盾构无障碍始发土舱压力计算模型研究

常规的盾构始发需预先凿除钢筋混凝土围护结构,土舱压力无法及时建立,即便对洞口处土体进行了止水加固处理,仍无法彻底改变洞口处土体坍塌、涌水、涌砂等问题。文章基于洞口处采用玻璃纤维筋混凝土围护结构,建立了盾构无障碍始发土舱压力计算模型,提出了盾构无障碍始发土舱压力计算公式。通过在北京地铁16号线工程中的实际应用表明,所建立的计算模型能够反映土舱压力的建立过程,可实现土舱压力的快速建立;此外始发掘进前外加泥土等材料的加入量对于建立土舱压力极为关键。

Principal Denudation Processes and Their Contribution to Fluvial Suspended Sediment Yields in the Upper Yangtze River Basin and Volga River Basin

This paper synthesized the principal land denudation processes and their role in determining riverine suspended sediment yields(SSY) in two typical geographical environments of the Upper Yangtze River Basin in China and the Volga River Basin in Eastern Europe. In the Upper Yangtze River Basin, natural factors including topography, climate,lithology and tectonic activity are responsible for the spatial variation in the magnitude of denudation rates.Human disturbances have contributed to the temporal changes of soil erosion and fluvial SSY during the past decades. On one hand, land use change caused by deforestation and land reclamation has played an important role in the acceleration of sediment production from the central hilly area and lower Jinsha catchment; On the other hand, diverse soil conservation practices(e.g., reforestation,terracing) have contributed to a reduction of soil erosion and sediment production since the late 1980 s.It was difficult to explicitly decouple the effect of mitigation measures in the Lower Jinsha River Basindue to the complexity associated with sediment redistribution within river channels(active channel migration and significant sedimentation). The whole basin can be subdivided into seven sub-regions according to the different proportional inputs of principal denudation processes to riverine SSY. In the Volga River Basin, anthropogenic sheet, rill and gully erosion are the predominant denudation processes in the southern region, while channel bank and bed erosion constitutes the main source of riverine suspended sediment flux in the northern part of the basin. Distribution of cultivated lands significantly determined the intensity of denudation processes.Local relief characteristics also considerably influence soil erosion rates and SSY in the southern Volga River Basin. Lithology, soil cover and climate conditions determined the spatial distribution of sheet, rill and gully erosion intensity, but they play a secondary role in SSY spatial variation.

Greenhouse Gases Fluxes on Different Peat Agroecologies at Central Kalimantan, Indonesia

Peatland of central Kalimantan covers 2,934,660 ha and some areas are used for oil palm culture. Oil palm culture in peatland requires drainage system. Petland drainage is regarded to enhance greenhouse gases release due to faster peat decomposition and reduce peat surface （subsidence） in certain time. To improve peat productivity, the in situ ameliorant materials should be applied such as biochar of oil palm bunches. The experiment was conducted in greenhouse gases laboratory using soil column method to determine effect of biochar of oil palm bunches on greenhouse gases flux in different peat agro-ecology. The peat samples were taken from central Kalimantan. The peat samples were collected using soil column with 20 cm-diameter and 50 cm in height. The 3 ~ 5 experiment was arranged using randomized block design with three replicates. The first factor treatment was peat samples with different agroecologies （below 3 years old of oil palm, above 3 years old of oil palm, and scrubs）, and the second factor treatment was rate of oil palm bunches biochar （0, l, 2, 3, 4 t.ha-1）. Without applying biochar of oil palm bunches, the CO2 flux from peat with scrub was higher than from peat with oil palm plantation. Application of oil palm bunches biochar in three peat agro-ecologies emitted CO2 lower than application of no biochar. Under peat with scrub ecology, methane flux increased with time period of incubation. Methane flux was generally higher by applying biochar of oil palm bunches in scrubs agroecology, however, application of oil palm biochar reduced methane flux from peat for oil palm plantation. The increase of rate of oil palm bunches biochar decreased significantly more GHGs emission （P 〈 0.01）.

Effect of Micro Silica on Compressive Strength of Plastic Concrete

This research describes a series of laboratory tests performed to characterize the mechanical properties of plastic concrete. The mechanical properties of plastic concrete are studied using a series of compression tests. Stress relaxation and controlled rate of loading tests are also performed to investigate the rate sensitivity and time-dependency of plastic concrete. An important requirement for the plastic concrete in such applications is adequate strength for the design loads. The replacement of cement content of plastic concrete by micro silica does not result in any significant decrease in workability of plastic concretes and hence, unlike the case for normal concretes, plasticizers or super plasticizers are not required to rectify the adverse effect of micro silica on workability. The aim of the experimental research was to investigate the effects of various levels of cement replacement by micro silica, including 0%, 3%, 6%, 9%, 12% and 15% on strength of plastic concrete. Obtained results show that the effect of micro silica on strength enhancement of plastic concretes is substantial and a replacement level of 15% resulted in 70%-180% increase in strength compared to the control mix. For normal concretes, the increase in strength due to incorporation of micro silica was generally reported as 30%-50%.

Thermal Analysis of Composite Cements

The hydration of cement compounds gives hydrated compounds, which allow linking together, the different particles and aggregate of cement, and gives the concrete the required qualities. The dynamics of hydration reactions will depend on many factors, such as the fineness of cement, the ratio w/c during hydration, temperature, mixing technique, and the presence of additives in blended cement, as pozzolan, tuff and slag from blast furnaces. We studied the thermal and kinetic reactions of Portland cement hydration, and its variants with different additions using a differential scanning calorimetric analysis. The parameters from these models of curves allow us to evaluate the enthalpies, and the degree of progression of this blended cement, and finally determine their activation energies. We can say that the hydration of Portland cement is due to a series of reactions as （ C3S,C2S,C3A and C4AF reactions with water） and each of them, has its own kinetic, the experimental measurement of the heat of hydration, allows us to represent the overall kinetics of these reactions values of activation energy, they are therefore apparent and global energy. In our experiments, significant differences in these physicochemical parameters were observed, depending on the additive used.