卡斯凯迪亚陆缘似海底反射（BSR）的热流变化

北卡斯凯迪亚陆缘的陆坡上紧密排列分布的地震测线上发现有代表天然气水合物稳定域底界的似海底反射（BSR）存在。用一个简单的热传导模型来计算BSR位置的热流值，观察到的热流值具有区域性变化的趋势，即在这个陆缘上，热流值向陆减少，其平均值距变形前锋15km处约80mW/m^2，到距变形前然40km处则减为65mW/m^2。这种变化趋势反映加积楔沉积物的构造增厚和胡安·德富卡板块的俯冲过程。这与俄勒冈陆缘较稳定的热流相反，那里俯冲板块的倾角稍小些，因此沉积物增厚的速度也相对小些。同时还观察到一致的局部变化，即高地之上具有明显的低热流值，而高地的侧翼具高热流值。在一些局部地区，1－2km的水平距离离使热流值增加50％，从热流的一般值65mW/m^2增加到100mW/m^2.这种变化可能是由于地形的集中和散开作用独自引起的，这也暗示了具有明显地形起伏（如陆坡）等地区的热流值要进行地形校正的重要性。然而，局部热流值的变化也可能是由于动力作用引起的，这些动力学作用包括逆冲断裂作用导致的等温线位移和温暖液体沿着可渗透的通道（如断层）向上迁移。

Comparison of social interaction and neural activation in the main olfactory bulb and the accessory olfactory bulb between Microtus mandarinus and Microtus fortis

To gain insight into the function of AOB and MOB during different social interaction and in different vole species,the behaviors and neural activation of the olfactory bulbs in social interactions of mandarin voles Microtus mandarinus and reed voles Microtus fortis were compared in the present research.Mandarin voles spent significantly more time attacking and sniffing their opponents and sniffing sawdust than reed voles.During same sex encounters,mandarin voles attacked their opponents for a significantly longer time and sniffed its opponent for shorter time compared with male-female interactions.However,no significant behavioral differences were found during encounters of two individual reed voles,regardless of gender composition of the pair.Using c-Fos as an indicator of neural activation,we observed that neural activation was significantly higher in almost all sub-regions of the main olfactory bulb(MOB)and the accessory olfactory bulb(AOB)of mandarin voles compared with reed voles.Numbers of c-Fos-ir neurons in almost all sub-regions of the AOB and the MOB during male-female interactions were also higher than those in interactions of the same sex.Anterior-posterior ratios of Fos-ir neurons in the AOBM(AOBMR)and the AOBG(AOBGR)in male-female interaction were significantly higher than those in interaction of the same sex.The AOBMR of male mandarin voles and reed voles were larger than those of females in male-female interactions.Behavioral patterns are consistent with cellular activity patterns.Consistent level of neural activation in MOB and AOB suggests important roles of both the main olfactory bulb and the accessory olfactory bulb in social interaction in two species.

Enantioselective assay of S(+)- and R(-)-propafenone in human urine by using RP-HPLC with pre-column chiral derivatization

The enantioselective assay for S(+)- and R(-)-propafenone (PPF) in human urine that developed in this work involves extraction of propafenone from human urine and using S(+)-propafenone as internal standard, chiral derivatization with 2,3,4,6-tetra-O-b-D-glucopranosyl isothiocyanate, and quantitation by an RP-HPLC system with UV detection (l=220 nm). A baseline separation of propafenone enantiomers was achieved on a 5-mm reverse phase ODS column, with a mixture of methanol:water:glacial acetic acid (25:12:0.02,v/v) as mobile phase. There was good linear relationship from 24.9 ng/ml to 1875.0 ng/ml for both of enantiomers. The regression equations of the standard curves based on CS-PPF (or CR-PPF ) versus ratio of AS-PPF/AS (or AR-PPF/AS ) were y=0.0032x-0.081, (r=0.999) for S-PPF and y=0.0033x+0.0039, (r=0.998) for R-PPF, respectively. The method抯 limit of detection was 12.5 ng/ml for both enantiomers, and the method抯 limit of quantitation was 28.20.52 ng/ml for S-PPF, 30.40.53 ng/ml for R-PPF (RSD<8%, n=5). The analytical method yielded average recovery of 98.9% and 100.4% for S-PPF and R-PPF, respectively. The relative standard deviation was no more than 6.11% and 6.22% for S-PPF and R-PPF, respectively. The method enabled study of metabolism of S(+)- and R(-)-propafenone in human urine. The results from 7 volunteers administered 150 mg racemic propafenone indicated that propafenone enantiomers undergo stereoselective metabolism and that in the human body, S(+)-propafenone is metabolized more extensively than R(-)- propafenone.

