Presently the gold standard diagnostic technique for rabies is the direct immunofluorescence assay (dFA) which is very expensive and requires a high level of expertise. There is a need for more economical and user f...Presently the gold standard diagnostic technique for rabies is the direct immunofluorescence assay (dFA) which is very expensive and requires a high level of expertise. There is a need for more economical and user friendly tests, particularly for use in developing countries. We have established one such test called the direct rapid immunohistochemical test (dRIT) for diagnosis of rabies using brain tissue. The test is based on capture of rabies nucleoprotein (N) antigen in brain smears using a cocktail of biotinylated monoclonal antibodies specific for the N protein and color development by streptavidin peroxidase-amino ethyl carbazole and counter staining with haematoxollin. The test was done in parallel with standard FAT dFA using 400 brain samples from different animals and humans. The rabies virus N protein appears under fight microscope as reddish brown particles against a light blue background. There was 100 % correlation between the results obtained by the two tests. Also, interpretation of results by dRIT was easier and only required a light microscope. To conclude, this newly developed dRIT technique promises to be a simple, cost effective diagnostic tool for rabies and will have applicability in field conditions prevalent in developing countries.展开更多
Background: A positive association between fundamental movement skills (FMS) and physical activity (PA) has been shown in previous research of children with and without disability. This pilot study explored a cau...Background: A positive association between fundamental movement skills (FMS) and physical activity (PA) has been shown in previous research of children with and without disability. This pilot study explored a causal mechanism for such relationship, and hypothesized that when FMS proficiency is improved, enhanced PA uptake will be found in children with and without disability. It was further hypothesized that improving FMS proficiency will have a greater impact on children with disability than those without disability. Methods: Participants include typically developing (TD) children without disability and children with cerebral palsy (CP), who were allocated to FMS training groups (CP-FMS n = 12, TD-FMS n = 13) and control groups (CP-C n = 12, TD-C n = 13). Training groups practiced five FMS (run, jump, kick, throw, catch) in weekly 45-min sessions for 4 weeks. Control groups had their regular physiotherapy (CP) or physical education (TD) sessions. FMS were evaluated using process- and product-oriented measures, and PA was measured using accelerometers, before and after training. Results: It was verified that training groups gained improvements in FMS while control groups did not. No significant changes in weekday PA were found. Increased weekend moderate to vigorous physical activity (MVPA) was found in the CP-FMS group, while decreased weekend sedentary time was found in the CP-FMS and TD-FMS groups. The percentages of participants who exceeded the minimum detectable change (MDC9o) in MVPA and sedentary time were larger in children with CP than in children without disability. Conclusion: The findings suggest that improved FMS proficiency could potentially contribute to heightened PA and decreased sedentary time during weekends for children. Such effect of improved FMS proficiency on PA appears to be greater in those with physical disability than in those without disability. It is recommended that the findings of this pilot study should be further examined in future research.展开更多
Tropical disturbances over the South China Sea (SCS) during the period of 1997-2006 are analyzed using the Tropical Storm and Hurricane WX products. A total of 158 tropical disturbances were formed over the SCS from 1...Tropical disturbances over the South China Sea (SCS) during the period of 1997-2006 are analyzed using the Tropical Storm and Hurricane WX products. A total of 158 tropical disturbances were formed over the SCS from 1997 to 2006, with 54 de-veloping tropical disturbances which developed into tropical depressions and 104 non-developing tropical disturbances which never developed into tropical depressions. The development rate of tropical disturbances into tropical depressions was 34.18% in these ten years. During the period of this study, total annual numbers of tropical disturbances and developing tropical disturbances over the SCS had significant decreasing trends; however, the development rate of tropical disturbances had an insignificant increasing trend.展开更多
The aim of this study is to evaluate the current state of rural area development at the county level in the eastern coastal China. An evaluation index system including 18 factors was developed, and a rural development...The aim of this study is to evaluate the current state of rural area development at the county level in the eastern coastal China. An evaluation index system including 18 factors was developed, and a rural development index (RDI) was constructed to evaluate rural development state in 2000, 2004, and 2008. The quantitative evaluation indicated the following results. 1) This study derived four dominating components by means of principal component analysis, which can explain 78.2% of the total information, namely agricultural production input, the basic condition of agriculture, the comparative effectiveness of grain production, and the household′s own basic conditions. 2) Since the turn of the new millennium, the rural area in the eastern coastal China has experienced a rapid development in general. Well developed, developed, moderately developed and undeveloped rural areas respectively occupied 29.32%, 22.33%, 21.91%, and 10.51% in 2008. 3) The countryside had maintained a sound momentum of developing trend between 2000 and 2008, while the rural development in the eastern coastal China lacked sustainability. And 4) industrialization, urbanization, original economic basis, and location are four major driving forces of the disparity of rural area development in the eastern coastal China. Given these results, the strategies and policies for the improvement of each rural group were put forward.展开更多
