全球化妆品非动物测试法规进程及国内现状

综述了国内外化妆品非动物测试法规进程及发展趋势。主要从法规政策变革,替代方法的开发及法规采纳几个方面对比了国内外的最新进展,详细分析了我国化妆品非动物测试相关政策及替代方法采纳进程,展望了化妆品行业体外替代方法发展趋势。最后指出发展化妆品非动物测试方法是我国化妆品产业链升级和市场分化的重要契机,未来将迎来安全评价模式变迁,全球协同市场迅速发展及品牌建设新概念的新态势。

化妆品安全测试新程序

根据研究表明,当人体皮肤细胞暴露于刺激性化学物时,便会产生多种统称为Cytokines的化学物。一些研究人员也曾尝试以量度个别Cytokines水平来代替动物测试,但是这种方法有两大缺点:一是难以估计某种化学物会引起的整体反应;

香港研究发现中药皂荚具有抗癌性

香港理工大学的研究发现，中草药皂荚的浓缩液具有抗癌特性。理大日前与美国国立癌病研究所辖下的积逊实验室签订备忘录，同意就有关项目携手进行动物测试及相关的抗癌机理研究，预计于3～5年内研制出新药物。

香港研究发现中药皂荚具抗癌性

香港理丁大学的研究发现，中草药皂荚的浓缩液具有抗癌特性。理大近日与美国国立癌病研究所辖下的积逊实验室签订备忘录，同意就有关项目携手进行动物测试及相关的抗癌机理研究，预计于3—5年内研制出新药物。

禽流感疫苗预计半年内问世

世界流感专家最近在制造禽流感疫苗的技术方面获得突破。世界卫生组织美国协作中心总监韦伯特利用基因逆转技术，成功利用H5N1病毒制成疫苗，目前已通过实验室和动物测试，预计半年内完成人体临床测试后正式使用。

Instantaneous and long-term deformation characteristics of deep room-pillar system induced by pillar recovery

The goaf may face a series of deformation and settlement problems when the room-pillar mining method is used to excavate ore and pillars in the deep strata.To this end,a deep room-pillar model with two levels was made,and the pillar recovery was carried out.The instantaneous deformation responses during the pillars recovery and the long-term settlements after the pillar recovery were analyzed.During the pillar recovery,different regions of surrounding rocks suffer from different dynamic disturbances which can be divided into three types,including(I)the combined action of blasting disturbance and unloading disturbance,(II)the sequential action of blasting disturbance and unloading disturbance,and(III)the action of unloading disturbance.After the pillar recovery,the settlement above the first recovering pillar is the largest,which has a traction effect on the settlement in other areas.The settlement process can be divided into two stages,stable displacement stage and unstable displacement stage.When the pillar-room system undergoes the unstable displacement stage,rock spalling and further cascading collapse will occur.

MEASUREMENT OF REGIONAL BONE BLOOD FLOW IN THE CANINE MANDIBULAR RAMUS USING RADIOLABELLED TOAD RED BLOOD CELLS

Toad red blood cells were used to measure regional bone blood flow in the canine mandibular ramus. The blood cells were labelled with sodium pertechnetate and fixed in 1 0%formalin; they were 22 × 15 μm in size and had a specific gravity close to that of dog red blood cells. These cells had no discernible effect on systemic hemodynamics after injection, did not agglutinate, were well mixed and evenly distributed throughout the body, and were completely extracted in one circulation through the mandible. The mandibular ramus was divided into six regions. and the blood flow rates in each were found to be similar to those reported in previous studies with radiolabelled carbonized, microspheres. Furthermore, the blood flow distribution pattern of the mandibular ramus determined in this study was identical to that of our previous study using the bone-seeking radionuclide method. We suggest that radiolabelled toad red blood cells are an ideal marker for measuring regional blood flow in the canine mandible.

Experimental study on countermeasure against liquefaction-induced flotation of manhole using recycled materials packed in sandbags

The 2004 Niigata-ken Chuetsu earthquake in Japan caused serious damage to sewage facilities such as uplift of manholes and settlement of pavement above backfill soil for pipes.This paper deals with shake table tests in a 1 g gravity field on application of recycled materials for ground improvement to mitigation of liquefaction-induced flotation of manhole during earthquakes.The recycled materials used in tests were tire chips made of waste tires and crushed gravels made of waste reinforced concrete,and they were packed in sandbags.From the test results,it was confirmed that the recycled materials packed in sandbags could be treated as one of the countermeasures to restrain the flotation of manholes and settlement of ground surrounded by sandbags.

