寒凝血瘀证小鼠动物模型的建立及评价

目的:探索寒凝血瘀证动物模型的制作方法。方法:将BALB/C雌性小鼠随机分为2组,即空白对照组、寒凝血瘀组,采用肾上腺素皮下注射加冰浴法进行造模,对造模前后小鼠进行症状和体征的评价,测定耳温及血液流变学变化等。结果:模型组小鼠出现寒战、蜷缩少动、爪尾部紫癜等症状,耳温下降,全血黏度增高,与空白对照组比较有显著性差异。结论:该方法建立的寒凝血瘀证小鼠模型符合中医证侯特点,具有一定的理论和实践意义。

注射硬化剂法制作家兔椎动脉型颈椎病动物模型

采用家兔 5 8只 ,于颈椎左侧注射组织硬化剂 775注射液 ,制成慢性椎动脉型颈椎病动物模型。分别以经颅多谱勒 (TCD)测定双侧椎动脉 (VA)、基底动脉 (BA)血流状况 ,以脑干听觉诱发电位 (BAEP)测定脑干听觉通路功能 ,以组织病理学了解左侧颈椎软组织及小脑浦肯野氏细胞病理变化 ,并观察胃肠灌注丹参注射液后的恢复过程。结果显示 :①造模后BA、双侧VA血流动力学异常 (P <0 .0 1) ,双侧BAEPⅢ、V波峰潜伏期 (PL)和Ⅰ Ⅲ、Ⅰ Ⅴ波峰间潜伏期 (IPL)显著延长 (P <0 .0 1或 0 .0 5 )。病理检查提示颈部软组织早期水肿、变性、坏死显著 ,后期瘢痕化显著 ,小脑浦肯野氏细胞缺血缺氧改变明显。②使用丹参后 ,BA血流恢复显著 (P >0 .0 5 ) ,VA血流未见显著恢复 (P <0 .0 1) ,BAEP恢复至造模前水平 (P >0 .0 5 ) ,小脑浦肯野氏细胞未见缺血缺氧改变。提示本法制作的动物模型 ,方法简便、可靠 ,符合椎动脉型颈椎病发病机理 。

肝纤维化病证结合模型的研制

目的:制备客观、公认的肝纤维化病证结合模型。方法:分别设立正常对照组、单纯肝纤维化组、肝纤维化肝郁脾虚证组和气虚血瘀证组,各模型组先用CCl4注射法复制肝硬化疾病模型,然后肝郁脾虚证组附加夹尾和大黄灌胃法、气虚血瘀证组附加游泳疲劳法,并以相应药物干预以反证模型制备的成功。对各组大鼠进行一般情况和肝组织病理观察。结果:各模型组均出现一般情况较差;病理检查示不同程度肝纤维化表现;肝郁脾虚证组和气虚血瘀证组均出现相应的中医证候表现。结论:按本实验方法复制的肝纤维化病证结合模型既符合肝纤维化病理特征,又能体现中医不同证候特点。

A Method Suitable for Extracting Genomic DNA from Animal and Plant——Modified CTAB Method

[Objective] The study aimed to introduce a rapid and effective method that is suitable for extracting genomic DNA from animal and plant. [ Method ] The genomic DNAs were extracted from tender leaves of 24 peanut cuhivars and from the liver, lung and kidney of white mouse through the specifically modified CTAB method. The DNAs were run on agarose gel, next detected by DNA/Protein analyzer. Finally PCR amplification was conducted to detect the quality of DNAs extracted using the modified CTAB method. [ Result] The clear and orderly bands were observed in gel detection, and the values of OD200/OD200 for DNAs extracted via modified CTAB method were between 1.77 - 1.83. The DNAs performed well in PCR amplification. [ Conclusion] The DNAs extracted by modified CTAB method could satisfy the requirement of PCR amplification.

