Loop-mediated isothermal amplification（LAMP） is an amplification method developed by Notomi et al and has been applied successfully for the detection of many viruses.This paper introduced the current status of LAMP ...Loop-mediated isothermal amplification（LAMP） is an amplification method developed by Notomi et al and has been applied successfully for the detection of many viruses.This paper introduced the current status of LAMP and recent developments,and the method applying in the diagnosis of animal viruses in abroad.展开更多
Water soluble skin secretions of six common Chinese amphibians were studied for their biological and enzymatic activities.The skin secretions of Tylototriton verrucosus,Bombina maxima ,and Bufo andrewsi were f...Water soluble skin secretions of six common Chinese amphibians were studied for their biological and enzymatic activities.The skin secretions of Tylototriton verrucosus,Bombina maxima ,and Bufo andrewsi were found toxic to mice with the intraperitoneal LD 50 of 11 5?mg/kg,18 8?mg/kg,and 264?mg/kg,respectively.No acute lethal toxicities were observed for the skin secretions of Rana nigromaculata,Rana guentheri and Rana limnocharis in a dose up to 500?mg/kg.The lethal toxicities of the skin secretions of T verrucosus and B maxima to mice are in the same grade as those of Viperidae snake venoms.The toxic components in T verrucosus and B maxima skin secretions are the proteins with molecular weights ranging from 3 to 60?kDa.All the skin secretions had both proteolytic activity and trypsin inhibitory activity.The skin secretions from T verrucosus , B maxima and B andrewsi also displayed wide spectrum antimicrobial activity.On the other hand,the skin secretions from B andrewsi and B maxima showed cytotoxicity on human cancer cells.All the six samples had not significant effects on mammalian blood coagulation system.Phospholipase A 2 activity was only found in the skin secretions of T verrucosus .None of these skin secretions showed acetylcholine esterase activity.展开更多
Aim In order to improve the solubility of azithromycin, the objectives of the present study were to screen an appropriate salt for azithromycin by comparing acute hepatic and renal toxicities in animals, and study the...Aim In order to improve the solubility of azithromycin, the objectives of the present study were to screen an appropriate salt for azithromycin by comparing acute hepatic and renal toxicities in animals, and study the pharmacokinetics of final chosen azithromycin salt. Methods Various salts of azithromycin, such as glutamate, citrate, hydrochloride, sulphate, dihydrogen phosphate, lactobionate, tartrate, and aspartate were given intravenously to Sprague Dawley rats at a dose of 10 mg once daily for 14 consecutive days via tail vein. The acute hepatic and renal indicators were measured before and after administration. A pharmacokinetic study was performed on 12 healthy human volunteers. The subjects were equally divided into two groups by a randomized crossover design. Azithromycin glutamate injection was administered by intravenous infusion or intramuscular injection at a single dose of 500 mg, respectively. Azithromycin concentrations in plasma were determined by microbial inhibition zone assay, and the pharmacokinetic parameters were calculated using a practical pharmacokinetic software 3P87 program. Results Azithromycin glutamate was least toxic to the liver and kidney of the rats, thus being selected as a final salt for parenteral preparation of azithromycin. Pharmacokinetic results showed that the area under the plasma concentration-time curves （AUC0-120h） were 21.47 ± 1.57 h·μg·mL^-1 for intravenous infusion, and 19.36 ± 2.44 h·μg·mL^-1 for intramuscular injection. The absolute bioavailability of intramuscular injection was 92.59%. Conclusion Azithromycin glutamate is suitable for the future clinical application, and its pharmacokinetics is characterized in human volunteers in the present study.展开更多
AIM： Toll-like receptor 4 （TLR4） has been shown to be important for bacterial infection, especially to lipopolysaccharide signaling. Its possible role in HBV infection is studied in the present study. MATERIALS AND...AIM： Toll-like receptor 4 （TLR4） has been shown to be important for bacterial infection, especially to lipopolysaccharide signaling. Its possible role in HBV infection is studied in the present study. MATERIALS AND METHODS： pHBV3.6 plasmid, containing full-length HBV genome was used in the murine model of acute HBV expression by hydrodynamics in vivo transfection. TLR4 normal or mutant mouse strain was compared to investigate the possible role of TLR4 in acute HBV expression. RESULTS： After pHBV3.6 injection, the infiltrating leukocytes expressed TLR4 were observed nearby the HBsAg-expressing hepatocytes. The HBV antigenemia as well as the replication and transcription were higher in TLR4-mutant C3H/HeJ mice than in normal C3H/ HeN mice. The HBV-specific immune responses were impaired in the liver or spleen of the C3H/HeJ mice. Their inducible nitric oxide synthase （iNOS） expression on the hepatic infiltrating cells was also impaired. When adoptively transferring splenocytes from C3H/HeN mice to C3H/HeJ mice, the HBV replication was inhibited to the level as that of C3H/HeN. CONCLUSION： These results suggest that TLR4 plays an anti-HBV role in vivo through the induction of iNOSexpression and HBV-specific immune responses after HBV expression.展开更多
Hepatitis C virus (HCV) hepatitis, initially termed non-A, non-B hepatitis, has become one of the leading causes of cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma worldwide. With the help of animal models, our understanding o...Hepatitis C virus (HCV) hepatitis, initially termed non-A, non-B hepatitis, has become one of the leading causes of cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma worldwide. With the help of animal models, our understanding of the virus has grown substantially from the time of initial discovery. There is a paucity of available animal models for the study of HCV, mainly because of the selective susceptibility limited to humans and primates. Recent work has focused modification of animals to permit HCV entry, replication and transmission. In this review, we highlight the currently available models for the study of HCV including chimpanzees, tupaia, mouse and rat models. Discussion will include methods of model design as well as the advantages and disadvantages of each model. Particular focus is dedicated to knowledge of pathophysiologic mechanisms of HCV infection that have been elucidated through animal studies. Research within animal models is critically important to establish a complete understanding of HCV infection, which will ultimately form the basis for future treatments and prevention of disease.展开更多
文摘Loop-mediated isothermal amplification（LAMP） is an amplification method developed by Notomi et al and has been applied successfully for the detection of many viruses.This paper introduced the current status of LAMP and recent developments,and the method applying in the diagnosis of animal viruses in abroad.