Moving object detection method based on complementary multi resolution background models

A novel moving object detection method was proposed in order to adapt the difficulties caused by intermittent object motion,thermal and dynamic background sequences.Two groups of complementary Gaussian mixture models were used.The ghost and real static object could be classified by comparing the similarity of the edge images further.In each group,the multi resolution Gaussian mixture models were used and dual thresholds were applied in every resolution in order to get a complete object mask without much noise.The computational color model was also used to depress illustration variations and light shadows.The proposed method was verified by the public test sequences provided by the IEEE Change Detection Workshop and compared with three state-of-the-art methods.Experimental results demonstrate that the proposed method is better than others for all of the evaluation parameters in intermittent object motion sequences.Four and two in the seven evaluation parameters are better than the others in thermal and dynamic background sequences,respectively.The proposed method shows a relatively good performance,especially for the intermittent object motion sequences.

ORAL TRANSMUCOSAL BACK PERMEATION OF ALFENTANIL IN DOGS──A NOVEL METHOD TO DETERMINE BLOOD ALFENTANIL CONCENTRATION

This study explores a novel noninvasive method for monitoring blood alfentanil concentrations using a dog model. Alfentanil which 'back', permeated across the oral mucosa from the systemic circulation was collected from the oral mucosal surface and quantitated. The levels of the 'back' permeated alfentanil were found to closely reflect real time serum alfentanil concentrations. With further work, this finding may lead to a novel noninvasive method for monitoring real time serum alfentanil concentrations in its clinical applications.

英国：男性口服避孕药可望面世

距离男士口服避孕药面世再近一步？英国有科学家日前发表研究，指设计出一种能使精子停止游动的化合物，从而令精子不能跟卵子结合，或有助研发男士专用的口服避孕药或避孕喷雾。专家称相关化合物仍在研究当中，预计短期内可作动物测试，五年后或能在市场上看到男士口服避孕药。

Does exploratory behavior or activity in a wild mouse explain susceptibility to virus infection？

Exploration and activity are often described as trade-offs between the fitness benefits of gathering information and resources, and the potential costs of increasing exposure to predators and para- sites. More exploratory individuals are predicted to have higher rates of parasitism, but this relationship has rarely been examined for virus infections in wild populations. Here, we used the multimammate mouse Mastomys natalensis to investigate the relationship between exploration, activity, and infection with Morogoro virus （MORV）. We characterized individual exploratory behav- ior （open field and novel object tests） and activity （trap diversity）, and quantified the relationship between these traits and infection status using linear regression. We found that M. natalensis expresses consistent individual differences, or personality types, in exploratory behavior （repeat- ability of 0.30, 95% CI： 0.21-0.36）. In addition, we found a significant contrasting effect of age on ex- ploration and activity where juveniles display higher exploration levels than adults, but lower field- activity. There was however no statistical evidence for a behavioral syndrome between these 2 traits. Contrary to our expectations, we found no correlation between MORV infection status and exploratory behavior or activity, which suggests that these behaviors may not increase exposure probability to MORV infection. This would further imply that variation in viral infection between individuals is not affected by between-individual variation in exploration and activity.

Rufous-and-white wrens Thryophilus rufalbus do not exhibit a dear enemy effects towards conspecific or heterospecific competitors

Many territorial animals exhibit reduced aggression towards neighbours. Known as ＂the dear enemy effect＂, this phenomenon has been documented among conspecific animals across a wide range of animal taxa. In theory, the dear enemy ef- fect can also exist between individuals of different species, particularly when those species compete for shared resources. To date, a heterospecific dear enemy effects has only been documented in ants. In this study, we test for both a conspecific and heterospe- cific dear enemy effect in neotropical rufous-and-white wrens Thryophilus rufalbus. This species competes for resources with banded wrens Thryophilus pleurostictus, a closely related sympatric congener. We used acoustic playback to simulate ruf- ous-and-white wren and banded wren neighbours and non-neighbours at the edges of rufous-and-white wren territories. Ruf- ous-and-white wrens responded more strongly to signals from their own species, demonstrating that resident males discriminate between conspecific and heterospecific rivals. They did not, however, exhibit a conspecific dear enemy effect. Further, they did not exhibit a heterospecific dear enemy effect. This could be due to neighbours and non-neighbours posing similar levels of threat in this system, to the possibility that playback from the edges of the subjects＇ large territories did not simulate a threatening signal, or to other factors. Our study provides the first test of a heterospecific dear enemy effect in vertebrates, and presents a valuable experimental approach for testing for a heterospecific dear enemy effect in other animals [Current Zoology 61 （1）： 23-33, 2015].

