加热工况及倾斜角影响单环路脉动热管稳定运行的实验研究

针对单环路脉动热管建立实验平台,实验中采用水浴加热及冷却方式作为热管运行测试的热工条件,着重考察了单环路脉动热管在不同的加热工况(不同加热温度及加热水循环流量)及不同倾斜角度下(30°,45°,60°,90°)的运行情况。主要通过传热量及运行热阻来评价热管的传热效果。实验结果表明,蒸发段加热工况在大流量(40 g/s)和较高温度加热条件下会出现局部干烧现象,且随着加热温度的升高干烧现象逐步加剧,进而影响热管的稳定运行和传热效果;蒸发段在较小热水流量(4 g/s)时保持稳定地运行;重力因素严重影响到单环路脉动热管稳定运行,垂直地面底部加热条件下运行效果最好。

空气换热器加热工况动态数学模型及仿真

本文利用分排参数法建立了空气换热器在加热工况下的动态数学模型,使用Simulink对该模型进行仿真,通过实验验证了该模型的正确性,得到了空气换热器空气侧的出口温度和水侧的出口温度随时间的变化关系。同时采用PI控制器,对空气换热器供水量进行调节,使得空气侧的出口温度的波动减小并控制在小范围内,获得了温度较恒定的送风。

热处理加热工艺节能探讨

热处理加热的节能潜力很大。如何采取措施来加强节能是摆在每一位热处理工作者的重要课题。下面仅就热处理加热工艺节能作一简单探讨。 一、采用先进的热处理工艺参数 1、缩短加热时间 生产实践表明,依工件的有效厚度而确定的传统加热保温时间偏于保守,因此要对加热保温公式τ_总=α·K·D中的加热系数α进行修正。按传统处理工艺参数,在空气炉中加热到800～900℃时。

在Tore Supra中显示改善的L模式约束的H少数类粒子加热工况

现在Tore Supra实验致力于用射频加热研究高密度工况。最后，在离子回旋氢少数类粒子加热的等离子体中，在密度高达Greenwald极限的80％时，已观测到改善了的L模式约束工况。能量约束的质量与ELMy H模式的能量约束的质量一样好。这种工况的物理机制尚未明确地予以辨认。然而，已经观察到与以前在其它找卡马克中用中性束加热改善的约束模式的特性非常类似的一些特性。

内燃机车自动加热工况下柴油机的工作

内燃机车从冷态加热到可运行状态,需要靠柴油机工作,使燃油燃烧转化为热能。热能的一部分用于平衡机械损失,热传输给冷却系统,使水加温;另一部分随废气排入大气。为调节温度,使之保持在额定范围,需加装加热工况自动调节系统。本文介绍了该系统的工作原理及实际运用的计算分析,给出其节油效果。

做一名爱岗敬业的合格工人

我是1993年5月调来一炼钢厂连铸车间的。短短的4年间,我的工作岗位先后变动了5次,从中浇工组长到中浇工、出坯工、电加热工、电加热组长直到现在任乙班工段生产副段长,无论在什么岗位,我始终要求自己做一个爱岗敬业的合格工人。连铸是一项现代化程度较高的新工艺,为了尽快地掌握连铸技术,提高操作技能,我克服了年龄较大、记忆力较差和家庭琐事多的困难,认真学习有关理论、设备和工艺知识,虚心向专业人员请教,有时为了弄清弄懂一个技术理论问题,常常看书学习到深夜。每天上班我随身带着一个笔记本,详细记录当天设备运行、技术操作和工作实效等情况。对出现的设备故障、工艺操作缺陷,我都要认真地搞清楚原因、处理方法和预防事项。由于自己的技术水平有较大提高,不论在哪一个岗位,我都成为该岗位处理设备和操作问题的技术骨干。

夏热冬冷和夏热冬暖地区家用空气能热水器的经济性分析

以常用的家用空气能热水器作为研究对象,根据测得的不同环境温度下的COP值,对比分析后改进现有的算法,计算出不同加热工况下南方典型城市机组的全年综合性能系数APF。分析发现,在节能工况下算得的全年综合性能系数均大于一般工况下算得的性能系数,且冬季节能量大于夏季。在与电热水器进行总投资现值分析时发现,当采用节能工况,用户端每日45℃热水用量为180 L的情况下,夏热冬冷和夏热冬暖地区采用空气能热水器在其寿命期限内都是经济的,且日热水用量越大,相对于电热水器节省的费用越多;而当用户端每日45℃热水用量小于90 L时,所有地区采用空气能热水器在其寿命期内均不经济。

