基于红外相机的中国哺乳动物多样性观测网络建设进展

中国哺乳动物多样性观测网络(ChinaBON-Mammal)为中国生物多样性观测网络(ChinaBON)下属子网,由生态环境部组织建设,南京环境科学研究所为牵头单位。观测网络以陆生大中型哺乳动物为观测对象,基于红外相机技术设置了统一的规程方案与技术标准,2017–2019年在全国18个省区以县域为单元,选择74个代表性保护地作为观测样区开展红外相机观测。截至2019年底,观测网络共收集红外相机照片200多万张,其中野生动物有效照片30万张,共观测到哺乳动物11目28科132种、鸟类16目56科408种,其中国家I级重点保护野生动物45种(兽类33种、鸟类12种),并发现多个物种分布新记录和珍稀濒危物种。同时,观测网络平台研发了哺乳动物观测数据库用于图像数据的存储和分析。最后,本文对目前取得的成果及存在的问题进行分析,计划将进一步加强数据的处理分析与共享,进而更好地促进生物多样性保护工作。

Lunar project ILOM:application of the analytical theory of Lunar physical libration for the simulation of star observations

This study briefly describes the targets and problems of the future Japanese project In situ Lunar Orientation Measurement(ILOM),which is planned for the year 2017.One of the important parts of the project is to place a small optical telescope on the Lunar surface with the purpose to detect the Lunar physical libration with unprecedented accuracy 0.001 arcsec.At the present stage of research the computer simulation of future observations is going on,aiming to determine the moments of transition of a star through the first meridian and the polar distance of the star.Rotation of the Moon is being calculated under the analytical theory developed in the frame of a theme of the grant.A list of stars brighter than 12 m,whose coordinates are close to the Lunar precession pole motion,was constructed on the basis of several star catalogues.On average,for each moment of observation in the field of view of the telescope(1°) there are approximately 20-25 stars.Analyses of simulated stellar tracks observable from the Lunar surface(in a polar zone) reveal the significant difference from daily parallels of stars in comparison with the Earth.During one Lunar "day" equal 237 terrestrial days,a star moves on a spiral.However,depending on a longitude of a star,these spirals can be untwisted or twisted.In the latter case a star can describe a loop in the sky of the Moon during the period of supervision.Such an unusual astrometric phenomenon combined with the slow rotation of the Moon is compared with the Earth and the fast precession motion of the Lunar pole(in comparison with the precession motion of a terrestrial pole).

Channel flow of the lower crust and its relation to large-scale tectonic geomorphology of the eastern Tibetan Plateau

The Tibetan Plateau is a large-scale tectonic geomorphologic unit formed by the interactions of plates.It has been commonly believed that convective removal of the thickened Tibetan lithosphere,or lateral flow of the lower crust beneath the Tibetan plateau plays a crucial role in the formation of the large-scale tectonic geomorphologic features.Recent geological and geo-physical observations have provided important evidence in support of the lower crustal channel flow model.However,it re-mains unclear as how the geometry of lower crustal channel and the lateral variation of crustal rheology within the lower crust channel may have affected spatio-temporal evolution of the tectonic geomorphologic unit of the Tibetan Plateau.Here,we use numerical methods to explore the mechanical relations between the lower crustal channel flow and the tectonic geomorpho-logic formation around the eastern Tibetan plateau,by deriving a series of governing equations from fluid mechanics theory.From numerous tests,our results show that the viscosity of the channeled lower crust is about(1-5)×1018 to(1-4)×1020 Pa s(Pa.s) beneath the margin of the eastern Tibetan Plateau,and increases to about 1022 Pa s beneath the Sichuan Basin and the southern region of Yunnan Province.Numerical tests also indicate that if channel flows of the lower crust exist,the horizontal propagation and the vertical uplifting rate of the eastern Tibetan Plateau margin could be accelerated with the time.Thus,the present results could be useful to constrain the rheological structure of the crust beneath the eastern Tibetan plateau,and to understand the possible mechanics of rapid uplift of the eastern Tibetan Plateau margin,especially since its occurrence at 8Ma as revealed by numerous geological observations.

A comparative study of the methods in estimating pharmacokinetic parameters with single-observation-per-animal type data

During pre-clinical pharmacokinetic research, it is not easy to gather complete pharmacokinetic data in each animal. In some cases, an animal can only provide a single observation. Under this circumstance, it is not clear how to utilize this data to estimate the pharmacokinetic parameters effectively. This study was aimed at comparing a new method to handle such single-observation-per-animal type data with the conventional method in estimating pharmacokinetic parameters. We assumed there were 15 animals within the study receiving a single dose by intravenous injection. Each animal provided one observation point. There were five time points in total, and each time point contained three measurements. The data were simulated with a one-compartment model with first-order elimination. The inter-individual variabilities （ⅡV） were set to 10%, 30% and 50% for both clearance （CL） and apparent volume of distribution （V）. A proportional model was used to describe the residual error, which was also set to 10%, 30% and 50%. Two methods （conventional method and the finite msampling method） to handle with the simulated single-observation-per-animal type data in estimating pharmacokinetic parameters were compared. The conventional method （MI） estimated pharmacokinetic parameters directly with original data, i.e., single-observation-per-animal type data. The finite resampling method （M2） was to expand original data to a new dataset by resampling original data with all kinds of combinations by time. After resampling, each individual in the new dataset contained complete pharmacokinetic data, i.e., in this study, there were 243 （C3^1×C3^1×C3^1×C3^1×C3^1） kinds of possible combinations and each of them was a virtual animal. The study was simulated 100 times by the NONMEM software. According to the results, parameter estimates of CL and V by M2 based on the simulated dataset were closer to their true values, though there was a small difference among different combinations of ⅡVs and the residual errors. In general, M2 was less advantageous over M1 when the residual error increased. It was also influenced by the levels of ⅡV as higher levels of IIV could lead to a decrease in the advantage of M2. However, M2 had no ability to estimate the ⅡV of parameters, nor did M1. The finite resampling method could provide more reliable results compared to the conventional method in estimating pharmacokinetic parameters with single-observation-per-animal type data. Compared to the inter-individual variability, the results of estimation were mainly influenced by the residual error.

Simultaneous multicolor photometry of fast-moving objects using the 1-meter telescope at Xinglong Observatory

Simultaneous multicolor photometry of fast-moving objects is discussed in this paper. In conventional astronomical photometry, the accuracy of flux and color indices of fast-moving objects is affected by the variations of the targets and weather conditions in space and time domains.We optimize related techniques and methods of observation and data reduction, including image cal- ibration, background fitting, targets detection and location, isophotal photometry, and flux calibration by using background stars from different fields. We consider that simultaneous multicolor data acquisition and differential flux calibration are critical for improving photometric accuracy of fast-moving objects. Our results show the photometric accuracy is better than 5% based on the observations carried out by a 1-meter telescope under ordinary, non-photometric conditions.

Null Controllability of Some Reaction-Diffusion Systems with Only One Control Force in Moving Domains

In this article, the authors establish the local null controllability property for semilinear parabolic systems in a domain whose boundary moves in time by a single control force acting on a prescribed subdomain. The proof is based on Kakutani＇s fixed point theorem combined with observability estimates for the associated lineaxized system.