Effects of Substrate Permeation on Kinetics of Phenol Biodegradation

Based on the theory of substrate permeation through the cytoplasmic membrane,and considering the effect of initial concentration of substrate,a new kinetic model of phenol degradation process was proposed,Comparing with the widely used Haldane model,which is greatly dependent on the initial phenol concentration,our model can be used to simulate the phenol degradation process in a wide range of initial phenol concentration by using only one set of model parameters ,Therefore,this new kinetic model has much more potential applications to industrial design and operation.

Comparative studies on the biochemical characteristics of natural actomyosin isolated from PSE and normal pork

Biochemical changes of natural actomyosin from fresh pale, soft, exudative (PSE) and normal pork were studied,and the effects of different storage temperatures and different incubation temperature and times on sample superprecipitation,total sulfhydryl (-SH) content, and ATP (adenosine triphosphate) sensitivity were investigated. The results demonstrated that ATPase activity and thermal stability of PSE actomyosin were lower than those of normal pork; and that PSE actomyosin had higher -SH content than that of normal pork at all incubation temperatures and times tested.

Interaction of cetyltrimethylammonium bromide with drug in aqueous/electrolyte solution:A combined conductometric and molecular dynamics method study

Interaction between beta-lactum antibiotic drug ciprofloxacin hydrochloride(CFH)and cationic surfactant cetyltrimethylammonium bromide(CTAB)was performed conductometrically in aqueous as well as in the occurrence of different salts(NaCl,KCl as well as NH_4Cl)over the temperature range of 298.15–323.15 K at the regular interval of 5 K.CFH drug has been suggested for the treatment of bacterial infections such as urinary tract infections and acute sinusitis.A clear critical micelle concentration(CMC)was obtained for pure CTAB as well as(CFH+CTAB)mixed systems.The decrease in CMC values of CTAB caused by the addition of CFH reveals the existence of the interaction between the components and therefore it is the indication of micelle formation at lower concentration of CTAB and their CMC values further decrease in attendance of salts.A nonlinear behavior in the CMC versus T plot was observed in all the cases.The ΔG_m^0 values are found to be negative in present study systems demonstrated the stability of the solution.The values of ΔH_m^0 and ΔS_m^0 reveal the existence of hydrophobic and electrostatic interactions between CFH and CTAB.The thermodynamic properties of transfer for the micellization were also evaluated and discussed in detail.Molecular dynamic simulation disclosed that environment of water and salts have impact on the hydrophobic interaction between CFH and CTAB.In water and salts,CTAB adopts spherical micelle in which charged hydrophilic groups are interacted with waters whereas hydrophobic tails form the core of the micelle.This hydrophobic core region is highly conserved and protected.In addition,micelle formation is more favorable in aqueous Na Cl solution than other solutions.

