求解资源受限项目调度的动态多样性进化策略

针对资源受限项目调度问题,提出一种动态多样性的进化策略。算法通过动态控制种群的多样性和使用多样性重启方法来实现全局搜索能力和局部探测能力的平衡,并设计了一种基于最大资源利用率的两点交叉算子和基于插入的变异算子来产生新个体,使用基于多样性的精英保留选择算子来产生新种群。使用实验设计的Taguchi方法求得了新算法的最佳参数组合,对标准测试库的测试案例进行了仿真实验,结果表明新算法比基本进化策略具有更好的求解质量和收敛性。通过与其他启发式算法进行比较,进一步验证了算法的有效性。

上海人工针叶林群落结构和动态多样性研究

在样方调查的基础上,对上海人工针叶林的群落结构和动态多样性进行了分析和研究。结果表明:人工针叶林群落植物组成较为丰富,共有维管束植物43科64属75种,草本植物是群落多样性的主要组成。人工针叶林主要包括水杉林和池杉林2类群落,均为纯林。群落垂直结构上,乔木层树种较为单一,林分密度较高,大部分处于中幼林的阶段;灌木层以阔叶树种的更新幼苗为主,针叶树种的更新幼苗缺乏;草本层的植物种类最为丰富,以禾本科和茜草科的草本植物占有明显优势。从2011年、2016年和2021年3次多样性指数显示,乔木层的丰富度较为稳定,多样性指数波动较小;灌木层的丰富度逐年增多,多样性指数上升趋势明显;草本层则与灌木层的表现相反。针对人工针叶林林分过密,存于中幼林的生长阶段,应加强林分抚育,保护更新层的生长发育,促进针叶林向针阔混交林的演替。

北京松山国家级自然保护区蝴蝶种类多样性调查

北京松山国家级自然保护区于2015年调整了功能区范围,为了解蝴蝶多样性的动态变化,完善物种名录,研究采用样线网捕法,于2019年4—8月对松山保护区进行了蝴蝶资源调查。结果共记录5科61属82种蝶类,其中8种为保护区新纪录。结合以往资料,整理得到松山自然保护区132种蝴蝶,发现不同时期的蝶类组成具有较大差异,可能与气候变化有一定联系。区系分析结果表明,2003—2019年间记录的132种蝴蝶以广布种为主,有67种,占50.8%,其次为古北种,占47.7%,东洋种则占比很小,说明松山的蝶类区系具有广布种与古北种混杂的特征。本次调查为松山保护区变更功能区后提供了蝴蝶种类本底资料,有助于后期开展动态监测。

渭北黄土高原人工刺槐林植物多样性动态

以陕西省永寿县人工刺槐林为研究对象,采用"空间序列代替时间序列"法,研究了人工刺槐林下植物群落的物种多样性特征。结果表明:(1)渭北黄土高原人工刺槐林下植被的演变依次经历了艾蒿(水蒿)、葎草、葎草+糙苏3种主要类型;主要建群种表现为一年生向多年生、低级向高级的演变趋势。(2)Patrick、Shannon-Wiener、Simpson和Pielou指数随刺槐林龄级的增加均呈现二次函数变化,说明该地区刺槐林林下植被通过自然恢复可达到相对稳定的状态,但该过程比较缓慢。(3)阴坡的各个多样性指数明显大于阳坡,说明阳坡生态修复的自然条件(主要是土壤水分条件)更差,植被自然恢复的速率更缓慢。研究表明,渭北黄土高原阳坡的生态修复应以选用耐旱植物或者以保护和恢复草本群落为主,仅在水分条件较好、能够满足乔木或灌木生长的小地形内进行适当比例的乔、灌、草复合配置,以丰富群落层次结构,优化群落生态功能。