Hot deformation behavior of extruded AZ80 magnesium alloy

The hot deformation behavior of extruded AZ80 magnesium alloy was studied through hot compression tests performed at temperatures ranging from 250 to 450 ~C with strain rates varying from 0.001 to 10 s-1. The flow stress was corrected due to the deformation heating. The Zener-Hollomon parameter （Z parameter） and processing map were established to describe the hot deformation behavior. The results indicate that the applicable deformation should be conducted at the strain rate of 0.1 s-~ and the temperature range of 350-400 ~C. Besides, the relationship between the microstructure evolution and Z parameter was also discussed. High temperature and low strain rate result in a low Z parameter, which leads to full dynamic recrystallization （DRX） and large DRX grain size in the microstructure. Considering processing map and microstructure, the hot deformation should be carried out at the temperature of 400 ~C and the strain rate of 0.1 s 1.

High temperature deformation behavior and optimization of hot compression process parameters in TC11 titanium alloy with coarse lamellar original microstructure

The high temperature deformation behaviors of α＋β type titanium alloy TC11 （Ti-6.5Al-3.5Mo-1.5Zr-0.3Si） with coarse lamellar starting microstructure were investigated based on the hot compression tests in the temperature range of 950-1100 ℃ and the strain rate range of 0.001-10 s-1. The processing maps at different strains were then constructed based on the dynamic materials model, and the hot compression process parameters and deformation mechanism were optimized and analyzed, respectively. The results show that the processing maps exhibit two domains with a high efficiency of power dissipation and a flow instability domain with a less efficiency of power dissipation. The types of domains were characterized by convergence and divergence of the efficiency of power dissipation, respectively. The convergent domain in a＋fl phase field is at the temperature of 950-990 ℃ and the strain rate of 0.001-0.01 s^-1, which correspond to a better hot compression process window of α＋β phase field. The peak of efficiency of power dissipation in α＋β phase field is at 950 ℃ and 0.001 s 1, which correspond to the best hot compression process parameters of α＋β phase field. The convergent domain in β phase field is at the temperature of 1020-1080 ℃ and the strain rate of 0.001-0.1 s^-l, which correspond to a better hot compression process window of β phase field. The peak of efficiency of power dissipation in ℃ phase field occurs at 1050 ℃ over the strain rates from 0.001 s^-1 to 0.01 s^-1, which correspond to the best hot compression process parameters of ,8 phase field. The divergence domain occurs at the strain rates above 0.5 s^-1 and in all the tested temperature range, which correspond to flow instability that is manifested as flow localization and indicated by the flow softening phenomenon in stress-- strain curves. The deformation mechanisms of the optimized hot compression process windows in a＋β and β phase fields are identified to be spheroidizing and dynamic recrystallizing controlled by self-diffusion mechanism, respectively. The microstructure observation of the deformed specimens in different domains matches very well with the optimized results.

Effect of hot working on microstructure and mechanical properties of TC11/Ti_2AlNb dual-alloy joint welded by electron beam welding process

The influence of hot working on the microstructures of TC11/Ti2 Al Nb dual-alloy joints welded by electron beam welding(EBW) process was investigated. The tensile tests were performed at room temperature for specimens before and after thermal exposure. The results show that the fusion zone of TC11/Ti2 Al Nb dual-alloy joint welded by EBW is mainly composed of β phase. After deformation and heat treatment, the grain boundaries of the as-cast alloy are broken and the fusion zone mainly consists of β, α2and α phases. The fusion zone performs poor property in the tensile test. Specimens before and after thermal exposure all fail in this area under different deformation conditions. The ultimate tensile strength of specimens after heat treatment is up to 1190 MPa at room temperature. The joints by water quenching after deformation have better plasticity with an elongation up to 4.4%. After thermal exposure at 500 °C for 100 h, the tensile strength of the specimen slightly rises while the ductility changes a little. SEM observation shows that the fracture mechanism is predominantly transgranular under different deformation conditions.

Hot deformation behavior and processing map of Cu-Ni-Si-P alloy

The high-temperature deformation behavior of Cu-Ni-Si-P alloy was investigated by using the hot compression test in the temperature range of 600-800 ℃ and strain rate of 0.01-5 s-1. The hot deformation activation energy, Q, was calculated and the hot compression constitutive equation was established. The processing maps of the alloy were constructed based on the experiment data and the forging process parameters were then optimized based on the generated maps for forging process determination. The flow behavior and the microstructural mechanism of the alloy were studied. The flow stress of the Cu-Ni-Si-P alloy increases with increasing strain rate and decreasing deformation temperature, and the dynamic recrystallization temperature of alloy is around 700 ℃. The hot deformation activation energy for dynamic recrystallization is determined as 485.6 kJ/mol. The processing maps for the alloy obtained at strains of 0.3 and 0.5 were used to predict the instability regimes occurring at the strain rate more than 1 s-1 and low temperature （〈650 ℃）. The optimum range for the alloy hot deformation processing in the safe domain obtained from the processing map is 750-800 ℃ at the strain rate of 0.01-0.1 s i The characteristic microstructures predicted from the processing map agree well with the results of microstructural observations.