Postconflict behavior among female Sichuan snub-nosed monkeys Rhinopithecus roxellana within one-male units in the Qinling Mountains,China

For group-living primates, the information on postconflict management is crucial for understanding primate competition and cooperation. However, such information is poorly known for snub-nosed monkeys, especially for wild populations. In this study, from September 2007 to June 2008, we investigated postconflict behavior among adult females Sichuan snub-nosed monkeys Rhinopithecus roxellana within one-male units in a wild, provisioned group in the Qinling Mountains of China by means of the time-rule method and the PC-MC method. We obtained a total of 81 PC-MC pairs and each individual was involved in only 0.004 aggressive behavior per observation hour. The first affiliative behavior was more likely to occur within the first minute after a conflict. The postconflict affiliative behaviors most often seen were contact-sit, embrace and grooming. The affiliative contacts between adult females occur due to selective attraction, i.e. reconciliation. The pattern of postconflict affiliation demonstrates that the R. roxellana belongs to a tolerant species.

Sodium arsenite reduces severity of dextran sulfate sodium-induced ulcerative colitis in rats

The histopathological features and the associated clinical findings of ulcerative colitis (UC) are due to persistent inflammatory response in the colon mucosa. Interventions that suppress this response benefit UC patients. We tested whether sodium arsenite (SA) benefits rats with dextran sulfate sodium (DSS)-colitis. The DSS-colitis was induced by 5% DSS in drinking water. SA (10 mg/kg; intraperitoneally) was given 8 h before DSS treatment and then every 48 h for 3 cycles of 7, 14 or 21 d. At the end of each cycle rats were sacrificed and colon sections processed for histological examination. DSS induced diarrhea, loose stools, hemoccult positive stools, gross bleeding, loss of body weight, loss of epithelium, crypt damage, depletion of goblet cells and infiltration of inflammatory cells. The severity of these changes increased in the order of Cycles 1, 2 and 3. Treatment of rats with SA significantly reduced this severity and improved the weight gain.

Anti-Helicobacter pylori therapy significantly reduces Helicobacter py/ori-Induced gastric mucosal damage in Mongolian gerbils

AIM: To investigate the effectiveness of 4 d' anti-Helicobacter pylori therapy on the H pylori-infected Mongolian gerbils based on physiological and pathological changes. METHODS: We used 6-wk-old male gerbils orally inoculated with H pylori (ATCC43504, 2×108 CFU/mL). Seven weeks after H pylori inoculation, the animals of study group received 4 d' anti-H pylori triple therapy (H pylori-eradicated group). Seven days later, all animals of the H pylori-eradicated and control groups (H pylori-infected & H pylori-uninfected groups) were sacrificed. We examined gastric mucosal lesions macroscopically, studied gastritis microscopically and determined the stomach weight ratio, myeloperoxidase (MPO) activity and prostaglandin (PG) E2 level. RESULTS: The results showed that both macroscopic and histological gastric damages were significantly less in H pylori-eradicated group than H pylori-infected group. Stomach weight ratio, MPO activity and PGE2 levels were significantly higher in H pylori-infected group than those in the other two groups. CONCLUSION: Four days' anti-H pylori therapy was effective in the improvement of H pylori-induced gastric lesions in Mongolian gerbils.

Modifications of reduced-size hepatic transplantation in rats

Objective: To establish a stable reduced-size hepatic transplantation model in rats. Methods: Liver transplantation was performed in accordance with Kamada techniques. Many modifications were made including: Surgical manipulative innovation, adjustment of pre-operative drug administration and removed liver volume. Results: Forty-two rats underwent reduced-size hepatic transplantation; of them 33(84.6%) survived more than 1 week. The causes of postoperative death were peritonitis, inferior vena cava thrombus and unknown complications. Conclusion: Manipulative innovation and proper drug administration can improve the survival rate of rats apparently. Grafts regeneration can be triggered by the removal of left lateral segment and caudate lobe.

