开拓卫生软科学研究新领域推动卫生文化建设更上台阶

我国目前的社会主义社会仍然处在初级阶段，是党的十五大进一步强调并再作详述的重大问题之一，而且还提出了围绕建设富强民主文明的社会主义现代化国家的目标进一步明确什么是社会主义初级阶段有中国特色社会主义的经济、政治和文化，怎样建设这样的经济、政治和文化，为...

开展等级评审工作 推动卫生防疫事业

开展等级评审工作推动卫生防疫事业上海市卫生防疫站２００３３５郁泉珍一、对等级评审的认识１９９５年３月卫生部“关于实施《全国卫生防疫站等级评审管理办法（试点方案）》的通知”，把等级评审作为综合评价手段引入卫生防疫管理之中，标志着卫生防疫管理进入到一个新...

关于提升动车组卫生间系统故障处置效率的研究与分析

近年来,乘坐高铁出行为旅客带来了高速、便捷、高品质的体验,高速铁路旅客运输持续增量。动车组卫生系统既是高铁旅客运输中最基本的要素,也是高铁服务质量、管理水平、文明程度的集中体现,更是衡量铁路基本服务水平的标志。但动车组卫生间系统在使用过程中,存在因设备故障导致卫生间无法使用、冲水延时等问题,一定程度上影响了旅客使用品质,需进一步研究改善,提升服务品质。

新一代高速动车组卫生间的设计

本文通过分析25T型客车组成旅客列车、高速动车组卫生间结构形式,提出新一代高速动车组的VIP卫生间应根据不同层次旅客需求,实现设计模块化、标准化、人性化设计。

卫生动车组选型分析与功能优化

目的:选择合适的动车组作为新时代卫生动车组的蓝本和基础,为未来的全面设计、生产和列装奠定基础。方法:根据国内卫生列车和站点的情况,分析基于既有动车组研制卫生动车组的可行性和必要性。从使用范围不同、中长期国内铁路规划特点、车辆维护要求与配套、改装与设备使用4个方面进行车型选择分析,并对建议选择的车型进行功能优化研究。结果:明确了本阶段建议选择CR200J动力集中型动车组作为卫生动车组的研制蓝本,并对其模块配置和优化提出了具体建议。结论:以CR200J动力集中型动车组作为本阶段卫生动车组蓝本进行研发,覆盖国内兼顾部分国外需求,重点突破功能模块的研制和综合化的列车管理等,强调卫勤训练与实践,是未来研究的重要方向。

动车组烟火报警系统卫生间模拟试验平台设计与实现

调研了在线运营动车组烟火报警系统运用现状,并选取了CR400AF、CR400BF、CRH1E、CRH3A、CRH5系列动车组共5种典型车型的卫生间作为动车组卫生间烟火报警系统模拟试验间的建设原型。试验平台可模拟实车流场环境,复现现场故障,研究喷雾、灰尘等干扰源对火灾探测器的影响,不同通风流场中火灾探测器灵敏度的情况。研究结果可用于分析动车组烟火报警系统在卫生间复杂环境运用下的可靠性,并指导未来方案设计。

卫生改革内在运行机制探讨

随着医疗保险制度的推行,卫生事业深层次改革的开始启动,我们将面临着更大的挑战与压力。如何建立适应社会主义市场经济体制和社会主义初级阶段国情的宏观调控能力,微观运行富有生机的医疗服务体系,不仅任务重、內容多、难度大,而且还会遇到许多无法预料的困难,我们应知难而上,对当前卫生改革任务的复杂性和艰巨性予以清醒认识,进一步明确深化改革是解决卫生事业发展过程中深层次矛盾和问题的唯一途径。目前全国改革的大环境和总体改革力度的加强,将会给有力地推动卫生部门解决多年来想解决而未解决的问题提供了契机。要深化卫生改革,必须改善卫生系统内在运行机制,以使卫生改革向纵深发展。 “我国卫生事业是政府实行一定福利政策的社会公益事业”,在社会主义市场经济格局下,如何建立合理而符合国情、省情的医疗保健制度,成为迫切需要解决的问题。各级各类医疗机构都要主动适应医疗保险制度的需要和医学模式的转变,以赢得新的发展机遇。改善卫生系统内在运行机制,使卫生服务沿着提高社会效益和经济效益的途径运转,是深化卫生改革的根本任务。

贯彻落实《“八五”全军除害灭病规划》的做法和体会

1991年以来,我部认真贯彻落实《“八五”全军除害灭病规划》(以下简称“规划”),积极开展以创建卫生营院为主线的爱国卫生工作。对全师营区结合营以下分队住房整治,进行了综合治理,较好地改变了营区面貌,提高了官兵的健康水平,促进了部队的全面建设。1995年8月,总后卫生部对我师落实《规划》的情况进行了全面检查,受到好评。现将我师落实《规划》的做法和体会报告如下:

