a reduction in the apparent diffusion coefficient.The detection of malignant lesions and their differentiation from benign tumor-like lesions in the biliopancreatic tract could be improved using DWI in conjunction with findings obtained with conventional magnetic resonance cholagiopancreatography.Additionally,DWI can be useful for the assessment of the biliopancreatic tract in patients with renal impairment because contrast-enhanced computed tomography or magnetic resonance scans should be avoided in these patients.
基金Projects(61170049,60903044)supported by National Natural Science Foundation of ChinaProject(2012AA010903)supported by National High Technology Research and Development Program of China
文摘Particle-in-cell (PIC) method has got much benefits from GPU-accelerated heterogeneous systems.However,the performance of PIC is constrained by the interpolation operations in the weighting process on GPU (graphic processing unit).Aiming at this problem,a fast weighting method for PIC simulation on GPU-accelerated systems was proposed to avoid the atomic memory operations during the weighting process.The method was implemented by taking advantage of GPU's thread synchronization mechanism and dividing the problem space properly.Moreover,software managed shared memory on the GPU was employed to buffer the intermediate data.The experimental results show that the method achieves speedups up to 3.5 times compared to previous works,and runs 20.08 times faster on one NVIDIA Tesla M2090 GPU compared to a single core of Intel Xeon X5670 CPU.
基金The National Natural Science Foundation of China, NO. 30470503The Key Program of Shanghai Science and Technology Commission, NO. 04JC14074The Foundation of Shanghai Educational commission, NO. 03J405037
文摘AIM: To explore the diffusion gradient b-factor that optimizes both apparent diffusion coefficient (ADC) measurement and contrast-to-noise (CNR) for assessing tumor response to transarterial chemoembolization (TACE) in a rabbit model. METHODS: Twelve New Zealand white rabbits bearing VX2 tumors in the liver were treated with TACE. Diffusion-weighted imaging (DWI) with various b values was performed using the same protocol before and 3 d after treatment with TACE. ADC values and CNR of each tumor pre- and post-treatment with different b factors were analyzed. Correlation between ADC values and extent of necrosis in histological specimens was analyzed by a Pearson's correlation test.RESULTS: The quality of diffusion-weighted images diminished as the b value increased. A substantial decrease in the mean lesion-to-liver CNR was observed on both pre- and post-treatment DW images, the largest difference in CNR pre- and post-treatment was manifested at a b value of 1000 s/mm^2 (P = 0.036 ). The effect of therapy on diffusion early after treatment was shown by a significant increase in ADCs (P = 0.007), especially with large b factors (≥ 600 s/mm^2). The mean percentage of necrotic cells present within the tumor was 76.3%-97.5%. A significant positive correlation was found between ADC values and the extent of necrosis with all b values except for b200, a higher relative coefficient between ADC values and percentage of necrosis was found on DWI with bl000 and b2000 (P = 0.002 and 0.006, respectively). CONCLUSION: An increasing b value of up to 600 s/mm^2 would increase ADC contrast pre- and post-treatment, but decrease image quality. Taking into account both CNR and ADC measurement, diffusion-weighted imaging obtained with a b value of 1000 s/mm^2 is recommended for monitoring early hepatic tumor response to TACE.
文摘The main objective of this research is to integrate environmental impact optimization in the structural design of reinforced concrete slab frame bridges in order to determine the most environment-friendly design. The case study bridge used in this work was also investigated in a previous paper focusing on the optimization of the investment cost, while the present study focuses on environmental impact optimization and comparing the results of both these studies. Optimization technique based on the pattern search method was implemented. Moreover, a comprehensive LCA (life cycle assessment) methodology of ReCiPe and two monetary weighting systems were used to convert environmental impacts into monetary costs. The analysis showed that both monetary weighting systems led to the same results. Furthermore, optimization based on environmental impact generated models with thinner construction elements yet of a higher concrete class, while cost optimization by considering extra constructability factors provided thicker sections and easier to construct. This dissimilarity in the results highlights the importance of combining environmental impact (and its associated environmental cost) and investment cost to find more material-efficient, economical, sustainable and time-effective bridge solutions.
基金Supported by National Natural Science Foundation of China,No. 81050033Key Projects in the Sichuan Province Science and Technology Pillar Program,No. 2011SZ0237the Science Fund for Distinguished Young Scholars of Sichuan Province,China,No. 2010JQ0039
文摘AIM:To determine whether and how magnetic resonance imaging(MRI)-based total liver volume(TLV) and diffusion weighted imaging(DWI) could predict liver fibrosis.METHODS:Sixteen experimental mature mini-pigs(6 males,10 females),weighing between 20.0 and 24.0 kg were prospectively used to model liver fibrosis induced by intraperitoneal injection of 40% CCl4 dissolved in fat emulsion twice a week for 16 wk,and by feeding 40% CCl4 mixed with maize flour twice daily for the subsequent 5 wk.All the survival animals underwent percutaneous liver biopsy and DWI using b = 300,500 and 800 s/mm2 followed by abdominal gadolinium-enhanced MRI at the 0,5th,9th,16th and 21st weekend after beginning of the modeling.TLV was obtained on enhanced MRI,and apparent diffusion coefficient(ADC) was obtained on DWI.Hepatic tissue specimens were stained with hematoxylin and Masson' s trichrome staining for staging liver fibrosis.Pathological specimens were scored using the human METAVIR classification system.Statistical analyses were performed to determine whether and how the TLV and ADC could be used to predict the stage of liver fibrosis.RESULTS:TLV increased from stage 0 to 2 and decreased from stage 3(r = 0.211;P < 0.001).There was a difference in TLV between stage 0-1 and 2-4(P = 0.03) whereas no difference between stage 0-2 and 3-4(P = 0.71).TLV could predict stage ≥ 2 [area under receiver operating characteristic curve(AUC) = 0.682].There was a decrease in ADC values with increasing stage of fibrosis for b = 300,500 and 800 s/mm2(r =-0.418,-0.535 and-0.622,respectively;all P < 0.001).Differences were found between stage 0-1 and 2-4 in ADC values for b = 300,500 and 800 s/mm2,and between stage 0-2 and 3-4 for b = 500 or 800 s/mm2(all P < 0.05).For predicting stage ≥ 2 and ≥ 3,AUC was 0.803 and 0.847 for b = 500 s/mm2,and 0.848 and 0.887 for b = 800 s/mm2,respectively.CONCLUSION:ADC for b = 500 or 800 s/mm2 could be better than TLV and ADC for b = 300 s/mm2 to pre-dict fibrosis stage ≥ 2 or ≥ 3.
文摘Branched continued fractions are one of the multidimensional generalization of the continued fractions. Branched continued fractions with not equivalent variables are an analog of the regular C-fractions for multiple power series. We consider 1-periodic branched continued fraction of the special form which is an analog fraction with not equivalent variables if the values of that variables are fixed. We establish an analog of the parabola theorem for that fraction and estimate truncation error bounds for that fractions at some restrictions. We also propose to use weight coefficients for obtaining different parabolic regions for the same fraction without any additional restriction for first element.