Time-dependent viscoelastic properties along rat small intestine

AIM： To measure the time-dependent （viscoelastic） behavior in the change of the small intestinal opening angle and to test how well the behavior could be described by the Kelvin model for a standard linear solid. METHODS： Segments from the duodenum, jejunum, and ileum were harvested from 10 female Wistar rats and the luminal diameter, wall thickness, and opening angle over time （θ（t）） were measured from rings cut from these segments. RESULTS： Morphometric variations were found along the small intestine with an increase in luminal area and a decrease in wall thickness from the duodenum to the ileum. The opening angle obtained after 60 rain was highest in the duodenum （220.8±12.9°）and decreased along the length of the intestine to 143.9±8.9° in the jejunum and 151.4±9.4° in the ileum. The change of opening angle as a function of time, fitted well to the Kelvin model using the equation θ（t）/θo = [1-ηexp （-λt）] after the ring was cut. The computed creep rate λ. did not differ between the segments. Compared to constant calculated from pig aorta and coronary artery, it showed that α agreed well （within 5%）, η was three times larger than that for vascular tissue, and λ ranged ±40% from the value of the pig coronary artery and was a third of the value of pig aorta. CONCLUSION： The change of opening angle over time for all the small intestine segments fits well to the standard linear spring-dashpot model. This viscoelastic constant of the rat small intestine is fairly homogenous along its length. The data obtained from this study add to a base set of biomechanical data on the small intestine and provide a reference state for comparison to other tissues,diseased intestinal tissue or intestinal tissue exposed to drugs or chemicals.

Landscape Network Approach to Assess Ecological Impacts of Road Projects on Biological Conservation

Awareness of the adverse ecological effects of road and other large construction projects has resulted in a rapidly growing demand to quantitatively predict and evaluate the effects on gene flow among plants and animals in natural habitats.In this study,we evaluated the effects of different road construction scenarios on animal species movement by using the methods of ecological landscape connectivity in the typical regions of Yunnan Province,China.The results showed landscape connectivity levels(Probability of Connectivity(PC))decreased after road construction and species with lower dispersal abilities were more affected to the subsequent habitat fragmentation.First level roads affected landscape connectivity most significantly.At a distance of 100 m,the PC index decreased more than 50%.Further analysis suggested that the use of landscape connectivity to assess landscape processes revealed the adverse effects on the species movement more effectively compared with the traditional landscape pattern analysis.In addition,we conducted a graph theory and a least-cost modeling discussion,it is obvious that they are powerful tools to represent and analyze landscape networks with respect to related species movement.Network analysis offers a quantitative and simple but effective tool for ecological process assessment and biological conservation on large scales.

Gastric cancer:Animal studies on the risk of hypoacidity and hypergastrinemia

Gastric hypoacidity and hypergastrinaemia are seen in several conditions associated with an increased risk of gastric malignancy.Hypoacidity and hypergastrinaemia are closely related and their long-term effects are difficult to study separately in patients.Studies using animal models can provide valuable information about risk factors and mechanisms in gastric cancer development as the models allow a high degree of intervention when introducing or eliminating factors possibly affecting carcinogenesis.In this report,we briefly review findings from relevant animal studies on this topic.Animal models of gastric hypoacidity and hypergastrinaemia provide evidence hypergastrinaemia is a common causative factor in many otherwise diverse settings.In all species where sufficient hypoacidity and hypergastrinaemia have been induced,a proportion of the animals develop malignant lesions in the gastric oxyntic mucosa.

Methods for the development and assessment of atrial fibrillation and heart failure dog models

Objective To report Medtronic experiences with the development of animal models for atrial fibrillation （AF） and chronic heart failure （CHF） using high-rate pacing for AF and microemboli for CHF. Methods For the AF model, an atrial lead was attached to a Medtronic SynergyTM neurostimulator, which was programmed to stimulate at 50 Hz in an on-off duty cycle. Atrial natfiuretic peptide （ANP）, brain natriuretic peptide （BNP） and N-terminal pro brain nalriuretic peptide （NT-proBNP） were assayed at select time points. For CHF model, a serial injection of 90 μm polystyrene microspheres at 62,400 beads/mL （Polybead, Polysciences, Inc.） was performed to induce global ischemia, either with weekly monitoring and embolization schedule （group 1, n = 25） or with biweekly monitoring and emboliation schedule （group 2, n = 36 ）. Echocardiograms were used along with ventriculograms and magnetic resonance imaging scans weekly to assess cardiac function and ANP, BNP and NT-proBNP were monitored. Results For the AF model, the days to sustained AF for four animals following surgery were 7, 25, 21 and 19, respectively; For the CHF model, the days to meet CHF endpoints were 116 in group 1 and 89 in group 2. For both AF and CHF models, NT-proBNP correlated well with the development of disease states. Conclusion Our experience for the development and assessment of AF and CHF dog models may help researchers who are in search for animal model for assessing the safety and efficacy of a device-based therapy.

