哈蟆油动物基原问题探讨

目的 :根据历史文献及现代在中国林蛙分类方面研究成果 ,确定哈蟆油的正品动物基原。方法 :查阅历代本草著作及相关历史文献资料与近代国内外对中国林蛙有关研究报道 ,进行整理、分析、总结。结果 :本草著作中记载的山蛤原动物为中国林蛙 ;中国林蛙是独立的种 ,而不是欧洲林蛙的一个亚种 ;中国林蛙有 4个亚种 ,分别为中国林蛙指名、兰州、康定、长白山亚种 ;哈什蟆的原动物为中国林蛙长白山亚种。结论 :中国林蛙长白山亚种为哈蟆油正品动物基原。

海马市场调查与基原动物鉴定研究

目的:调查市售海马品种情,了解市售海马品种的鉴别点,为海马的质量控制及建立质量控制标准、提高海马临床药效及用药安全提供科学依据。方法:采用实地调查和访问调查等相结合的方法。结果:由于海马药材没有明确的质量控制标准,导致目前海马销售现状混乱,存在较为严重的掺伪、掺假现象。作者对海马商品药材进行市场调查,并经研究明确了市售海马目前主要有13个种,其中包括药典所收载的4个种(无小海马);进一步列出了市售的13种海马的主要鉴别点。结论:应加强对海马的基础研究以建立海马质量控制标准,改善海马销售混乱的现状。

蟾酥的研究与应用

本文对蟾酥含有的多种活性成分 ,药理作用和临床应用进行论述。认为应加强对蟾酥中各类化合物与机体的作用机制研究 。

麝香的历史与文献考证

麝香为名贵中药及香料,应用历史悠久。通过检索古籍和相关文献,结合人工繁育养麝及活麝取香的实践,对麝香的名称、基原、产区、质量评价及应用等进行综述。结果发现,本草专著记录麝有水麝、肉麝、土麝、北麝4个品种,麝香常见别名至少有18种(不包含少数民族语言的别名)。古人将香囊和产香作为鉴别麝的关键特征,对食性的认知由食蛇、蚁逐渐变为取食芳草植物。历代所记载麝香出产范围常有变迁,自唐起川、陕两地较为恒定,现仍为道地产区。古代麝香分为遗香、脐香、心结香3等,以香结实者、有毛裹中者为佳,而皮毛及荔枝核粉末常用于掺伪,现代商品麝香掺伪物更是多达20余种。麝香药用始载于《神农本草经》,香料用始载于汉,到唐宋时期最盛。综合历代本草专著记载,麝香具开窍醒神、活血通经等功效,有微研、细研、重研3种制法,既可外用也可内服,用于实证和闭证,脱证忌用、虚证慎用、孕妇禁用;麝香作香料更是制法各异,用途广泛。此外,古人频有“麝吃蛇”等习性记录,还有待深入研究。考证结果可为麝香资源的进一步开发利用提供参考。

Phylogenetic relationships within the genus Aspidisca(Protozoa,Ciliophora,Euplotida) revealed by ITS1-5.8S-ITS2 region sequences

Abstract The internal transcribed spacer regions （ITS1 and ITS2） and 5.8S rRNA genes were sequenced in six populations of four Aspidisca species, namely A. leptaspis, A. orthopogon, A. rnagna and A. aculeata. Phylogenetic trees were constructed by means of Bayesian inference （BI）, Maximum Parsimony （MP）, Neighbor-Joining （NJ）, and Maximum Likelihood （ML） to assess the inter- and intra-species relationships within the genus Aspidisca. All trees show similar topologies with stable supports and indicate that： （1） four well known groups, i.e., Oligotrichia, Stichotrichia, Choreotrichia and Hypotrichia, are distinctly outlined within the class Spirotrichea, and all are monophyletic other than Hypotrichia; （2） members of Aspidisca can be distinguished well, based on the ITSI-5.SS-ITS2 region sequences, and A. leptaspis and A. magna shared a closer relationship than other species; （3） Aspidisca and Euplotes branch early in the subclass Hypotrichia. To compare the phylogenetic relationships based on different genes, SSU rRNA trees were also constructed with nearly the same species inclusion, which revealed different topologies of inter-species, inter-genera and inter-subclasses.