Investigation of acupuncture in improving sleep,cognitive and emotion based on attenuation of oxidative stress in prefrontal cortex in sleep-deprived rats

Objective To explore whether acupuncture can improve sleep disturbance,cognitive impairment and emotional disorders caused by sleep deprivation,and its association with the attenuation of oxidative stress injury in prefrontal cortex.Methods Fifty-two male Sprague-Dawley rats were randomly divided into a control group(n=10),a model group(n=14),a manual acupuncture(MA)group(n=14),and a sham-MA group(n=14).All the groups were established as sleep deprivation models via the modified multiple platform method,except for the control group.Rats in both the MA group and the sham-MA group received corresponding intervention,respectively.After modeling and intervention,the four groups received three behavioral tests,namely sleep monitoring,by comprehensive lab animal monitoring system(CLAMS),Morris water maze(MWM)test and open-field test(OFT),followed by oxygen free radical level test and Western blot(WB)detection for the expression levels of Bax and Bcl-2.Results The MA group derived more sleep time within 24 h than either the model group or the sham-MA group(both P<0.05).On MWM orientation navigation test day 1,there were no significant differences in escape latency among the control,MA and sham-MA groups(P>0.05),and the escape latency was significantly shorter in these three groups than that in the model group(all P<0.05).On test day 4,the escape latency was markedly shorter in the MA group than that in either the model group or the sham-MA group(both P<0.05);meanwhile,the MA group showed significantly better performance compared with these two groups in space probe test(both P<0.05).In OFT,compared with the control group,there was a significant decline in the horizontal movement score in the other three groups(all P<0.05),and the decrease was more significant in the model group and the sham-MA group than that in the MA group(both P<0.05).The superoxide dismutase(SOD)content was markedly higher and the malondialdehyde(MDA)content was markedly lower in the MA group than those in the model group and the sham-MA group(all P<0.05).Compared with the model group and the sham-MA group,the expression of Bax was significantly lower and the expression of Bcl-2 was significantly higher in the MA group(all P<0.05).Conclusion MA therapy can lengthen the sleep time in sleep-deprived rats and improve learning and memory impairments induced by sleep deprivation,and the underlying mechanism may be associated with the enhancement of antioxidant capacity in the prefrontal cortex and the inhibition of hippocampal neuronal apoptosis.

Social interactions in a solitary carnivore

In total, 177 of 245 terrestrial carnivores are described as solitary, and much of carnivore ecology is built on the assumptions that interactions between adult solitary carnivores are rare. We employed Global Positioning System （GPS） technology and motion-triggered cameras to test predictions of land-tenure territoriality and the resource dispersion hypothesis in a territorial carnivore, the puma Puma concolor. We documented 89 independent GPS interactions, 60% of which occurred at puma kills （n=53）, 59 camera interactions, 11 （17%） of which captured courtship behaviors, and 5 other interactions （1 F-F, 3 M-F, and 1 M-M）. Mean minimum weekly contact rates were 5.5 times higher in winter, the season when elk Cervus elaphus were aggregated at lower elevations and during which puma courtship primarily occurred. In winter, contacts rates were 0.6_＋ 0.3 （standard devi- ation （SD）） interactions/week vs. 0.1 _＋ 0.1 （SD） interactions/week during summer. The preponder- ance of interactions at food sources supported the resource dispersion hypothesis, which predicts that resource fluxes can explain temporary social behaviors that do not result in any apparent benefits for the individuals involved. Conspecific tolerance is logical when a prey is so large that the predator that killed it cannot consume it entirely, and thus, the costs of tolerating a conspecific sharing the kill are less than the potential costs associated with defending it and being injured. Puma aggregations at kills numbered as high as 9, emphasizing the need for future research on what explains tolerance among solitary carnivores.

Biotic element analysis of reptiles of China： A test of vicariance model

In this contribution, I identify possible biotic elements of reptiles of China using biotic element analysis. I test whether the vicariance model could significantly shape reptilian current distribution patterns. My results show that dispersal is prevailing for reptiles in China. There are four major biotic elements in reptilian distribution, which are East Xizang, Yunnan- Guizhou Plateau, Taiwan and Hainan, respectively. The test of distributional areas is significantly more clustered than expected by chance, while in another test that closely related species are homogeneously distributed across biotic elements cannot be rejected. Therefore I argued that vicariance might be one of the key processes in patterning reptilian distribution in China. In addition, I develop an improved biotic element analysis in biogeographic studies, by performing biotic element analysis in an iterative man- ner in order to diagnose more geographically restricted elements until no noise components found. The importance of antecedent selection of distributional data for the subsequent analysis is also discussed. Besides, my study indicates that biodiversity hotspots are not fully overlapped with areas of endemism for reptilians in East Asia