P-glycoprotein mediated interactions between Chinese materia medica and pharmaceutical drugs

P-glycoprotein(P-gp)is an important transmembrane ATP-binding cassette(ABC)drug efflux transporter expressed in various human tissues such as the intestines,liver,kidneys,and bloodbrain barrier.It limits the intracellular concentration of xenobiotics by pumping them out of the cells,affecting drug pharmacokinetics and therapeutic effects.With its broad substrate specificity,it has the potential to remove a wide range of drugs from Chinese materia medica(CMM),including conventional medicines and active compounds.Increasing evidence has confirmed the superior therapeutic effectiveness of CMM in treating a wide range of diseases worldwide,as well as in conjunction with western drugs.As a result,herbal medicine-drug compounds have prompted widespread concern,with the majority of these interactions involving transporters such as P-gp.This review systematically summarizes the inhibition or induction of P-gp expression/function by active CMM compounds and the underlying regulatory mechanisms.It will aid in improving understanding of the synergistic or inhibiting effects associated with transporter P-gp as well as rational safety concerns for using CMM,particularly in combination with drugs.

Experimental study on co-pyrolysis characteristics of typical medical waste compositions

Thermal decomposition of 21 kinds of binary mixtures between typical medical compositions was investigated under nitrogen conditions by dynamic thermogravimetric analysis(TGA) at 25–800 °C. The weighed sum method(WSM) coupled with thermal analysis was applied to study the interaction between components. Then, co-pyrolysis kinetic model of the binary mixtures(tube for transfusion(TFT) and gauze) was established to verify the reliability of conclusions. The results show the follows. 1) Strong or weak interactions are shown between binary mixtures containing polyvinyl chloride(PVC), the main ingredient of TFT. The addition of other medical waste could enhance first stage decomposition of TFT. While, the secondary stage pyrolysis may be suppressed or enhanced or not affected by the addition. 2) There exists no interaction between catheter and other component, the DTG peak temperature representing Ca CO3 decomposition in catheter fraction is obviously lower than that of pure catheter; while,the shape of DTG peak keeps unchanged. 3) No evident reaction occurs between the other mix-samples, it is considered that their co-pyrolysis characteristics are linear superposition of mono-component pyrolysis characteristics.

Molecular Dynamics Study of Interaction between Acrylamide Copolymers and Alumina Crystal

Four acrylamide polymer flocculants, anionic polyacrylamide P（AA-co-AM）, cationic poly- acrylamide P（DMB-co-AM）, nonionic polyacrylamide P（AM）, and hydrophobical polyacry- lamide P（OA-co-AM） have been prepared by copolymerizing with acrylic acid, cationic monomer dimethylethyl （acryloxyethyl） ammonium bromide （DMB） and hydrophobical monomer octadecyl acrylate with acrylamide. The interactions between the flocculants with the （012） surface of alumina crystal （A1203） have been simulated by molecular dynamics method. All the polymers can bind tightly with A1203 crystal, the interaction between the O of polymers and A1 of the （012） surface of A1203 is significantly strong. The order of binding energy is as follows： P（DMB-co-AM）〉P（OA-co-AM）〉P（AA-co-AM）〉P（AM）, implying a better flocculation performance of P（DMB-co-AM） than the others. Analy- sis indicates that binding energy is mainly determined by Coulomb interaction. Bonds are found between the O atoms of the polymers and the A1 atoms of A1203. The poly- mers＇ structures deform when they combine with A1203 crystal, but the deformation en- ergies are low and far less than non-bonding energies. Flocculation experiments in sus- pension medium of l%Kaolin show a transmittancy of 90.8% for 6 mg/L P（DMB-co-AM） and 73.0% for P（AM）. The sequence of flocculation performance of four polymers is P（DMB-co-AM）〉P（OA-co-AM）〉P（AA-co-AM）〉P（AM）, which is in excellent agreement with the simulation results of binding energy.