Induction of ischemic tolerance in rat liver via reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate oxidase in Kupffer cells

AIM: To elucidate the mechanisms of hepatocyte preconditioning by H2O2 to better understand the pathophysiology of ischemic preconditioning. METHODS: The in vitro effect of H2O2 pretreatment was investigated in rat isolated hepatocytes subjected to anoxia/reoxygenation. Cell viability was assessed with propidium iodide fluorometry. In other experiments, rat livers were excised and subjected to warm ischemia/ reperfusion in an isolated perfused liver system to determine leakage of liver enzymes. Preconditioning was performed by H2O2 perfusion, or by stopping the perfusion for 10 min followed by 10 min of reperfusion. To inhibit Kupffer cell function or reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH) oxidase, gadolinium chloride was injected prior to liver excision, or diphenyleneiodonium, an inhibitor of NADPH oxidase, was added to the perfusate, respectively. Histological detection of oxygen radical formation in Kupffer cells was performed by perfusion with nitro blue tetrazolium. RESULTS: Anoxia/reoxygenation decreased hepatocyte viability compared to the controls. Pretreatment with H2O2 did not improve such hepatocyte injury. In liver perfusion experiments, however, H2O2 preconditioning reduced warm ischemia/reperfusion injury, which wasreversed by inhibition of Kupffer cell function or NADPH oxidase. Histological examination revealed that H2O2 preconditioning induced oxygen radical formation in Kupffer cells. NADPH oxidase inhibition also reversed hepatoprotection by ischemic preconditioning. CONCLUSION: H2O2 preconditioning protects hepato- cytes against warm ischemia/reperfusion injury via NADPH oxidase in Kupffer cells, and not directly. NADPH oxidase also mediates hepatoprotection by ischemic preconditioning.

Kinetics of the leaching of TiO_2 from Ti-bearing blast furnace slag

Ti-bearing blast furnace slag is a valuable secondary resource containing about 24 percent of TiO2.In this paper a process of leaching Ti-bearing blast furnace slag with sulfuric acid to recover TiO2,and the kinetics of that reaction,are described.Under laboratory conditions the rate is controlled by a chemical reaction.The leaching reaction is in accord with a shrinking unre- acted-core model.The apparent reaction order of the leaching reaction was 1.222 and the apparent activation energy was 87.01 kJ/mol.The model fits the observed data well until 90%of the TiO2 has be leached from the particles.The model disagrees with observations during later periods of the reaction because the solution becomes supersaturated with Ti ions,which precipitate as H2TiO4.The assumptions of constant reactant concentration and that there is no effect from the product layer on diffusion,also cause the model to deviate from the actual values.

The Function of SeMNPV IAP3 in Mammalian Cells

The baculoviral inhibitors of apoptosis play a significant role in infectivity and viral host-range, which make them potential candidates for the engineering and improvement of baculovirus insecticidal. The iap3 gene of Spodoptera exigua nucleopolyhedrovirus （SeMNPV）, amplified by PCR, was 939 bp encoding IAP3. The PCR product was cloned into EcoR I/Barn H I of the plasmid pEGFP-C1. GFP was fused to the N-terminaus of IAP3 to study distribution in HEK293. It was observed that the plasmid expressing IAP3 significantly inhibited apoptosis induced by cisplatin in HEK293 cells. We conclude that the IAP3 of SeMNPV is functional in mammalian cells.