This paper will look at the importance that the migrant labors in China are doing today. The main question posed in this paper is “how migrant labors in China are contributing to rural development?”. Furthermore, t...This paper will look at the importance that the migrant labors in China are doing today. The main question posed in this paper is “how migrant labors in China are contributing to rural development?”. Furthermore, the paper will answer the following sub-questions: (1) Is migration an important factor in the development of rural areas? (2) Can migration bridge the poverty gap between urban and rural areas? The objectives of this paper are the following: (1) to identify the migrant labors contributions in China’s rural development; (2) to look into the importance of migration for the rural Chinese; and (3) to know and analyze the problems that migrant workers in China are facing in relation to their migratory work. Furthermore, this paper posits that migrant labors in China are contributing to rural development through their remittances, their investments, and the new knowledge and techniques that they acquired in the urban areas which they share in their home areas. In addition to that, this research looks at the migrant labors’ remittances, their investments, and the new knowledge and techniques that they acquired in their home areas as their contributions to rural development.展开更多
Mobile computing has increased quite rapidly over the past few years. The major drivers of mobile computing are large number of mobile phone users. As their number is increasing worldwide, different organizations are ...Mobile computing has increased quite rapidly over the past few years. The major drivers of mobile computing are large number of mobile phone users. As their number is increasing worldwide, different organizations are offering their services using the mobile devices. Oman is a developing country that strives to adapt M-services. The number of mobile phone users in Oman increased substantially since its launch in 1996. Prepaid mobile services and SMS (Short Message Services) were introduced in 2001 and both are currently popular with subscribers. Such fine appeal influenced many government organizations to go mobile with their services. This paper describes the SMS-Parking service, which is introduced recently by a joint venture of the Muscat Municipality and the Oman Mobile company offering mobile services to its citizens and reports the initial feedback of its users. This study shows that the new service is not yet popular among its users and may need their more positive attitudes toward it for its quick adoption.展开更多
Using political economic theory, this paper analyzes the impact of economic globalization on international income distribution, including the income gap between developed countries and developing ones, the income gap ...Using political economic theory, this paper analyzes the impact of economic globalization on international income distribution, including the income gap between developed countries and developing ones, the income gap among the developing countries. The paper states that because the economic globalization is the globalization of capitalism manufacture style and developed countries dominates the process, the income gap between developing countries and developed one is difficult to be narrowed, and the income gap in developing countries will enlarge.展开更多
The hosting of mega-events is an important driving force for the development of urban tourism. The recognition and support of local community residents are one of the most important factors in the success of mega-even...The hosting of mega-events is an important driving force for the development of urban tourism. The recognition and support of local community residents are one of the most important factors in the success of mega-events. The study of the impact of mega-events on community residents is crucial to the success of the events. Taking the thesis Comparative Study on Residents' Perceptions to the Followup Impacts of the 2008 Olympics for example, this paper, from the perspective of the impact of megaevents on community residents, discussed the contribution of this thesis to Beijing and Zhangjiakou, the host city and co-host city for the 2022 Winter Olympics respectively, and the countermeasures that should be taken by event organizers.展开更多
In this study, kinetic energy budget equations of rotational and divergent flow in pressure coordinates are derived on terrain-following coordinates. The new formulation explicitly shows the terrain effects and can be...In this study, kinetic energy budget equations of rotational and divergent flow in pressure coordinates are derived on terrain-following coordinates. The new formulation explicitly shows the terrain effects and can be applied directly to model-simulated dynamic and thermodynamic fields on the model's original vertical grid. Such application eliminates interpolation error and avoids errors in virtual weather systems in mountainous areas. These advantages and their significance are demonstrated by a numerical study in terrain-following coordinates of a developing vortex after it moves over the Tibetan Plateau in China.展开更多