Tuning mechanical properties for β(B2)-containing TiAl intermetallics

Based on the analyses of the microstructures and phase diagrams of the TiAl-based alloy, the relationship among the composition, structure and mechanical properties of the B2-containing y-TiAI alloys was reviewed. The refinement of microstructures and improvement of mechanical properties of TiA1 alloy through stabilization of the β/B2 phase were reviewed. The mechanism of the superplastic behavior of the B2-containing y-TiAI alloys was discussed. With a reasonable addition of β-stabilizer, metastable B2 phase can be maintained, which is favorable for fine-grained structure and better high-temperature deformation behaviors. The mechanical properties of the B2-containing TiAI alloy, including the deformability and elevated temperature properties, can also be improved with doping elements and subsequent hot-working processes. The above mentioned researches discuss a new way for developing TiAI alloys with comprehensive properties, including good deformability and creep resistance.

Hot deformation behavior of TC11/Ti-22Al-25Nb dual-alloy in isothermal compression

The high-temperature flow behavior of TCll/Ti-22Al-25 Nb electron beam（EB） weldments was investigated by the isothermal compression tests at the temperature of 900-1060℃ and the strain rate of 0.001-10 s-（-1）.Based on the experimental data,the constitutive equation that describes the flow stress as a function of strain rate and deformation temperature is obtained.The apparent activation energy of deformation is calculated,which decreases with increasing the strain and the value is 334 kJ/mol at strain of 0.90.The efficiency of power dissipation η changes obviously with the variation of deformation conditions.Under the strain rates of 0.01,0.1 and 1 s-（-1）,the value of η increases with increasing the true strain for different deformation temperatures.While the value of η decreases with increasing the strain under the strain rates of 0.001 and 10 s-（-1）.The optimum processing condition is（t（opi）=1060℃,ε（opi）=0.1 s-（-1）） with the peak efficiency of 0.51.Under this deformation,dynamic recrystallization（DRX） is observed obviously in the microstructure of welding zone.Under the condition of 1060℃ and 0.001 s-（-1）,the deformation mechanism is dominated by dynamic recovery（DRV） and the value of η decreases sharply（η=0.02）.The flow instability is predicted to occur since the instability parameter ξ（ε）becomes negative.The hot working process can be carried out safely in the domain with the strain rate of 0.001-0.6 s-（-1） and the temperature of 900-1060℃.

Influence of thermomechanical processing on microstructure,texture evolution and mechanical properties of Al-Mg-Si-Cu alloy sheets

Influence of thermomechanical processing on the microstructure, texture evolution and mechanical properties of A1-Mg-Si-Cu alloy sheets was studied systematically. The quite weak mechanical properties anisotropy was obtained in the alloy sheet through thermomechanical processing optimizing. The highly elongated microstmcture is the main structure for the hot or cold-rolled alloy sheets. H {001 } （110） and E { 111 } （110） are the main texture components in the surface layer of hot-rolled sheet, while ]/-fibre is dominant in quarter and center layers. Compared with the hot-rolled sheet, the intensities offl-fibre components are higher after the first cold rolling, but H {001 }（110） component in the surface layer decreases greatly. Almost no deformation texatre can be observed after intermediate annealing. And fl-fibre becomes the main texture again after the final cold rolling. With the reduction of the thickness, the through-thickness texture gradients become much weaker. The through-thickness recrystallization texture in the solution treated sample only has cubeyD {001 }（310） component. The relationship among thermomechanical processing, microstructure, texture and mechanical orouerties was analyzed.

Effect of initial microstructure on hot workability of 7085 aluminum alloy

The hot workability of 7085 aluminum alloys with different initial microstructures （as-homogenized and as-solution treated） was studied by isothermal compression tests at the deformation temperature ranging from 300 to 450 ℃ and the strain rate ranging from 0.0001 to 1 s 1. The strain rate sensitivity of the alloy was evaluated and used for establishing the power dissipation maps and instability maps on the basis of the flow stress data. The results show that the efficiency of power dissipation for the as-homogenized alloy is lower than that of the as-solution treated alloy. The deformation parameters of the dynamic recrystallization for the as-homogenized and as-solution treated alloy occur at 400 ℃, 0.01 s i and 450 ℃, 0.001 s-1, respectively. The flow instability region of the as-homogenized alloy is narrower than that of the as-solution treated alloy. These differences of the alloys with two different initial microstructures on the processing maps are mainly related to the dynamic precipitation characteristics.