Influence of voriconazole on pharmacokinetics and safety of combined drugs: a systematic review

We performed a systematic review to evaluate pharmacokinetics changes of drugs when concomitantly used with voriconazole, including randomized controlled trials（RCTs）, randomized cross-over trials, self-controlled before-and-after studies, cohort studies and case reports. Literature databases, including Medline, Embase, Cochrane library, were searched to identify eligible studies（until Jan, 2016）. A modified risk of bias tool specially developed in this research was used to evaluate the quality of pharmacokinetic randomized crossover trials and self-controlled before-and-after studies. Cochrane risk of bias tool provided by Cochrane Library and Cochrane Reviewer＇s handbook was used to evaluate the quality of RCTs and non-randomized controlled studies. Pharmacokinetic parameters, such as area under curve（AUC）, Cmin, and Cmax before and after using voriconalzole were collected. Meta-analysis was conducted to synthesize results if possible. Among 41 studies included in our search, 17 were randomized crossover trials, 3 were RCTs, 13 were self-controlled before-and-after study（SBAs）, 1 was cohort studies and 7 were case reports. A total of 12 classes of drugs were involved, including opiates, non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs（NSAIDs）, psychopathic drugs, anti-HIV drugs, immunosuppressors, oral contraceptive, digoxin, warfarin, oral hypoglycemic agents, antihypertensive agents, lipid regulating agents and cytotoxic agents. According to our results, the impacts of voriconazole on tilidine, buprenorphine, etoricoxib, meloxicam, venlafaxine, midazolam, zolpidem, etravirine and sirolimus were different from the package insert. Our systematic review provided comprehensive data on the pharmacokinetics changes of drugs when used in combination with voriconazole.

Effects of Rong Shuan capsule, Xue Zhi Kang capsule, Xin Yuan capsule and Songling Xue Mai Kang capsule on the pharmacokinetics of clopidogrel active metabolite in rats

In the present study, we aimed to examine the effects of Rong Shuan capsule, Xue Zhi Kang capsule, Xin Yuan capsule and Songling Xue Mai Kang capsule on the pharmacokinetics of clopidogrel active metabolite（CAM）. The traditional Chinese medicines（TCMs） Rong Shuan capsule, Xue Zhi Kang capsule, Xin Yuan capsule and Songling Xue Mai Kang capsule are widely used to treat cardiovascular disease in China. They are often prescribed in combination with clopidogrel, a common anti-platelet Western drug. We investigated the influence of the four TCMs on CAM pharmacokinetics following administration at human dose in rats. Pharmacokinetic parameters were determined following oral（PO） administration of clopidogrel（7.5 mg/kg） with or without Rong Shuan capsule（75 mg/kg, PO）, Xue Zhi Kang capsule（60 mg/kg, PO）, Xin Yuan capsule（120 mg/kg, PO）, or Songling Xue Mai Kang capsule（150 mg/kg, PO）. Compared with the animals in the control group, Xue Zhi Kang capsule significantly decreased the area under the plasma concentration-time curve（AUC_（0-t）） of the CAM derivative by 25.4%. However, the t1/2 and Vz/F of CAM derivative were significantly increased by 43.6% and 70.7%, respectively. It was also observed that the pharmacokinetic parameters were altered in groups pretreated with Rong shuan capsule, Xin yuan capsule or Songling Xue mai kang capsule compared with the control group, but not significant. This study indicated that Xue Zhi Kang capsule had an effect on the formation and metabolism of CAM. Therefore, in the beginning of co-administration of Xue Zhi Kang capsule and clopidogrel, the anti-platelet efficacy might be compromised because of the decreased formation of CAM. Otherwise, long-time co-administration might lead to side effects by the prolongation of the t1/2 and Vz/F increase of CAM.

Study on the interactions of pharmacokinetics and liver distributions between rosuvastatin and repaglinide in rats

In the present study,we aimed to investigate the interactions of pharmacokinetics and liver distributions between rosuvastatin and repaglinide in rats.Coadministration of repaglinide（0.5 mg/kg,1 mg/kg and 2 mg/kg） for 7 d significantly increased the AUC0–24 and Cmax of rosuvastatin（P〈0.01）,but dramatically decreased the CL/F of rosuvastatin（P〈0.01） after a single dose of rosuvastatin（10 mg/kg）.There were no obviously changes in the parameters of Tmax and t1/2.Coadministration of repaglinide also decreased the liver distribution of rosuvastatin（P〈0.01）.Coadministration of rosuvastatin（20 mg/kg） for 7 days significantly increased the AUC0–12 and Cmax of repaglinide（P〈0.05）,and decreased the CL/F of repaglinide（P〈0.01） after a single dose of repaglinide（1 mg/kg）.The liver distribution of repaglinide was also decreased（P〈0.01）.Our animal study indicated that repaglinide could significantly affect the pharmacokinetics and liver distribution of rosuvastatin in rats and vice versa.