Dalian, Shenyang, Changchun and Harbin are the four core cities which play an essential role in terms of promoting the economic development in Northeast China. In this paper, the impact of urban agglomeration on labor...Dalian, Shenyang, Changchun and Harbin are the four core cities which play an essential role in terms of promoting the economic development in Northeast China. In this paper, the impact of urban agglomeration on labor productivity is explored by making comparisons among these four cities. The model used for analysis is a classical model derived from previous studies. Some indicators, such as population density and economic density, were selected to examine the impact of urban agglomeration on the labor productivity based on the time-series data for the four cities from 1990 to 2007. The four main conclusions are: l) The promotion from the growth rate of population density on the growth rate of labor productivity is limited. 2) The negative relationship exists between the growth rate of employment density and the growth rate of labor productivity. 3) Agglomeration effect exists in the four cities, the highest one is Dalian, Shenyang takes the second place, followed by Changchun and Harbin, and the predominant promotion exerted on the labor productivity is the output density.展开更多
With the development and progression of society, people pay more attention to the concept of protecting cattle. Animal welfare in developed countries has become an accepted concept. But according to these developing c...With the development and progression of society, people pay more attention to the concept of protecting cattle. Animal welfare in developed countries has become an accepted concept. But according to these developing countries, animal welfare has gradually become an obstacle for exporting their products. In order to surpass this boundary, some ideas and suggestions are put forward.展开更多
This paper systematically reviews the different stages of China's urbanization process since 1949, its achievements and problems it faces. It offers in-depth discussion on the trends of Chinese urbanization, i.e. mai...This paper systematically reviews the different stages of China's urbanization process since 1949, its achievements and problems it faces. It offers in-depth discussion on the trends of Chinese urbanization, i.e. maintaining rapid growth; making small and medium- sized cities the main driver in development; and focusing on central and western China as the major areas to be urbanized. This paper analyzes new-type urbanization for instance to set up comprehensive urban system that meets the requirements of having a high urbanization level, such as focusing on developing medium-sized cities of one to two million people, using city clusters to encourage population concentration and following an urban construction model that is intensive and compact; and finally this paper proposes policy suggestions for boosting the healthy development of new-type urbanization, including reforming current models for urban-rural governance and establishing development zones, reactivating the normal process of creating cities, and establishing and improving relevant policy systems.展开更多
This paper explores the potential meanings of battery electric vehicles (battery EVs). Relevant ideas were collated through facilitated exchange of explicated and tacit knowledge, realized by individual essay prepar...This paper explores the potential meanings of battery electric vehicles (battery EVs). Relevant ideas were collated through facilitated exchange of explicated and tacit knowledge, realized by individual essay preparation and a facilitated seminar workshop. Additional classifications and clustering by the author led to the following principal results: the EV as a power source and buffer forms the foundation for most meanings beyond transport. EVs can act both in the context of"shelters" for individuals as well as "community vehicles" with a focus on, e.g., local renewable energy production integration. Reduced to a simple product, EVs can also be designed to make sense in developing country environments. However, many "intelligent" features associated to EVs are available also for combustion engine vehicles and thus provide only necessary, but not unique added value to EVs. Concluding, EVs will take over market share from internal combustion vehicles only if they satisfy human needs beyond mobility.展开更多
There is no global definition of what constitutes a large class. The literature, for example, shows large classes as ranging between 25-30 learners in the United Kingdom, more than 35 learners in the US, and 60 or mor...There is no global definition of what constitutes a large class. The literature, for example, shows large classes as ranging between 25-30 learners in the United Kingdom, more than 35 learners in the US, and 60 or more learners in developing countries. The current study attempted to establish what instructional strategies could be introduced for improvement of teaching learning in the prevailing large classes. A review of research on teaching of large classes highlighted challenges that both teachers and students experience. Effective teaching and learning throughout the study was conceptualized as that situated within a social constructivist framework. This is a descriptive study in design. The literature component of the study utilized a content analysis methodology with a view to identifying strategies of practical application and potential to facilitate learning in large classes, such as Active Learning, Collaborativb Learning, Cooperative Learning, Inductive Teaching Methods, and novel practices including issues on environment for change are suggested. The empirical data indicated that teachers had devised strategies to cope with the large classes, but these needed further development. The implication for these findings is the need for teacher professional development through reflective practice.展开更多