Hot deformation behavior of high Ti 6061 Al alloy

The hot deformation behavior of a high Ti 6061 aluminum alloy in the temperature range from 350 to 510 ℃ and strain rate range from 0.001 to 10 s^-1 was investigated using stress-strain curve analysis, processing map, transmission electron microscopy and electron backscatter diffraction analysis. The results show that the peak stress decreases with increasing deformation temperatures and decreasing strain rate. The average deformation activation energy is 185 kJ/mol in the parameter range investigated. The flow stress model was constructed. The main softening mechanism is dynamic recovery. The processing map was obtained using dynamic material model, and the suggested processing window is 400-440℃ and 0.001-0.1 s^-1.

Rate controlling mechanisms in hot deformation of 7A55 aluminum alloy

The hot deformation behavior of 7A55 aluminum alloy was investigated at the temperature ranging from 300 ℃ to 450 ℃ and strain rate ranging from 0.01 s-1 to 1 s-1 on a Gleeble-3500 simulator. Processing maps were established in order to apprehend the kinetics of hot deformation and the rate controlling mechanism was interpreted by the kinetic rate analysis obeying power-law relation. The results indicated that one significant domain representing dynamic recrystallization （DRX） existed on the processing maps and lying in 410-450 ＆#176;C and 0.05-1 s-1. The conclusions of kinetic analysis correlated well with those obtained from processing maps. The apparent activation energy values calculated in the dynamic recrystallization （DRX） domain and the stability regions except dynamic recrystallization （DRX） domain were 91.2 kJ/mol and 128.8 kJ/mol, respectively, which suggested that grain boundary self-diffusion and cross-slip were the rate controlling mechanisms.

Morphology development of elongated α phases in hot working of large-scale titanium alloy plate

The role of subtransus hot working on microstructure morphology of TA15 titanium alloy plate with elongatedαphases was studied by quantitative metallography on different sections. The results show that the microstructure morphology is mainly affected by loading direction. When the sample is compressed along normal direction, microstructure on the section vertical to normal direction has equiaxed primaryαphase but microstructure on the section vertical to rolling direction has strip primaryαphase with long axis along tangential direction. When the sample is compressed along rolling direction, microstructure on the section vertical to normal direction has strip primaryαphase elongated along tangential direction but microstructure on the section vertical to rolling direction consists of strip and irregular broad-band primaryαphase. The strip primaryαphase aspect ratio is smaller at lower temperature due to the dynamic break-down ofαphase. The difference on primaryαphase aspect ratio between different sections decreases after compression along distinct directions in two loading passes, suggesting the improvement of equiaxity of primaryαphase.

Hot deformation behavior of novel imitation-gold copper alloy

The hot deformation behavior of a novel imitation-gold copper alloy was investigated with Gleeble-1500 thermo-mechanical simulator in the temperature range of 650-770 °C and strain rate range of 0.001-1.0 s-1. The hot deformation constitutive equation was established and the thermal activation energy was obtained to be 249.60 kJ/mol. The processing map at a strain of 1.2 was developed. And there are two optimal regions in processing map, namely 650-680 °C, 0.001-0.01 s-1 and 740-770 °C, 0.01-0.1 s-1. Optical microscopy was employed to investigate the microstructure evolution of the alloy in the process of deformation. Recrystallized grains and twin crystals were found in microstructures of the hot deformed alloy.

Flow behavior and processing map of PM Ti-47Al-2Cr-0.2Mo alloy

The flow stress features of PM Ti-47Al-2Cr-0.2Mo alloy were studied by isothermal compression in the temperature range from 1000 to 1150 °C with strain rates of 0.001-1 s-1 on Gleeble-1500 thermo-simulation machine.The results show that the deformation temperature and strain rate have obvious effects on the flow characteristic,and the flow stress increases with increasing strain rate and decreasing temperature.The processing maps under different deformation conditions were established.The processing maps of this alloy are sensitive to strains.The processing map at the strain of 0.5 exhibits two suitable deformation domains of 1000-1050 °C at 0.001-0.05 s-1 and 1050-1125 °C at 0.01-0.1 s-1.The optimum parameters for hot working of the alloy are deformation temperature of 1000 °C and strain rate of 0.001 s-1 according to the processing map and microstructure at true strain of 0.5.