Prevalence and correlates of lifestyle behavior,anxiety and depression in Chinese college freshman:A cross-sectional survey

Objectives:First-year college students had exposure to unhealthy lifestyle behaviors that correlate with a high prevalence of anxiety and depression.Regarding to the modifiable lifestyle behaviors factors,this study investigated the prevalence and correlation of multiple lifestyle behaviors,anxiety and depression in a sample of Chinese first-year college students.Methods:Cross-sectional data were extracted from Residents eHealth app of health lifestyle behaviors survey from September to October 2019.Anxiety,depression,eating regular meals,consumption of snacks in-between meals,consumption of fruit,dessert and sugar-sweetened beverages,smoking and secondhand smoke exposure,consuming alcohol,physical activity,sedentary time were assessed by self-report.Socio-demographic including age,gender,education,family income,religion,and health condition were captured.Logistic regression was used to explore the association of multiple lifestyle behaviors,anxiety and depression.Results:Totally 1,017 participants were included in the study.The prevalence of anxiety and depression(from mild to severe) were 40.3% and 45.3%,respectively.In multivariable analyses,religion (believe in Buddhism,OR =2.438,95%CI:1.097-5.421;believe in Christian,OR =5.886,95%CI:1.604-21.597),gender (Female,OR =1.405,95%CI:1.001-1.971),secondhand smoke exposure (OR =1.089,95%CI:1.001-1.184),and eating regular meals (OR =0.513,95%C1:0.346-0.759) were associated with anxiety.Family income (OR =0.732,95%CI:0.596-0.898),eating regular meals (OR =0.641,95%CI:0.415-0.990),frequency of breakfast (OR =0.813,95%CI:0.690-0.959),with a chronic disease (OR =1.902,95%CI:1.335-2.712),and consumption of nocturnal snack (OR =1.337,95%CI:1.108-1.612) were associated with depression.Conclusions:These results highlighted the need for early lifestyle behavior intervention,especially modifying diet patterns considering the background of religion,health condition,and social-economic status in first-year college students to improve their mental health.

Concussion management in soccer

Brain injuries in sports drew more and more public attentions in recent years. Brain injuries vary by name, type, and severity in the athletic setting. It should be noted, however, that these injuries are not isolated to only the athletic arena, as non-athletic mechanisms （e.g., motor vehicle accidents） are more common causes of traumatic brain injuries （TBI） among teenagers. Notwithstanding, as many as 1.6 to 3.8 million TBI result from sports and recreation each year in the United States alone. These injuries are extremely costly to the global health care system, and make TBI among the most expensive conditions to treat in children. This article serves to define common brain injuries in sport; describe their prevalence, what happens to the brain following injury, how to recognize and manage these injuries, and what you can expect as the athlete recovers. Some return-to-activity considerations for the brain-injured athlete will also be discussed.

Using action research to evaluate a nursing orientation program in a multicultural acute healthcare setting

Objectives:Competence motivates newly employed nurses to provide high-quality care,which leads to appropriate patient care and satisfaction.A nursing orientation program can have a positive impact on new nurses who are joining healthcare organizations.The research examined the orientation program for new nurses in a multicultural setting to redesign the program.Methods:The study was carried out in a multicultural tertiary setting.Action research was used as a research strategy with qualitative content analysis and quantitative evaluation.Seventy nurses were part of the orientation program.The competence of the nurses was assessed using the Nurse Competence Scale.Focus-group discussions were also conducted to find the views of the beneficiaries about the program.Results:The study revealed that the overall competence was high,and there was an overall gain in the competence score(5.48%)among the nurses.Among their competence in different dimensions,new nurses had a maximum gain in competence for the dimension of ensuring quality.However,they showed low competence gain in teaching coaching.The results show that the difference in the overall pre-and post-test scores was statistically significant(P<0.05)in all dimensions except teaching coaching and managing situations,and the program was effective.However,a few challenges were identified in the program.Conclusions:New nurses were found to be competent,and the orientation program had a significant impact on the competence of the nurses.The findings emphasized the need for modification of some content and strategy for future programs.The strategies developed from the findings were presented.This helps hospitals to consider examining specific aspects of the orientation program and redesigning it so it can enrich the experiences of new nurses.