青藏东缘岷江上游亚高山针叶林人工恢复过程中物种多样性动态

通过对不同林龄 (1 0～ 70年 )的人工云杉 (Piceaasperata)林及自然恢复的桦木 (Betulautilisvar.sinensis)林和天然原始冷杉 (Abiesfaxoniana)林的调查研究 ,采用Margalef指数、Simpson指数、McIntosh指数、Shannon_Wiener指数、Pielou的均匀度指数、Hurlbert均匀度指数等多样性指数及物种数、个体数和盖度分析了群落乔木层、灌木层、草本层及总体的物种多样性 ,结果发现 :1 )人工云杉林的物种多样性随着林龄的增加逐渐上升 ,林冠郁闭前后上升最快 ,在 50～ 70年间下降 ;其中 :乔木层物种多样性先上升 ,郁闭后下降 ;灌木层物种多样性郁闭前下降 ,郁闭后骤然上升 ,后来缓慢下降 ;草本层物种多样性在早期阶段很高 ,随着郁闭度的增大而下降 ,郁闭后又缓慢回升。 2 )均匀度的变化幅度不大 ,变化的趋势基本上与物种多样性相反。3)次生桦木林与同林龄的人工云杉林及天然原始林相比 ,原始冷杉林的物种丰富度、群落总体、乔木层、草本层优势度 (Simpson指数和MacIntosh指数 )和多样性 (Shannon_Wiener指数 )最高 ,灌木层均匀度最低 ;人工云杉林的物种丰富度、优势度、群落总体、乔木层、草本层多样性最低 ,但灌木层的均匀度和多样性最高。4)物种多样性的变化与群落盖度特别是乔木层盖度呈负相关 ,影响人工云杉?

油蒿群落植物多样性动态

油蒿为鄂尔多斯高原植被的优势种和建群种，油蒿群落的植物多样性有向顶极阶段增加的趋势。植物多样性的季节变化与气候的季节变化密切相关。人类活动特别是过度放牧，引起油蒿群落的退化，导致植物多样性降低。围育可使退化的油蒿群落向正向演替进行，使群落的植物多样性提高。

植物物种多样性的资源调查、动态监测与保护研究进展——以苏州市应用为例

为了回顾总结我国植物物种多样性调查、监测与保护的现状和最新研究成果,笔者通过大量文献查新、实地调查及过去多年工作总结的基础上,对我国植物物种调查、动态监测与保护研究的最新进展及存在的问题进行系统的分析与总结,并在江苏苏州地区加以实施和应用。根据在苏州市域内所开展的调查研究结果表明,现有高等植物778种,本地植物指数在0.75~0.79之间,目前仍未有完整的植物物种多样性的动态监测体系,保护工作也有待进一步加强。针对现实生态保护的需要找出不足,为未来植物多样性的研究与保护做出了科学的展望。因此,通过系统综述和科学总结,可为将来苏州地区乃至全国开展生物多样性调查、监测与保护工作,提供了科学指导。

Seasonal dynamics of wintering waterbirds in two shallow lakes along Yangtze River in Anhui Province

The shallow lake wetlands in the middle and lower Yangtze River floodplain are important wintering and stopover habitats for migratory waterbirds on the East Asia-Australia Flyway.With increasing fishery practices in recent years,however,the wetlands have deteriorated significantly and now threaten wintering waterbirds.To gain insight into the influence of deteriorating wetlands on waterbirds,we conducted a survey of wintering waterbird species,population size,and distribution across 11 belt transects in Caizi Lake and Shengjin Lake,two shallow lakes along the Yangtze River in Anhui Province from November 2007-April 2008 and from November 2008-April 2009,respectively.The impacts of different fishery patterns on the distribution of waterbirds were also analyzed.A total of 43 waterbirds species belong to 7 orders of 12 families were counted during the surveys,of which 38 were found in Caizi Lake with a density of 8.2 ind./hm2,and 42 in Shengjin Lake with a density of 3.5 ind./hm2.Geese（Anser cygnoides）,bean geese（Anser fabalis）,tundra swan（Cygnus columbianus）,and dunlin（Calidris alpina） were the dominant species in the two shallow lakes.Species number and individual assemble reached maximum at the end of December and in early January of the following year,without coincidence of the largest flock for different ecological groups.Based on waterbird diversity across the 11 belt transects and the fishery patterns,habitats could be divided into three groups.Gruiformes,Anseriformes and Charadriiformes had relatively higher densities in the natural fishery zones and lower densities in the cage fishery zones;whereas,the density of Ardeidae showed little change across all lake zones.It is important to develop sustainable fishery patterns in shallow lakes along the middle and lower Yangtze River floodplain to better protect resources of wintering waterbirds.