Effect of puerarin on neural function and histopathological damages after transient spinal cord ischemia in rabbits

Objective: To investigate the effect of puerarin on the neural function and the histopathological changes after ischemic spinal cord injury in rabbits. Methods: Thirty male New Zealand white rabbits were randomly divided into three groups as follows: puerarin group (n=10) receiving intravenous infusion of 30 mg/kg puerarin for 10 minutes, control group (n=10) receiving intravenous infusion of the same volume of normal saline as puerarin for 10 minutes, and sham operation group (n=10) undergoing only the surgical exposure of the abdominal aorta. Temporary spinal cord ischemia was induced by infrarenal aortic occlusion for 20 minutes and followed by reperfusion. The neural status was scored with the Tarlov criteria at 8, 12, 24 and 48 hours after reperfusion. All the animals were killed at 48 hours after reperfusion and the spinal cords (L 5) were removed immediately for histopathological study. Results: The neural function scores at 8, 12, 24 and 48 hours after reperfusion were higher in the puerarin group and sham operation group than those in the control group (P< 0.05). More normal motor neurons in the anterior horn of spinal cord were present in the puerarin group and sham operation group than those in the control group (P< 0.01). There was a strong correlation between the final neural function scores and the number of normal motor neurons in the anterior horn of spinal cord (r= 0.839, P< 0.01). Conclusions: Puerarin can significantly ameliorate the neural function and the histopathological damages after transient spinal cord ischemia in rabbits.

Tectonomicrobiology:A new paradigm for geobiological research

Geomicrobiology is a sub-discipline of geobiology and emphasizes the interaction between microorganisms and their environment on Earth. There is a need to explicitly emphasize the biogeochemical processes performed by microorganisms associated with Earth's tectonic activities, especially under the framework of the modern theory of plate tectonics. Tectonomicrobiology aims to create a better synergy between microbial and active tectonic processes. This explicit synergy should also foster better communications between solid Earth scientists and life scientists in terms of holistic Earth system dynamics at both tectonic and micro-scales.

Co-existence thresholds in the dynamics of the plant-herbivore interaction with Allee effect and harvest

In the interaction between plants and herbivores that live in the same ecosystem, understanding the conditions in which co-existence equilibrium occurs answers a major question in Ecology. In this interaction, plants serve as food for herbivores on the food chain. Then the livelihood of herbivores highly depends on the availability of food, in this case the availability of plants. Moreover, the abundance of the plant density alone does not guarantee the non-extinction of the herbivore population as they are assumed to reproduce sexually. With this motivation, in this paper a predator-prey mathematical model is reformulated such that the death rate of the herbivore population is dependent on the plant density and their emergence is also governed by the Allee effect. Using the mathematical theory of dynamical system, threshold conditions are obtained for the non-extinction of the herbivore population and a trapping region is obtained to ensure co-existence of the population. Moreover, it has been shown that the dynamics of the population is significantly sensitive to the feeding rate and the harvest rate of the herbivore population.

Zebrafish:A Renewed Model System For Functional Genomics

In the post genome era, a major goal in molecular biology is to determine the function of the many thousands of genes present in the vertebrate genome. The zebrafish （ Danio redo） provides an almost ideal genetic model to identify the biological roles of these novel genes, in part because their embryos are transparent and develop rapidly, The zebrafish has many advantages over mouse for genome-wide mutagenesis studies, allowing for easier, cheaper and faster functional characterization of novel genes in the vertebrate genome. Many molecular research tools such as chemical mutagenesis, transgenesis , gene trapping, gene knockdown,