Shandong Peninsula,as a more developed region in Shandong Province even the east coast of China,is facing challenges from resources and environment pressures.This paper tried to track and assess the coordination statu...Shandong Peninsula,as a more developed region in Shandong Province even the east coast of China,is facing challenges from resources and environment pressures.This paper tried to track and assess the coordination status and the dynamic between resource-environment and economy-society systems in Shandong Peninsula during 2001-2008 in order to provide decision support for regional sustainability.An appraisal index system was built including five aspects of harmony degree(A),sustainability degree(B),opening degree(C),stability degree(D) and controllability degree(E).The results showed that:1) The coordination level of resource-environment and economy-society in Shandong Peninsula has continuously grown,and it has undergone three stages:no coordinated degree(2001-2002),weak coordinated degree(2003-2006) and basically coordinated degree(2007-2008).2) Five indexes of criterion hierarchy also increased overall,but each index showed different trends.Harmony degree,sustainability degree and opening degree rose all the time,while stability degree and controllability degree alternately rose and fell.The improvement of controllability degree was the slowest.3) The aggravating trend of environmental pollution was slowing down.The economic growth was driven by industrial growth and urbanization typically and investment was still the main force to pull the regional economic growth.At the same time,technology and education were becoming more and more important for economic growth.The level of foreign capital utility declined and the geographical advantage of Shandong Peninsula was exerted.Meanwhile some characteristics of knowledge economy were presenting.Water resources become the main constraint factor of fast development in Shandong Peninsula.It is necessary to further strengthen the coordination ability of government on regional sustainable development.展开更多
Since the launching of the western regional development program in 1999, the Chinese government has implemented a series of policy measures related to finance, taxation, investment, banking, and other related fields. ...Since the launching of the western regional development program in 1999, the Chinese government has implemented a series of policy measures related to finance, taxation, investment, banking, and other related fields. This combination of policies has stimulated socioeconomic growth and ecological improvement in China's western regions and has effectively curbed the runaway gap between the east and west, even causing the gap to begin shrinking gradually. However, it should be noted that the development gap between China's eastern and western regions remains significant, as demonstrated by the west's low level of industrial^commercial development, local governments' limited capacity to provide public services, and endemic rural poverty. Thus, achieving the targets outlined in the western regional development program remains a challenging task. In the future, China's western development program should emphasize a higher standard of living and coordinated, inclusive growth across regions.展开更多
The Malaysian government's vision to be a developed nation by 2020 has pushed forward the use of innovative technologies in most sectors and industries, including the construction industry. Through the ETP (Economic...The Malaysian government's vision to be a developed nation by 2020 has pushed forward the use of innovative technologies in most sectors and industries, including the construction industry. Through the ETP (Economic Transformation Programme), major projects launched are expected to provide a great catalyst for the economy, and may become the platform for increasing the use of automation and highly enhanced plants and machineries in the construction industry. Innovations in most countries are mostly driven by the need to find revolutionary solutions to problems, such as a shortage of skilled labor, decreasing quality of product and processes, inferior working conditions, declining productivity and increasing costs of labor and materials. Automation and robotics technologies encompass a wide range of innovative technologies using technologically advanced machineries to improve the speed and efficiency of a given process. This paper discusses the readiness of a developing country in embracing construction automation and robotics, by exploring industry perception, suggested practices and barriers to its implementation using a questionnaire survey and semi-structured interviews directed at Malaysian construction finns of contractors, specialist sub-contractors, developers and consultants. The findings show that the Malaysian construction industry is ready, to a certain extent, for implementing the technologies in limited areas such as prefabrication and assembly and in the design, planning and costing phases.展开更多
China's eastern area is at middle and later stage of industrialization during which the relation between urban and rural areas, industry, and agriculture appears maladjusted. The main problems are shrinkage in agricu...China's eastern area is at middle and later stage of industrialization during which the relation between urban and rural areas, industry, and agriculture appears maladjusted. The main problems are shrinkage in agricultural comparative earning and lack of driving force of agricultural development. Based on calculating agricultural labor productivity in east China from 1996 to 2005, this paper analyzes contributing degree of motive forces of agriculture develop in ten provinces and cities of east China applying GCA (Grey correlative analysis). The results show that there is no absolute correspondence between the level of industrialization and agricultural labor productivity in China's eastern area. There is no synchronous development between industry and agricultural labor productiviry in some areas. Fertilizer and agricultural machinery input had high contributing degree for ten years; however; contributing degree in land and irrigation work input was low. Non-materialization inputs became the leading role in most provinces and cities' increase of agricultural labor productivity. Modern agricultural development need non-materialization inputs as primary motive force, at the same time, direct material input and facility input as guaranteed function. For some reasons, agricultural development is characterized by "more direct material input, less facility input " in east China now. Optimal driving.force model of future agricultural development in east China is that non-materialization inputs are dominant, that perfected facility input arc guarantee, and that certain substance inputs are necessary展开更多