Molecular phylogeny of oligotrich genera Omegastrombidium and Novistrombidium(Protozoa,Ciliophora) for the systematical relationships within Family Strombidiidae

The phylogeny of the oligotrich ciliates is currently a hot debate despite the availability of both morphological and molecular data.In the present paper,further small subunit rRNA(SS rRNA) genes were analyzed from the Genera Omegastrombidium and Novistrombidium,as well as from Strombidium,and combined with three new SS rRNA sequences from Strombidium basimorphum,S.sulcatum population QD-1,and Novistrombidium testaceum population GD.The phylogenetic positions of these organisms were inferred using Bayesian inference,Maximum Likelihood,and Maximum Parsimony methods.The main results are:(1) the SS rRNA gene sequence analyses match the recent findings about the molecular evolution of oligotrichs,indicating that the family Strombidiidae is paraphyletic;(2) the Genus Omegastrombidium is separated from the Genus Strombidium,as shown in recent cladistic analyses;(3) morphospecies in Genus Novistrombidium,based on similarity of somatic ciliature,are separated from each other in all topological trees,indicating that this genus could be a paraphyletic group;(4) the molecular data indicate a possibility of paraphyly for the genus Strombidium;and(5) the similarities of the SS rRNA gene of specimens identified as S.sulcatum and S.inclinatum are 99.8%-100%.However,present knowledge on the oligotrichs sensu stricto is still insufficient and further studies based on both molecular and other technologies are required.

Phylogeny of subclass Scuticociliatia(Protozoa,Ciliophora) using combined data inferred from genetic,morphological,and morphogenetic evidence

Gene sequence-based genealogies of scuticociliates are different from those produced by morphological analyses.For this reason,11 representative scuticociliates and two ambiguously related genera were chosen to test the ability of combined phylogenetic analyses using both gene sequences and morphological/morphogenetic characteristics.Analyses of both the SSrRNA gene sequences and the combined datasets revealed a consistent branching pattern.While the terminal branches and the order level relationships were generally well resolved,the family level relationships remain unresolved.However,two other trees based on ITS1-5.8S-ITS2 region sequences and morphological/morphogenetic characters showed limited information,due to a lack of informative sites in these two datasets.Our data suggest,however,that the combined analysis of morphological/morphogenetic characters and gene sequences did produce some changes to the phylogenetic estimates of this group.

Insights into the phylogeny of sporadotrichid ciliates (Protozoa, Ciliophora: Hypotricha) based on genealogical analyses of multiple molecular markers

The sporadotrichid ciliates are an especially diverse group. A number of investigators have studied the morphological, morphogenetic, and molecular relationships among members of this group. Despite this, a consistent classification is still lacking and several important questions about the phylogenetic relationships within this group remain unsolved. To improve our understanding of these relationships, we constructed phylogenetic trees using the nucleotide sequences of the small-subunit rRNA (SSrRNA) gene and amino acid sequences of actin I and α-tubulin. Analyses of SSrRNA gene sequences indicated that: 1) the Sporadotrichida sensu Lynn (2008) and the Oxytrichidae are polyphyletic; 2) the Uroleptus species, which are classified to urostylids, formed a sister group with the oxytrichids; 3) Halteria grandinella, which is grouped morphologically with oligotrich species, clustered within the oxytrichids. These results are congruent with previous studies based on SSrRNA gene sequences. However, the amino acid sequences of actin I and α-tubulin yielded different topologies. The main results are: 1) in all phylogenetic trees, the genus Oxytricha was paraphyletic; 2) Uroleptus was sister to a subset of Urostyla and Holosticha, albeit with low supporting values; 3) Halteria grandinella was separated distantly from the Oxytrichidae in trees inferred from actin I amino acid sequences but clustered with oligotrichids in the α-tubulin analysis. The inconsistency among the trees inferred from these different molecular markers may be caused by rapidly accumulated genetic characterizations of ciliates. Further studies with additional molecular markers and sampling of more taxa are expected to better address the relationships among sporadotrichids.