Heavy Metal Contamination of Well Water in the Kipushi Mining Town （Democratic Republic of Congo）

Concentrations of eleven heavy metals （AI, Cd, Co, Cu, Cr, Fe, Mn, Mo, Ni, Pb and Zn） and pH determination in water from nine spade-sunk wells of 2-15 meter depth, five drilled wells of 30-72 meter depth, and two water supply faucets in the Kipushi mining town, south-east of the Democratic Republic of Congo, were investigated from February to July 2011. The results were compared with the World Health Organization （WHO） drinking water pH and heavy metal guidelines. Mean concentrations of Pb in water from four spade-sunk wells and three drilled wells, those of A1 and Fe in water from four and two spade-sunk wells, and those of Cd in water from four drilled wells were higher than the WHO drinking water maximum permissible contaminant limits of 0.01 mg/L, 0.2 mg/L, 0.3 mg/L and 0.003 mg/L respectively, probably due to the mining activities carried out in Kipushi for about 90 years. The pH mean values of water from five spade-sunk wells and three drilled wells were lower than the WHO drinking water pH optimum of 6.5-9.5, suggesting that the water from those eight wells was not conform to the chemical quality of water for human consumption.

A National Cross-Sectio nal Survey Dataset on Com mon Disease and Influencing Factors of Chinese Internal Migrants in 2017

This data article describes the dataset from a national cross-sectional questionnaire survey on Chinese internal migrants in 2017.The survey was part of the Chinese Migrants Dynamic Survey,which is an annually conducted large-scale national questionnaire survey on internal migrants.The respondents in the described dataset were migrants and registered local residents aged over 15 years old.A multistage stratified probability-proportionalto-size(PPS) sampling method based on the 2016 annual report data of China Migrant Population was adopted.The questionnaire was designed to collect demographic information of respondents and their family members,intention of migration or settlement,health status,health services accessibility,social integration,and epidemic influencing factors of common diseases,including hypertension,type 2 diabetes,diarrhea,fever,rash,icterus,conjunctival redness,cold,and other illnesses or injuries.The sample population in this survey include 13,998 internal migrants and 14,000 registered local residents from eight domestic cities/prefecture/districts across China.It is the most widely covering and highly representative dataset on common diseases and influencing factors of internal migrants in China.The dataset can be used to study common diseases and influencing factors among floating Chinese population.It provides data support for government to improve healthcare accessibility and the equity of public health services for internal migrants in China.

High school sports programs differentially impact participation by sex

Background： Among numerous health benefits, sports participation has been shown to reduce the risk of overweight and obesity in children and adolescents. Schools represent an ideal environment for increasing sports participation, but it is unclear how access and choice influence participation and whether characteristics of the school sports program differentially influence boys＇ and girls＇ participation. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the characteristics of high school athletic programs and determine the extent to which these characteristics influenced boys＇ and girls＇ sports team participation. Methods： Longitudinal telephone surveys were conducted with 1244 New Hampshire and Vermont students. Students self-reported their sports team participation at baseline （elementary school） and follow-up （high school）. High school personnel were surveyed to assess sports oppor- tunities, which were defined for this analysis as the number of sports offered per 100 students （i.e., choice） and the percent of sports offered that did not restrict the number of players （i.e., access）. Results： Approximately 70% of children participated on at least one sports team, including 73% of boys and 66% of girls. We detected sta- tistically significant interactions between sex and two school opportunity variables： 1） the number of sports offered per 100 students （i.e., choice） and 2） the percent of sports offered that did not restrict the number of players （i.e., access）. After controlling for children＇s baseline sports participation and other covariates, boys were more likely to play on at least one sports team per year if their school did not restrict participation in the most popular sports （relative risk, RR = 1.12, p 〈 0.01）; in contrast, girls were more likely to play on at least one sports team per year if their school offered a wider variety of sports （RR = 1.47, p 〈 0.001）. Conclusion： Sports participation has previously been shown to confer a number of health benefits; as such, school sports programs may be an important, effective, and underused target for public health efforts, including obesity prevention programs. Efforts to increase physical activity among youth should consider both access and choice in school athletic programs. Schools may need to use different strategies to increase sports participation in boys and girls.

Bioaccumulation of Mercury in Fish Species from Different Trophic Level

Mercury （Hg） is an environmental pollutant, and can bioaccumulate and biomagnify in the food web. Twenty four fish samples of different tropic level i.e., Herbivore, Omnivore and Carnivore were collected from two contaminated rivers, the Megna and the Buriganga which surround the Dhaka division for the assessment of toxic Hg. Fourteen samples were found to contain Hg in the range of 0.01-0.09 mg/kg. The highest Hg （0.09 mg/kg） was found in the Carnivore, Bele （Glossogobius giuris）. However, all fish species had lower amount of Hg than the maximum Hg limit （0.5 mg/kg for fish） set by World Health Organization （WHO）. Among all the fish species, the order of bioaccumulation was carnivore 〉 omnivore 〉 herbivore. Kajoli （Ailia coila）, Shing （Heteropnuestes fossilis）, Rui （Labeo rohita）, Chewa （Tryauchen vagine）, Rita （Rita rita）, Hilsha （Tenualosa ilisha）, Small Puti （Puntius sophore）, Bacha （Eutropiichthys vacha） and Chingri （smallprawn） were not found to contain any Hg which indicated that fish species from these rivers are safe for human consumption.