Using various sources of data, this paper examines the contributions of rural labor migration to economic growth and poverty reduction in China. The results show that there is still a significant number of people livi...Using various sources of data, this paper examines the contributions of rural labor migration to economic growth and poverty reduction in China. The results show that there is still a significant number of people living in poverty in rural areas, while the effectiveness of migration on poverty reduction has declined, implying an urgent need for new approaches to poverty reduction. China's experiences could also be valuable for the formulation of development strategies in other developing countries.展开更多
文摘Presently the gold standard diagnostic technique for rabies is the direct immunofluorescence assay (dFA) which is very expensive and requires a high level of expertise. There is a need for more economical and user friendly tests, particularly for use in developing countries. We have established one such test called the direct rapid immunohistochemical test (dRIT) for diagnosis of rabies using brain tissue. The test is based on capture of rabies nucleoprotein (N) antigen in brain smears using a cocktail of biotinylated monoclonal antibodies specific for the N protein and color development by streptavidin peroxidase-amino ethyl carbazole and counter staining with haematoxollin. The test was done in parallel with standard FAT dFA using 400 brain samples from different animals and humans. The rabies virus N protein appears under fight microscope as reddish brown particles against a light blue background. There was 100 % correlation between the results obtained by the two tests. Also, interpretation of results by dRIT was easier and only required a light microscope. To conclude, this newly developed dRIT technique promises to be a simple, cost effective diagnostic tool for rabies and will have applicability in field conditions prevalent in developing countries.
基金supported by the Sciences of Learning Strategic Research Theme of the University of Hong Kong
文摘Background: A positive association between fundamental movement skills (FMS) and physical activity (PA) has been shown in previous research of children with and without disability. This pilot study explored a causal mechanism for such relationship, and hypothesized that when FMS proficiency is improved, enhanced PA uptake will be found in children with and without disability. It was further hypothesized that improving FMS proficiency will have a greater impact on children with disability than those without disability. Methods: Participants include typically developing (TD) children without disability and children with cerebral palsy (CP), who were allocated to FMS training groups (CP-FMS n = 12, TD-FMS n = 13) and control groups (CP-C n = 12, TD-C n = 13). Training groups practiced five FMS (run, jump, kick, throw, catch) in weekly 45-min sessions for 4 weeks. Control groups had their regular physiotherapy (CP) or physical education (TD) sessions. FMS were evaluated using process- and product-oriented measures, and PA was measured using accelerometers, before and after training. Results: It was verified that training groups gained improvements in FMS while control groups did not. No significant changes in weekday PA were found. Increased weekend moderate to vigorous physical activity (MVPA) was found in the CP-FMS group, while decreased weekend sedentary time was found in the CP-FMS and TD-FMS groups. The percentages of participants who exceeded the minimum detectable change (MDC9o) in MVPA and sedentary time were larger in children with CP than in children without disability. Conclusion: The findings suggest that improved FMS proficiency could potentially contribute to heightened PA and decreased sedentary time during weekends for children. Such effect of improved FMS proficiency on PA appears to be greater in those with physical disability than in those without disability. It is recommended that the findings of this pilot study should be further examined in future research.
基金supported by Chinese Academy of Sciences(Grant KZCX2-YW-214)NSFC Grants 40875020 and 41075054+2 种基金the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities(Nos.11lgpy13 and 11lgjc10)sponsored by the tropical marine meteorology fund from the Institute of Tropical and Marine Meteorology,CMA,SOED1108Scientific Research Foundation for the Young Teachers Program of Sun Yat-sen University(No. 38000-3181402)
文摘Tropical disturbances over the South China Sea (SCS) during the period of 1997-2006 are analyzed using the Tropical Storm and Hurricane WX products. A total of 158 tropical disturbances were formed over the SCS from 1997 to 2006, with 54 de-veloping tropical disturbances which developed into tropical depressions and 104 non-developing tropical disturbances which never developed into tropical depressions. The development rate of tropical disturbances into tropical depressions was 34.18% in these ten years. During the period of this study, total annual numbers of tropical disturbances and developing tropical disturbances over the SCS had significant decreasing trends; however, the development rate of tropical disturbances had an insignificant increasing trend.