Molecular Phylogenetic Lineage of Plagiopogon and Askenasia(Protozoa, Ciliophora) Revealed by Their Gene Sequences

Prostomates and haptorians are two basal groups of ciliates with limited morphological characteristics available for tax- onomy. Morphologically, the structures used to identify prostomates and haptorians are similar or even identical, which generate heavy taxonomic and phylogenetic confusion. In present work, phylogenetic positions lineage of two rare genera, Plagiopogon and Askenasia, were investigated. Three genes including small subunit ribosomal RNA gene （hereafter SSU rDNA）, internal transcribed spacer region （ITS region）, and large subunit ribosomal RNA gene （LSU rDNA） were analyzed, 10 new sequences five species each. Our findings included 1） class Prostomatea and order Haptorida are multiphyletic; 2） it may not be appropriate to place order Cyclotriehiida in subclass Haptoria, and the systematic lineage of order Cyclotrichiida needs to be verified further; 3） genus Plagio- pogon branches consistently within a clade covering most prostomes and is basal of clade Colepidae, implying its close lineage to Prostomatea; and 4） Askenasia is phylogenetically distant from the subclass Haptoria but close to classes Prostomatea, Plagiopylea and Oligohymenophorea. We supposed that the toxicyst of Askenasia may be close to taxa of prostomes instead of haptorians, and the dorsal brush is a more typical morphological characteristics of haptorians than toxicysts.

哈蟆油的本草考证

哈蟆油具有良好的补益作用,是常用的药食两用药材。由于古代本草文献中对哈蟆油的基原动物记载简略,造成了目前哈蟆油药材使用的混乱。为理清溯源,在查阅本草书籍、文献以及现代中药学专著的基础上,对哈蟆油的名称、基原动物、产地分布、采收加工、功效等方面进行考证。结果表明哈蟆油因具有补益功效而最早被满族人应用,其基原动物的名称均由满文音译而来。通过分析各类本草书籍中对蛙科动物的描述得出哈蟆油基原动物的最早描述出现于清代阿桂编撰的《盛京通志》之中。在对林蛙属部分动物的分类变迁进行总结归纳后将哈蟆油的基原动物初步确定为东北林蛙Rana dybowskii,黑龙江林蛙R. amurensis和桓仁林蛙R. huanrenensis。根据形态大小可以排除桓仁林蛙,根据药材质量的优劣可以排除黑龙江林蛙,故认为哈蟆油的基原动物为东北林蛙,现主要产区为东北地区,最佳捕捉期为10月份。哈蟆油常炖制后食用。该研究可为哈蟆油基原动物的确定、产区分布和资源利用提供有效依据。

Histone methyltransferase TXRl is required for both H3 and H3.3lysine 27 methylation in the well-known ciliated protist Tetrahymena thermophila

DNA replication elongation is tightly controlled by histone-modifying enzymes.Our previous studies showed that the histone methytransferase TXRl(Tetrahymena Trithorax related protein 1) specifically catalyzes H3K27 monomethylation and affects DNA replication elongation in Tetrahymena thermophila.In this study,we investigated whether TXRl has a substrate preference to the canonical H3 over the replacement variant H3.3.We demonstrated by histone mutagenesis that K27 Q mutation in H3.3further aggravated the replication stress phenotype of K27 Q mutation in canonical H3,supporting H3.3 as a physiologically relevant substrate of TXRl.This result is in apparent contrast to the strong preference for canonical H3 recently reported in Arabidopsis homologues ATXR5 and ATXR6,and further corroborates the role of TXRl in DNA replication.

Physicochemical bases for protein folding,dynamics,and protein-ligand binding

Proteins are essential parts of living organisms and participate in virtually every process within cells. As the genomlc sequences for increasing number of organisms are completed, research into how proteins can perform such a variety of functions has become much more intensive because the value of the genomic sequences relies on the accuracy of understanding the encoded gene products. Although the static three-dimensional structures of many proteins are known, the functions of proteins are ulti- mately governed by their dynamic characteristics, including the folding process, conformational fluctuations, molecular mo- tions, and protein-ligand interactions. In this review, the physicochemical principles underlying these dynamic processes are discussed in depth based on the free energy landscape （FEL） theory. Questions of why and how proteins fold into their native conformational states, why proteins are inherently dynamic, and how their dynamic personalities govern protein functions are answered. This paper will contribute to the understanding of structure-function relationship of proteins in the post-genome era of life science research.