The Public Health VS the People＇s Autonomy： Banning Smoking in Orthodox Jewish Community

Smoking is a worldwide problem. Research in recent years has shown us that smoking and second hand smoking can cause many diseases1. As a result of the understanding of the results of smoking, the house of legislator in Israel decided to legislate a law that people under the age of 18 cannot smoke and, a couple of years later, it decided to ban smoking in public places. The problem begins when the law is affecting the person＇s autonomy and the person＇s culture. More than four decades ago when the smoking habit began in Israel, no one knew what the influence would be. Now, although that information is available, the orthodox community in Israel is not exposed to the knowledge. Smoking in this community begins from Purima or from the Bar-Mitzvah3 and from the will of the young orthodox to rebel. This law raises a question： Is it ethical to deprive the young orthodox of the right to smoke？ Alternatively, is there a better way to stop the orthodox from smoking than only the regulation？ In this paper, the author will try to show that regulation alone will not help in the orthodox community, and we need to think on more options to make the orthodox more informed to smoking problems. The author thinks that the best way will be to educate the orthodox community from young age.

Conceptual Proposal of a Facility Design for Accommodating Minipigs for Pharmaceutical and Radiopharmaceutical Research

The use of Animal House Facilities of IPEN-CNEN/SP （Nuclear and Energetic Research Institute-National Nuclear Energy Commission/SP, Brazil） has provided rats and mice with controlled sanitary quality for research and quality control in the production of radiopharmaceuticals lots, produced at IPEN, following rules of CONCEA-Brazilian National Council for Animal Experimentation Control and approved in CEUA （Ethics Committee on the Use of Animals）, before they are sent to hospitals and clinics spread out in Brazil, for use in nuclear medicine. The production and the supply of high quality laboratory animals have fundamental importance for the accomplishment of vanguard scientific research, with reproducibility and universality. The quality of those animals depends, largely, on the available facilities for their production and lodging, to assure the demanded sanitary control and animal＇s welfare, in agreement with the ethical principles that control the activity. Therefore, the facilities design is of vital importance so that the mentioned requirements can be reached. Nevertheless, pigs and miniature pigs have gained importance as large animal models in medicine. With their size, organ capacity, and physiology resembling in several aspects that of humans, pigs are well suited for preclinical experiments and long-term safety studies. Minipigs will be used for preclinical testing of radiopharmaceuticals and assays radioactive materials for cardiac tests. This paper describes the premises and preliminary activities that have been performed at IPEN for the design of new Animal House Facilities dedicated to keeping minipigs taking into account fundamental aspects such as： animal＇s welfare, sanitation, genetic, in agreement with the ethical principles that control the activity and environmental concerns.

Study on The Basic Public Health Service in Shanghai

It is increasingly found that medical investment is not the only effective means to improve the national health level. The basic public health service, which is dominated by disease control and prevention, is paid more and more attention.This paper analyzes the relationship between the migrant population and the population of the city＇s household registration to the basic public health service. Access to basic public health services and satisfaction of the system, analysis of the factors affecting the satisfaction of the basic public health services in Shanghai revealed the problems and causes of development. Finally, putting forward the concrete countermeasures and suggestions for perfecting and improving the basic public health service in Shanghai.

Comparison of Total Mercury Accommodations between Two Edible Fish Tissues （Tuna and Fitofag）

In this study, total mercury in canned tuna in comparison with Hypophthalmichthys molitrix （fitofag or phytophag） fish samples were determined by flow injection cold vapour generation atomic absorption spectrometry after digestion by the two different methods. The mercury concentration varied from 83 to 290 ng g~ with an average value of 147 ng g-1 in canned tuna, while the concentration varied from 14 to 56 ng g-1 with an average value of 26 ng g-1 for fitofag fish. Recoveries of the total mercury were in the range of 81-107% and 120-160% by method 1 and 2, respectively. The results of this study indicate that tuna and fitofag fish from the Persian Gulf area of Iran have concentrations well below the permissible FAO/WHO levels for total mercury and also the feed regime of fishes can affect the mercury accommodation. Therefore, their contribution to the body burden can be considering negligible and the fish seem to be safe for human consumption.