基金Under the auspices of National Natural Science Foundation of China (No. 41130748,40635029)Knowledge Innovation Program of Chinese Academy of Sciences (No. KZCX2-EW-304)
文摘The aim of this study is to evaluate the current state of rural area development at the county level in the eastern coastal China. An evaluation index system including 18 factors was developed, and a rural development index (RDI) was constructed to evaluate rural development state in 2000, 2004, and 2008. The quantitative evaluation indicated the following results. 1) This study derived four dominating components by means of principal component analysis, which can explain 78.2% of the total information, namely agricultural production input, the basic condition of agriculture, the comparative effectiveness of grain production, and the household′s own basic conditions. 2) Since the turn of the new millennium, the rural area in the eastern coastal China has experienced a rapid development in general. Well developed, developed, moderately developed and undeveloped rural areas respectively occupied 29.32%, 22.33%, 21.91%, and 10.51% in 2008. 3) The countryside had maintained a sound momentum of developing trend between 2000 and 2008, while the rural development in the eastern coastal China lacked sustainability. And 4) industrialization, urbanization, original economic basis, and location are four major driving forces of the disparity of rural area development in the eastern coastal China. Given these results, the strategies and policies for the improvement of each rural group were put forward.
文摘This paper will look at the importance that the migrant labors in China are doing today. The main question posed in this paper is “how migrant labors in China are contributing to rural development?”. Furthermore, the paper will answer the following sub-questions: (1) Is migration an important factor in the development of rural areas? (2) Can migration bridge the poverty gap between urban and rural areas? The objectives of this paper are the following: (1) to identify the migrant labors contributions in China’s rural development; (2) to look into the importance of migration for the rural Chinese; and (3) to know and analyze the problems that migrant workers in China are facing in relation to their migratory work. Furthermore, this paper posits that migrant labors in China are contributing to rural development through their remittances, their investments, and the new knowledge and techniques that they acquired in the urban areas which they share in their home areas. In addition to that, this research looks at the migrant labors’ remittances, their investments, and the new knowledge and techniques that they acquired in their home areas as their contributions to rural development.
文摘Mobile computing has increased quite rapidly over the past few years. The major drivers of mobile computing are large number of mobile phone users. As their number is increasing worldwide, different organizations are offering their services using the mobile devices. Oman is a developing country that strives to adapt M-services. The number of mobile phone users in Oman increased substantially since its launch in 1996. Prepaid mobile services and SMS (Short Message Services) were introduced in 2001 and both are currently popular with subscribers. Such fine appeal influenced many government organizations to go mobile with their services. This paper describes the SMS-Parking service, which is introduced recently by a joint venture of the Muscat Municipality and the Oman Mobile company offering mobile services to its citizens and reports the initial feedback of its users. This study shows that the new service is not yet popular among its users and may need their more positive attitudes toward it for its quick adoption.
文摘Using political economic theory, this paper analyzes the impact of economic globalization on international income distribution, including the income gap between developed countries and developing ones, the income gap among the developing countries. The paper states that because the economic globalization is the globalization of capitalism manufacture style and developed countries dominates the process, the income gap between developing countries and developed one is difficult to be narrowed, and the income gap in developing countries will enlarge.
基金Sponsored by Scientific Research Project of the National Tourism Administration(16TAAG010)Beijing Philosophy and Social Science Fund(17GLB023)+2 种基金Shandong Provincial Soft Science Research Program(2009RKB439)Shandong Provincial Key Cultural and Arts Program(20131011607381)
文摘The hosting of mega-events is an important driving force for the development of urban tourism. The recognition and support of local community residents are one of the most important factors in the success of mega-events. The study of the impact of mega-events on community residents is crucial to the success of the events. Taking the thesis Comparative Study on Residents' Perceptions to the Followup Impacts of the 2008 Olympics for example, this paper, from the perspective of the impact of megaevents on community residents, discussed the contribution of this thesis to Beijing and Zhangjiakou, the host city and co-host city for the 2022 Winter Olympics respectively, and the countermeasures that should be taken by event organizers.
基金supported by the Key Program of the Chinese Academy of Sciences(No.KZZD-EW-05-01)the Supporting Program for Science and Technological Research of China(No.2008BAC37B01)+1 种基金the National Basic Research Program of China(Nos.2012CB417201 and 2009CB421505)the National Natural Sciences Foundation of China(Nos.41205033 and 41175056)
文摘In this study, kinetic energy budget equations of rotational and divergent flow in pressure coordinates are derived on terrain-following coordinates. The new formulation explicitly shows the terrain effects and can be applied directly to model-simulated dynamic and thermodynamic fields on the model's original vertical grid. Such application eliminates interpolation error and avoids errors in virtual weather systems in mountainous areas. These advantages and their significance are demonstrated by a numerical study in terrain-following coordinates of a developing vortex after it moves over the Tibetan Plateau in China.