环境因素与生物灾害

本文通过历史和现存案例,报告了在生态环境变化中,生态系统内的物种可因食源不断增加、食性改变,食物链中顶极物种和天敌减少、物种发生代换的因素爆发成灾。只有作好生态环境恢复和建设,并施行生物多样性动态管理,才能达到持续有效的控制。

WSN中基于伪正态分布的幻影路由隐私保护方案

为提高无线传感器网络中的源节点隐私保护安全性能,提出一种基于伪正态分布的幻影路由隐私保护(source-location privacy protection strategy through pseudo normal distribution-based phantom routing,PNDBPR)方案。该方案的实施过程为利用随机数机制计算幻影节点的随机有向游走跳数,通过该机制可以增加幻影节点的位置分布多样性与动态性,经概率转发路由机制将数据包从幻影节点转发至汇聚节点,目的是降低重合路径产生的可能性。从隐私保护性能和通信开销两方面对PNDBPR方案和基于源节点有限洪泛的源节点隐私保护(source location privacy preservation protocol in wireless sensor network using source-based restricted flooding,PUSBRF)方案进行了理论对比分析,并在MATLAB仿真平台上对PNDBPR方案与PUSBRF方案做了仿真分析。理论和仿真分析表明,PNDBPR方案产生的幻影节点位置分布更广泛,传输路径更复杂,增加了安全时间,能明显提高源节点位置隐私保护的安全程度。

Spatio-temporal variability of periphytic protozoa related to environment in the Niyang River,Tibet,China

The Niyang River, a main tributary of the Yarlung Zangbo River, is an important and typical plateau fiver ecosystem in Tibet, China. At present, few studies have focused on its aquatic living resources and fiver ecology. In this study, the composition, abundance, and diversity of periphytic protozoa were investigated across four seasons from 2008 to 2009 to better understand their spatio-temporal patterns and relationship to the environment. Our investigation shows that periphytic protozoa in the Niyang River contained 15 genera, belonged to Tubulinea, Alveolata, Discosea and Rhizaria, Alveolata possessed most genera, up to nine, with highest share in abundance, exceeding 50%, Difflugia and Glaucoma were dominant genera. Moreover, four diversity indices of periphytic protozoa, including species richness, total abundance, Shannon-Wiener diversity index and Pielou＇s evenness index, displayed a significant descending trend as the seasons continued, in the order of winter, spring, summer and autumn; with a significant difference existing between winter and summer （or autumn） for Shannon-Wiener diversity index and species richness （P〈0.05）. Four of these diversity indices also presented a V-shaped pattern between the upper middle course of the Niyang River and the confluence of the Niyang River and Yarlung Zangbo River, with the lowest value occurred in the middle course of the Niyang River. However, no significant variation was found through the Niyang River （P〉0.05）. In addition, canonical correlation analysis （CCA） shows that the densities of Difflugia, Glaucomais, Enchelydium, Cyphoderia, and Enchelys correlate with water temperature, alkalinity, hardness, pH, and dissolved oxygen, respectively. Lastly, the relationship between periphytic protozoa diversity and the environmental factors of the Niyang River can be predicted using classification and regression trees （CART） annalysis, which suggests that the total abundance and Shannon-Wiener diversity index would be higher when the elevation is above 3 308 m. On the other hand, the Shannon-Wiener diversity index and Pielou＇s evenness index would be lower when pH and ammoniacal nitrogen have lower or higher values. Finally yet importantly, close attention should be paid to periphytic protozoa and its environment to ensure sustainable development of the Niyang River ecosystem.

Distribution of Origanum vulgare L. and Population Dynamics During the Last Decade in Armenia

This paper examines the distribution and structure of populations of a medicinal and culinary herb native to Armenia. As one of the first countries to join the Convention on Biological Diversity （CBD）, Armenia has a strong interest in assessing the biodiversity of its native flora and identifying threats to the conservation of these species, particularly those with economic value. Only limited information, however, is available at this time on the genetic biodiversity, population location, structure and size, and conservation status of most of these species. This paper reports the results of five consecutive years of field studies conducted in Armenia to 1） re-locate native populations of the important medicinal and culinary herb, Origanum vulgare L., 2） locate new populations, and 3） assess the growth pattern and dynamics of the populations. The quadrat sampling technique was used to identify key elements that determined population size and abundance. GPS maps of present and past population distributions were created. Particular habitat and environmental factors were identified as crucial to predicting the future conditions of these populations under the impact of global climate change. The research provides a baseline dataset that can be used for the development of further conservation strategies of this important medicinal and culinary species in Armenia.

