Coefficients of earth pressure at rest in thick and deep soils

The effect of test methods and stress paths on the experimental value of the coefficient of earth pressure at rest, K0, was investigated under high pressures. The results indicate that the rigid pressure chamber and flexible lateral confining pressure medium method gives a stress ratio at the initial stage that is not the real K0. Moreover, K0 increases during the loading process becoming greater at high pressures. In the unloading process, however, K0 increases only at the initial stage but decreases thereafter. In addition, the incremental magnitude definition, K0=dσ3/dσ1, gives higher values than the total magnitude definition, K0=σ3/σ1, under loading. This is also true during initial stages of unloading. The experiment results also indicate that earth pressure at rest in deep and thick soils can be estimated by a power function of axial and confining pressures. It is necessary to choose the appropriate Kn to avoid some accidents.

A method of determining the permeability coefficient of coal seam based on the permeability of loaded coal

This study developed the equipment for thermo-fluid–solid coupling of methane-containing coal, and investigated the seepage character of loaded coal under different working conditions. Regarding the effective pressure as a variable, the variation characteristics of the gas permeability of loaded methane-containing coal has been studied under the conditions of different confining pressures and pore pressures. The qualitative and quantitative relationship between effective stress and permeability of loaded methane-containing coal has been established, considering the adsorption of deformation, amount of pore gas compression and temperature variation. The results show that the permeability of coal samples decreases along with the increasing effective stress. Based on the Darcy law, the correlation equation between the effective stress and permeability coefficient of coal seam has been established by combining the permeability coefficient of loaded coal and effective stress. On the basis of experimental data, this equation is used for calculation, and the results are in accordance with the measured gas permeability coefficient of coal seam. In conclusion, this method can be accurate and convenient to determine the gas permeability coefficient of coal seam, and provide evidence for forecasting that of the deep coal seam.

The training process： Planning for strength-power training in track and field. Part 1： Theoretical aspects

The process of strength-power training and the subsequent adaptation is a multi-factorial process. These factors range from the genetics and morphological characteristics of the athlete to how a coach selects, orders, and doses exercises and loading patterns. Consequently, adaptation from these training factors may largely relate to the mode of delivery, in other words, programming tactics. There is strong evidence that the manner and phases in which training is presented to the athlete can make a profound difference in performance outcome. This discussion deals primarily with block periodization concepts and associated methods of programming for strength-power training within track and field. 2015 Production and hosting by Elsevier B.V. on behalf of Shanghai University of Sport.

Simulation of Reciprocating Compressor Start-up and Shut-down under Loaded and Unloaded Conditions

During the start-up and shut-down phase of reciprocating compressors, the loads on all components of driven train system are very high. In this paper a method for calculating the forces on coupling, e-motor, crank shaft as well other components of the system will be described. The modelling of the electrical induction motor, coupling, crank shaft, damper as well as the compressor resistance torque are extremely important in simulating start-up and shut-down of reciprocating compressor. Furthermore the switching torque of the electrical motor and the instantaneous moment of inertia of the reciprocating compressor crank gear are important as well. The transient start-up and shut-down process under loaded and unloaded conditions is described using a non-linear differential equation for driven train system： E-motor--coupling--flywheel--reciprocating compressor--damper. Shaft torsional moments on the drive train and especially on the coupling, whether elastic or stiff, can then only be calculated using numerical simulation. This paper will describe some of the key elements in modelling, simulating and measurements of drive train start-up and shut-down carried out on already operational piston compressor units.

动态空心圆柱剪切仪模拟复杂应力路径能力

常用的室内土动力试验设备,如单向动三轴仪、双向振动三轴仪等,在循环加载过程中主应力的方向和大小的变化均受到一定的限制。动态空心圆柱剪切仪能模拟各种复杂应力路径加载模式,是目前研究主应力变化对土体性状影响的理想设备。推导了恒定主应力偏转角循环加载方程和常广剪应力主应力轴循环加载方程,对比加载方程理论与试验加载曲线峰值,其相对误差在1.3%～2.5%之间,由此验证了动态空心圆柱剪切仪能实现复杂加载的能力。构建了两组模拟交通荷载的加载方程,为模拟真实交通荷载引起路基土体单元应力路径变化的空心圆柱循环加载试验提供了思路。

动态空心圆柱扭剪仪模拟椭圆应力路径能力分析

为论证动态空心圆柱扭剪仪实现椭圆形应力路径的可行性,推导典型荷载加载曲线,通过试验与数值结合的方法予以分析。结果表明:双向加载时,保持内外围压恒定且相等,可实现椭圆应力路径;保持内围压恒定,三向变载时,可实现保持中主应力系数恒定或平均主应力恒定的椭圆应力路径加载;四向变载时,可实现对中主应力系数、平均主应力的同时控制。空心圆柱扭剪仪可以很好地实现椭圆形应力路径,且可以对主要应力参数进行控制。试样变形将引起实际应力误差,导致应力路径偏移,因此加载前应对试样刚度合理估计以提高加载质量。

Consolidation and dynamics of 3D unsaturated porous seabed under rigid caisson breakwater loaded by hydrostatic pressure and wave

In this study,based on the dynamic Biot＇s theory ＂u-p＂ approximation,a 3D finite element method（FEM） numerical soil model is developed,in which the Generalized Newmark-β method is adopted to determine the time integration.The developed 3D FEM soil model is a part of the coupled model PORO-WSSI 3D for 3D wave-seabed-marine structures interaction problem,and is validated by the analytical solution proposed by Wang（2000） for a laterally infinite seabed loaded by a uniform force.By adopting the developed 3D soil model,the consolidation of seabed under a caisson breakwater and hydrostatic pressure is investigated.The numerical results show that the caisson breakwater built on seabed has very significant effect on the stresses/displacements fields in the seabed foundation after the transient deformation and primary consolidation are completed.The parametric study indicates that the Young＇s modulus E of seabed is the most important parameter to affect the settlement of breakwater,and the displacement fields in seabed foundation.Taking the consolidation status as the initial condition,the interaction between ocean wave,caisson breakwater and seabed foundation is briefly investigated.The 3D ocean wave is determined by solving the Navier-Stokes equations with finite volume method（FVM）.The numerical results indicate that there is intensive interaction between oceean wave, caisson breakwater and seabed foundation; and the breakwater indeed can effectively block the wave energy propagating to the coastline.