Objective:To investigate the feasibility of a finite element model as an ideal research tool for human maxillofacial gunshot wounds.Methods:Mandible CT scan data on the Chinese Visible Human were imported into MIMICS ...Objective:To investigate the feasibility of a finite element model as an ideal research tool for human maxillofacial gunshot wounds.Methods:Mandible CT scan data on the Chinese Visible Human were imported into MIMICS software to obtain the surface mesh of the mandible.Then,these surface-meshed models were imported into ANSA software for automatic net generation.Elements and nodes were partitioned on the basis of the mesh to obtain a three-dimensional finite element model for the mandible with every internal parameter consistent with those of our previously developed model in the pig mandible.The finite element model was imported into LS-DYNA for computation.Finally,the LS-POST was used to complete the simulation and the measurements.Results:A three-dimensional finite element model was successfully established for gunshot wounds in the human mandible.The stress distribution and the degree of injury were simulated dynamically for shots from two types of projectiles in the mandible at one entry angle and at three impact velocities.Conclusion:Three-dimensional finite element models will become ideal research tools for treatment of ballistic wounds of the human maxillofacial region.Using this human mandibular model as a foundation,we will be able to successfully develop three-dimensional finite element models for human maxillofacial gunshot wounds.展开更多
Animal personalities have been a major focus of behavioral ecology over the past decade. Consistent individual dif ferences in behavior have been found across taxa, and have been shown to influence a range of ecologic...Animal personalities have been a major focus of behavioral ecology over the past decade. Consistent individual dif ferences in behavior have been found across taxa, and have been shown to influence a range of ecological processes. The role of personalities in sexual selection has been considered, and examples exist that show selection for personality traits with both assortative and disassortative mating patterns between personality types. One overlooked aspect of the personality and sexual se lection literature is the potential for personalitysignaling interactions, specifically with complex signaling. Complex signaling is a diverse topic in itself, and in short, consists of multiple signals within one or more modalities that interact to elicit a receiver response. Research into complex signaling has been thorough, although at times studies discover complex signaling systems that fail to fit into one of the existing hypotheses in the literature. Here, we argue that personalities may interact with complex signal ing, which should be considered by researchers of both personality and sexual selection and communication. We describe several ways in which personalitycomplex signaling interactions could affect both the signaler and receiver, and the way in which they may drive personalityspecific signals as well as receiver preferences. Finally, we discuss how considering personality in com plex signaling studies may inform theory as well as improve the ability of researchers to accurately describe its function.展开更多
文摘Objective:To investigate the feasibility of a finite element model as an ideal research tool for human maxillofacial gunshot wounds.Methods:Mandible CT scan data on the Chinese Visible Human were imported into MIMICS software to obtain the surface mesh of the mandible.Then,these surface-meshed models were imported into ANSA software for automatic net generation.Elements and nodes were partitioned on the basis of the mesh to obtain a three-dimensional finite element model for the mandible with every internal parameter consistent with those of our previously developed model in the pig mandible.The finite element model was imported into LS-DYNA for computation.Finally,the LS-POST was used to complete the simulation and the measurements.Results:A three-dimensional finite element model was successfully established for gunshot wounds in the human mandible.The stress distribution and the degree of injury were simulated dynamically for shots from two types of projectiles in the mandible at one entry angle and at three impact velocities.Conclusion:Three-dimensional finite element models will become ideal research tools for treatment of ballistic wounds of the human maxillofacial region.Using this human mandibular model as a foundation,we will be able to successfully develop three-dimensional finite element models for human maxillofacial gunshot wounds.
文摘Animal personalities have been a major focus of behavioral ecology over the past decade. Consistent individual dif ferences in behavior have been found across taxa, and have been shown to influence a range of ecological processes. The role of personalities in sexual selection has been considered, and examples exist that show selection for personality traits with both assortative and disassortative mating patterns between personality types. One overlooked aspect of the personality and sexual se lection literature is the potential for personalitysignaling interactions, specifically with complex signaling. Complex signaling is a diverse topic in itself, and in short, consists of multiple signals within one or more modalities that interact to elicit a receiver response. Research into complex signaling has been thorough, although at times studies discover complex signaling systems that fail to fit into one of the existing hypotheses in the literature. Here, we argue that personalities may interact with complex signal ing, which should be considered by researchers of both personality and sexual selection and communication. We describe several ways in which personalitycomplex signaling interactions could affect both the signaler and receiver, and the way in which they may drive personalityspecific signals as well as receiver preferences. Finally, we discuss how considering personality in com plex signaling studies may inform theory as well as improve the ability of researchers to accurately describe its function.