文摘Water soluble skin secretions of six common Chinese amphibians were studied for their biological and enzymatic activities.The skin secretions of Tylototriton verrucosus,Bombina maxima ,and Bufo andrewsi were found toxic to mice with the intraperitoneal LD 50 of 11 5?mg/kg,18 8?mg/kg,and 264?mg/kg,respectively.No acute lethal toxicities were observed for the skin secretions of Rana nigromaculata,Rana guentheri and Rana limnocharis in a dose up to 500?mg/kg.The lethal toxicities of the skin secretions of T verrucosus and B maxima to mice are in the same grade as those of Viperidae snake venoms.The toxic components in T verrucosus and B maxima skin secretions are the proteins with molecular weights ranging from 3 to 60?kDa.All the skin secretions had both proteolytic activity and trypsin inhibitory activity.The skin secretions from T verrucosus , B maxima and B andrewsi also displayed wide spectrum antimicrobial activity.On the other hand,the skin secretions from B andrewsi and B maxima showed cytotoxicity on human cancer cells.All the six samples had not significant effects on mammalian blood coagulation system.Phospholipase A 2 activity was only found in the skin secretions of T verrucosus .None of these skin secretions showed acetylcholine esterase activity.
文摘Aim In order to improve the solubility of azithromycin, the objectives of the present study were to screen an appropriate salt for azithromycin by comparing acute hepatic and renal toxicities in animals, and study the pharmacokinetics of final chosen azithromycin salt. Methods Various salts of azithromycin, such as glutamate, citrate, hydrochloride, sulphate, dihydrogen phosphate, lactobionate, tartrate, and aspartate were given intravenously to Sprague Dawley rats at a dose of 10 mg once daily for 14 consecutive days via tail vein. The acute hepatic and renal indicators were measured before and after administration. A pharmacokinetic study was performed on 12 healthy human volunteers. The subjects were equally divided into two groups by a randomized crossover design. Azithromycin glutamate injection was administered by intravenous infusion or intramuscular injection at a single dose of 500 mg, respectively. Azithromycin concentrations in plasma were determined by microbial inhibition zone assay, and the pharmacokinetic parameters were calculated using a practical pharmacokinetic software 3P87 program. Results Azithromycin glutamate was least toxic to the liver and kidney of the rats, thus being selected as a final salt for parenteral preparation of azithromycin. Pharmacokinetic results showed that the area under the plasma concentration-time curves （AUC0-120h） were 21.47 ± 1.57 h·μg·mL^-1 for intravenous infusion, and 19.36 ± 2.44 h·μg·mL^-1 for intramuscular injection. The absolute bioavailability of intramuscular injection was 92.59%. Conclusion Azithromycin glutamate is suitable for the future clinical application, and its pharmacokinetics is characterized in human volunteers in the present study.
基金Supported by grant form National Science Council of Taiwan, No. NSC 93-2320-B006-026
文摘AIM： Toll-like receptor 4 （TLR4） has been shown to be important for bacterial infection, especially to lipopolysaccharide signaling. Its possible role in HBV infection is studied in the present study. MATERIALS AND METHODS： pHBV3.6 plasmid, containing full-length HBV genome was used in the murine model of acute HBV expression by hydrodynamics in vivo transfection. TLR4 normal or mutant mouse strain was compared to investigate the possible role of TLR4 in acute HBV expression. RESULTS： After pHBV3.6 injection, the infiltrating leukocytes expressed TLR4 were observed nearby the HBsAg-expressing hepatocytes. The HBV antigenemia as well as the replication and transcription were higher in TLR4-mutant C3H/HeJ mice than in normal C3H/ HeN mice. The HBV-specific immune responses were impaired in the liver or spleen of the C3H/HeJ mice. Their inducible nitric oxide synthase （iNOS） expression on the hepatic infiltrating cells was also impaired. When adoptively transferring splenocytes from C3H/HeN mice to C3H/HeJ mice, the HBV replication was inhibited to the level as that of C3H/HeN. CONCLUSION： These results suggest that TLR4 plays an anti-HBV role in vivo through the induction of iNOSexpression and HBV-specific immune responses after HBV expression.
文摘Hepatitis C virus (HCV) hepatitis, initially termed non-A, non-B hepatitis, has become one of the leading causes of cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma worldwide. With the help of animal models, our understanding of the virus has grown substantially from the time of initial discovery. There is a paucity of available animal models for the study of HCV, mainly because of the selective susceptibility limited to humans and primates. Recent work has focused modification of animals to permit HCV entry, replication and transmission. In this review, we highlight the currently available models for the study of HCV including chimpanzees, tupaia, mouse and rat models. Discussion will include methods of model design as well as the advantages and disadvantages of each model. Particular focus is dedicated to knowledge of pathophysiologic mechanisms of HCV infection that have been elucidated through animal studies. Research within animal models is critically important to establish a complete understanding of HCV infection, which will ultimately form the basis for future treatments and prevention of disease.