A study on the protection of biodiversity resources in Micangshan Forest Park in northeast of Sichuan Province

The Micangshan Forest Park is located in the northeast edge of the Sichuan Basin. The wild animals and plants resources are rich and the ecosystem is integrity. There are well-preserved areas of native biological communities. Its strip and the region decided that on the one hand biological diversity is rich; on the other hand, there is its unique ecological fragility. Once it is destroyed, it would be very difficult to restore. In order to protect the ecological environment of wild animal and plant habitats and wild animal and plant resources, this paper uses quadrat survey procedure to carry on the investigation. In the Micangshan Forest Park's typical land sector the author establishes the sample area of 20 m×20 m to invest the tree layer of plant species and builds five 2 m×2 m the small quadrats along the type place's diagonal line machinery to invest bush level and the field layer floristic component. Again according to the Micangshan Forest Park's terrain, the vegetation and the difference humanity interference condition, the autor builds the different quantities separately the line transect to invest the animal type. This article through to eastern Sichuan Province north the Micangshan forest park biodiversity resources investigation, has analyzed the biodiversity protection work present situation and the existence question, and put forward the proposal to the next protection work.

Assessment of Soil Quality Using Microarthropod Communities Under Different Land System： A Case Study in the Mid-Hills of Central Nepal

The study aimed to evaluate soil quality using microarthopods density, diversity and soil biological quality index （QBS-ar） under different land use systems and elevation gradients. A secondary aim was to determine the relationship among soil biological and physiochemical indicators. Three groups of soil microarthropods were recognized viz. （1） Collembola （38%） （2） Acarina （33%） and （3） other microarthropods （29%）. ANOVA indicated that total microarthropods densities differed significantly with land use and elevation. Population density of Acarina and other mieroarthropods were weakly significant different according to land use, while Collembola and Acarina densities showed highly significant difference with elevation. Total microarthropods, Acarina and Collembola densities were positively significantly correlated with soil organic carbon （SOC） and moisture but negatively correlated with bulk density, pH and temperature of the soil. SOC and soil moisture appeared to be good indicators of soil quality as reflected by the higher density and diversity of soil total microarthropods, Collembola, Acarina and other microarthropods group. The use of microarthropods for soil quality assessment could be effective and relatively inexpensive tool; however, further research is required to evaluate the impact of agricultural practices and elevation gradient on soil microarthropods density, diversity and species composition for the sustainable management of agro ecosystems.

Spatial Dynamics of Cropland and Cropping Pattern Change Analysis Using Landsat TM and IRS P6 LISS III Satellite Images with GIS

The study of the spatial patterns and temporal changes of cropland is important to understand the underlying factors and the functional effects of the agricultural landscape. On the other hand, crop dynamics mapping is essential to know the overall agro-spatial diversity of the area. Therefore, this paper addressed a spatio-temporal analysis of cropland and cropping pattern change in the Bogra district of Bangladesh over the last 16 years （between 1988/89 and 2004/05）. In this paper, crop mapping from multi-temporal and multi-sensor satellite images was described. Landsat TM and IRS P6 LlSS Ⅲ satellite images were used with GIS for spatial dynamics of cropland and cropping pattern change analysis. First, seasonal cropland maps were derived from object-based classification of satellite images, then two-date classified image differencing with GIS overlay technique and decision rules were applied. Cropping pattern change was analyzed in a spatial and quantitative way for the 16 years and for this, Integrated Land and Water Information System （ILWIS） and Land Change Modular （LCM） of IDRISl Andes were used. The results showed that in the area, mono crop cultivation was found in summer, but in winter, areas under different crop cultivation had changed dramatically. Change analysis showed that the changes mainly occurred in the north northwest and southwest of the areas, and during the time the highest change area was found under the rice-potato pattern.

Conservation and Adaptive Management of Globally Important Agricultural Heritage Systems (GIAHS)

Worldwide specific agricultural systems and landscapes have been created, shaped and maintained by generations of farmers and herders based on diverse natural resources using locally adapted management practices. Building on local knowledge and experience these ingenious agricultural systems reflect the evolution of humankind, the diversity of its knowledge and its profound relationship with nature. These systems have resulted not only in outstanding landscapes maintenance and adaptation of globally significant agricultural biodiversity indigenous knowledge systems and resilient ecosystems, but above all, in the sustained provision of multiple goods and services, food and livelihood security and quality of life. However, many of these systems are facing severe threats from various sources including globalization. In 2002 FAO initiated an international partnership initiative： ＂conservation and adaptive management of Globally Important Agricultural Heritage Systems （GIAHS）＂. The global GIAHS initiative aims to establish the basis for the international recognition, dynamic conservation and sustainable management of such systems, agricultural biodiversity and their associated biodiversity knowledge systems, food and livelihood security, landscapes and cultures.