Interaction of cetyltrimethylammonium bromide with drug in aqueous/electrolyte solution:A combined conductometric and molecular dynamics method study

Interaction between beta-lactum antibiotic drug ciprofloxacin hydrochloride(CFH)and cationic surfactant cetyltrimethylammonium bromide(CTAB)was performed conductometrically in aqueous as well as in the occurrence of different salts(NaCl,KCl as well as NH_4Cl)over the temperature range of 298.15–323.15 K at the regular interval of 5 K.CFH drug has been suggested for the treatment of bacterial infections such as urinary tract infections and acute sinusitis.A clear critical micelle concentration(CMC)was obtained for pure CTAB as well as(CFH+CTAB)mixed systems.The decrease in CMC values of CTAB caused by the addition of CFH reveals the existence of the interaction between the components and therefore it is the indication of micelle formation at lower concentration of CTAB and their CMC values further decrease in attendance of salts.A nonlinear behavior in the CMC versus T plot was observed in all the cases.The ΔG_m^0 values are found to be negative in present study systems demonstrated the stability of the solution.The values of ΔH_m^0 and ΔS_m^0 reveal the existence of hydrophobic and electrostatic interactions between CFH and CTAB.The thermodynamic properties of transfer for the micellization were also evaluated and discussed in detail.Molecular dynamic simulation disclosed that environment of water and salts have impact on the hydrophobic interaction between CFH and CTAB.In water and salts,CTAB adopts spherical micelle in which charged hydrophilic groups are interacted with waters whereas hydrophobic tails form the core of the micelle.This hydrophobic core region is highly conserved and protected.In addition,micelle formation is more favorable in aqueous Na Cl solution than other solutions.

Lie Symmetrical Perturbation and Adiabatic Invariants of Generalized Hojman Type for Relativistic Birkhoffian Systems

For a relativistic Birkhoffian system, the Lie symmetrical perturbation and adiabatic invariants of generalized Bojman type are studied under general infinitesimal transformations. On the basis of the invariance of relativistic Birkhotfian equations under general infinitesimal transformations,Lie symmetrical transformations of the system are constructed, which only depend on the Birkhoffian variables. The exact invariants in the form of generalized Hojman conserved quantities led by the Lie symmetries of relativistic Birkhoffian system without perturbations are given. Based on the definition of higher-order adiabatic invariants of a mechanical system, the perturbation of Lie symmetries for relativistic Birkhoffian system with the action of small disturbance is investigated, and a new type of adiabatic invariants of the system is obtained. In the end of the paper, an example is given to illustrate the application of the results.

Evaluation of estimation methods for meiofaunal biomass from a meiofaunal survey in Bohai Bay

Studies in the coastal area of Bohai Bay,China,from July 2006 to October 2007,suggest that the method of meiofaunal biomass estimation affected the meiofaunal analysis.Conventional estimation methods that use a unique mean individual weight value for nematodes to calculate total biomass may cause deviation of the results.A modified estimation method,named the Subsection Count Method (SCM),was also used to calculate meiofaunal biomass.This entails only a slight increase in workload but generates results of greater accuracy.Results gained using each of these two methods were compared in the present study.The results show that the conventional method generally estimates a meiofaunal biomass.The difference between the two estimation methods was highly significant (P<0.01) for the spring and winter cruises.Furthermore,the estimation method for meiofaunal biomass affected the analysis of horizontal distribution and correlation with environmental factors.These findings highlight the importance of estimation methods for meiofaunal biomass and will hopefully stimulate further investigation and discussion of the topic.

Comparison of Detoxification Methods on Phorbol Esters in Deoiled Jatropha curcas Meal for Animal Feeds

The deoiled Jatropha curcas meal by hexane extraction was detoxified phorbol esters by two different methods. These two methods were alkali in methanol and only ethanol washing. After both treatments, the PEs （phorbol esters） was decreased by 100%. The crude protein in detoxified meal of alkali in methanol washing was less amount than only ethanol washing. The result showed that treatment by only ethanol washing was a promising way to detoxify deoiled Jatropha curcas meal for animal feeds in industrial scale.

Cultivation of marine sponges

Sponges are the most primitive of multicellular animals, and are major pharmaceutical sources of marine secondary metabolites. A wide variety of new compounds have been isolated from sponges. In order to produce sufficient amounts of the compounds of the needed, it is necessary to obtain large amount of sponges. The production of sponge biomass has become a focus of marine biotechnology.