基金Under the auspices of National Natural Science Foundation of China (No. 41071088)National Social Science Foundation of China (No. 08BJY056)
文摘Dalian, Shenyang, Changchun and Harbin are the four core cities which play an essential role in terms of promoting the economic development in Northeast China. In this paper, the impact of urban agglomeration on labor productivity is explored by making comparisons among these four cities. The model used for analysis is a classical model derived from previous studies. Some indicators, such as population density and economic density, were selected to examine the impact of urban agglomeration on the labor productivity based on the time-series data for the four cities from 1990 to 2007. The four main conclusions are: l) The promotion from the growth rate of population density on the growth rate of labor productivity is limited. 2) The negative relationship exists between the growth rate of employment density and the growth rate of labor productivity. 3) Agglomeration effect exists in the four cities, the highest one is Dalian, Shenyang takes the second place, followed by Changchun and Harbin, and the predominant promotion exerted on the labor productivity is the output density.
文摘With the development and progression of society, people pay more attention to the concept of protecting cattle. Animal welfare in developed countries has become an accepted concept. But according to these developing countries, animal welfare has gradually become an obstacle for exporting their products. In order to surpass this boundary, some ideas and suggestions are put forward.
文摘This paper systematically reviews the different stages of China's urbanization process since 1949, its achievements and problems it faces. It offers in-depth discussion on the trends of Chinese urbanization, i.e. maintaining rapid growth; making small and medium- sized cities the main driver in development; and focusing on central and western China as the major areas to be urbanized. This paper analyzes new-type urbanization for instance to set up comprehensive urban system that meets the requirements of having a high urbanization level, such as focusing on developing medium-sized cities of one to two million people, using city clusters to encourage population concentration and following an urban construction model that is intensive and compact; and finally this paper proposes policy suggestions for boosting the healthy development of new-type urbanization, including reforming current models for urban-rural governance and establishing development zones, reactivating the normal process of creating cities, and establishing and improving relevant policy systems.
文摘This paper explores the potential meanings of battery electric vehicles (battery EVs). Relevant ideas were collated through facilitated exchange of explicated and tacit knowledge, realized by individual essay preparation and a facilitated seminar workshop. Additional classifications and clustering by the author led to the following principal results: the EV as a power source and buffer forms the foundation for most meanings beyond transport. EVs can act both in the context of"shelters" for individuals as well as "community vehicles" with a focus on, e.g., local renewable energy production integration. Reduced to a simple product, EVs can also be designed to make sense in developing country environments. However, many "intelligent" features associated to EVs are available also for combustion engine vehicles and thus provide only necessary, but not unique added value to EVs. Concluding, EVs will take over market share from internal combustion vehicles only if they satisfy human needs beyond mobility.
文摘There is no global definition of what constitutes a large class. The literature, for example, shows large classes as ranging between 25-30 learners in the United Kingdom, more than 35 learners in the US, and 60 or more learners in developing countries. The current study attempted to establish what instructional strategies could be introduced for improvement of teaching learning in the prevailing large classes. A review of research on teaching of large classes highlighted challenges that both teachers and students experience. Effective teaching and learning throughout the study was conceptualized as that situated within a social constructivist framework. This is a descriptive study in design. The literature component of the study utilized a content analysis methodology with a view to identifying strategies of practical application and potential to facilitate learning in large classes, such as Active Learning, Collaborativb Learning, Cooperative Learning, Inductive Teaching Methods, and novel practices including issues on environment for change are suggested. The empirical data indicated that teachers had devised strategies to cope with the large classes, but these needed further development. The implication for these findings is the need for teacher professional development through reflective practice.
基金National Social Science Foundation of China (Grant No.03CJL008)Natural Science Foundation of Shandong Province(Grant No.Y2007E04)
文摘Shandong Peninsula,as a more developed region in Shandong Province even the east coast of China,is facing challenges from resources and environment pressures.This paper tried to track and assess the coordination status and the dynamic between resource-environment and economy-society systems in Shandong Peninsula during 2001-2008 in order to provide decision support for regional sustainability.An appraisal index system was built including five aspects of harmony degree(A),sustainability degree(B),opening degree(C),stability degree(D) and controllability degree(E).The results showed that:1) The coordination level of resource-environment and economy-society in Shandong Peninsula has continuously grown,and it has undergone three stages:no coordinated degree(2001-2002),weak coordinated degree(2003-2006) and basically coordinated degree(2007-2008).2) Five indexes of criterion hierarchy also increased overall,but each index showed different trends.Harmony degree,sustainability degree and opening degree rose all the time,while stability degree and controllability degree alternately rose and fell.The improvement of controllability degree was the slowest.3) The aggravating trend of environmental pollution was slowing down.The economic growth was driven by industrial growth and urbanization typically and investment was still the main force to pull the regional economic growth.At the same time,technology and education were becoming more and more important for economic growth.The level of foreign capital utility declined and the geographical advantage of Shandong Peninsula was exerted.Meanwhile some characteristics of knowledge economy were presenting.Water resources become the main constraint factor of fast development in Shandong Peninsula.It is necessary to further strengthen the coordination ability of government on regional sustainable development.
文摘Since the launching of the western regional development program in 1999, the Chinese government has implemented a series of policy measures related to finance, taxation, investment, banking, and other related fields. This combination of policies has stimulated socioeconomic growth and ecological improvement in China's western regions and has effectively curbed the runaway gap between the east and west, even causing the gap to begin shrinking gradually. However, it should be noted that the development gap between China's eastern and western regions remains significant, as demonstrated by the west's low level of industrial^commercial development, local governments' limited capacity to provide public services, and endemic rural poverty. Thus, achieving the targets outlined in the western regional development program remains a challenging task. In the future, China's western development program should emphasize a higher standard of living and coordinated, inclusive growth across regions.
文摘The Malaysian government's vision to be a developed nation by 2020 has pushed forward the use of innovative technologies in most sectors and industries, including the construction industry. Through the ETP (Economic Transformation Programme), major projects launched are expected to provide a great catalyst for the economy, and may become the platform for increasing the use of automation and highly enhanced plants and machineries in the construction industry. Innovations in most countries are mostly driven by the need to find revolutionary solutions to problems, such as a shortage of skilled labor, decreasing quality of product and processes, inferior working conditions, declining productivity and increasing costs of labor and materials. Automation and robotics technologies encompass a wide range of innovative technologies using technologically advanced machineries to improve the speed and efficiency of a given process. This paper discusses the readiness of a developing country in embracing construction automation and robotics, by exploring industry perception, suggested practices and barriers to its implementation using a questionnaire survey and semi-structured interviews directed at Malaysian construction finns of contractors, specialist sub-contractors, developers and consultants. The findings show that the Malaysian construction industry is ready, to a certain extent, for implementing the technologies in limited areas such as prefabrication and assembly and in the design, planning and costing phases.
基金support by the key project of National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant No.40635029)
文摘China's eastern area is at middle and later stage of industrialization during which the relation between urban and rural areas, industry, and agriculture appears maladjusted. The main problems are shrinkage in agricultural comparative earning and lack of driving force of agricultural development. Based on calculating agricultural labor productivity in east China from 1996 to 2005, this paper analyzes contributing degree of motive forces of agriculture develop in ten provinces and cities of east China applying GCA (Grey correlative analysis). The results show that there is no absolute correspondence between the level of industrialization and agricultural labor productivity in China's eastern area. There is no synchronous development between industry and agricultural labor productiviry in some areas. Fertilizer and agricultural machinery input had high contributing degree for ten years; however; contributing degree in land and irrigation work input was low. Non-materialization inputs became the leading role in most provinces and cities' increase of agricultural labor productivity. Modern agricultural development need non-materialization inputs as primary motive force, at the same time, direct material input and facility input as guaranteed function. For some reasons, agricultural development is characterized by "more direct material input, less facility input " in east China now. Optimal driving.force model of future agricultural development in east China is that non-materialization inputs are dominant, that perfected facility input arc guarantee, and that certain substance inputs are necessary
基金The authors are grateful for financial support from the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant Nos. 71473267 and 71642003 ).
文摘Using various sources of data, this paper examines the contributions of rural labor migration to economic growth and poverty reduction in China. The results show that there is still a significant number of people living in poverty in rural areas, while the effectiveness of migration on poverty reduction has declined, implying an urgent need for new approaches to poverty reduction. China's experiences could also be valuable for the formulation of development strategies in other developing countries.