动碳、静碳与减排新技术路线研究

大气温室效应的动碳与静碳理论,是对全球碳循环规律的高度概括和总结,是解决全球气候变暖和减排难题的重要理论。本文研究分析了湖南省长沙"零碳县"项目的基本经验,得出速生碳汇草实际上就是提高动碳向静碳转化速度的技术路线,探讨了通过实施速生碳汇植物减排示范工程,实现区域零碳排放的可行模式。通过零碳模式的实施带动作物秸秆利用,以解决秸秆的田间燃烧问题。

基于TOPSIS和灰色关联投影法的区域碳效率动态综合评价——以泛珠三角为例

为弥补传统碳效率评价偏向绝对量指标或者少数几个指标的单点式评价的不足,选取相对量指标,从经济、人口、福利多个维度并兼顾地区发展实际与公平原则,构建区域碳效率评价指标体系。将TOPSIS法与灰色关联投影分析相结合,并利用时间序列平均算子二次加权以实现对泛珠三角9省(自治区)2011—2020年碳效率的动态综合评价。静态与动态评价研究结果显示:该区域碳效率发展水平存在差异,其中海南省碳效率总体水平较高,为0.530;贵州省碳效率相对较低,为0.162;海南省比贵州省高出227%。福建省碳效率呈上升趋势,由2011年的0.327上升至2020年的0.498,增长了52.3%。研究认为,应该制定差异化减排策略、加大技术经费投入、增强社会福利、引进人才以实现低碳经济发展。

Comparison of the Overall CO_(2) Emissions of Different Powertrain Systems Depending on the Energy Sector Emissions

A circular and sustainable economy for the private transport sector requires a holistic view of the emitted CO_(2) emissions.Looking at the energy supplied to the vehicle in terms of a circular economy leads to defossilisation.The remaining energy sources or forms are renewable electric energy,green hydrogen and renewable fuels.A holistic view of the CO_(2) emissions of these energy sources and forms and the resulting powertrain technologies must take into account all cradle-to-grave emissions for both the vehicle and the energy supply.In order to compare the different forms of energy,the three most relevant forms of powertrain technology are considered and a configuration is chosen that allows for an appropriate comparison.For this purpose,data from the FVV project“Powertrain 2040”are used[1]and combined with research data on the energy supply chain for passenger cars.The three comparable powertrain configurations are a battery electric vehicle,a fuel cell electric vehicle and an internal combustion engine hybrid vehicle fueled with electric fuel.First,the three selected powertrain configurations are presented in terms of their performance,weight,technology and other characteristics.A comparative analysis is carried out for different CO_(2) emissions of the electricity mix.The electricity mix is used for both the production of the vehicle and the energy.The results are presented in the form of cradle-to-wheel emissions,which consider the total CO_(2) emissions of the vehicle over its life cycle.Finally,the results are analyzed and discussed to determine which powertrain technology fits best into which energy sector CO_(2) emissions window.

Dechromization and dealumination kinetics in process of Na_2CO_3-roasting pretreatment of laterite ores

A novel process was proposed for the activation pretreatment of limonitic laterite ores by Na2CO3 roasting. Dechromization and dealumination kinetics of the laterite ores and the effect of particle size, Na2CO3-ore mass ratio, and roasting temperature on Cr and Al extraction were studied. Experimental results indicate that the extraction rates of Cr and Al are up to 99%and 82%, respectively, under the optimal particle size of 44–74μm, Na2CO3-to-ore mass ratio of 0.6：1, and temperature of 1000 ℃. Dechromization within the range of 600–800 oC is controlled by the diffusion through the product layer with an apparent activation energy of 3.9 kJ/mol, and that it is controlled by the chemical reaction at the surface within the range of 900–1100 ℃ with an apparent activation energy of 54.3 kJ/mol. Besides, the Avrami diffusion controlled model with on apparent activation energy of 16.4 kJ/mol is most applicable for dealumination. Furthermore, 96.8%Ni and 95.6%Co could be extracted from the alkali-roasting residues in the subsequent pressure acid leaching process.

Carbon and nitrogen dynamics in early stages of forest litter decomposition as affected by nitrogen addition

The effects of nitrogen （N） availability and tree species on the dynamics of carbon and nitrogen at early stage of decomposition of forest litter were studied in a 13-week laboratory incubation experiment. Fresh litter samples including needle litter （Pinus koraiensis） and two types of broadleaf litters （Quercus mongolica and Tilia amurensis） were collected from a broadleaf-korean pine mixed forest in the northern slope of Changbai Mountain （China）. Different doses of N （equal to 0, 30 and 50 kg.ha^-1yr^-1, respectively, as NH4NO3） were added to litter during the experiment period. The litter decomposition rate expressed as mass loss and respiration rate increased significantly with increasing N availability. The mass loss and cumulative CO2-C emission were higher in leaf litter compared to that in needle litter. The dis- solved organic Carbon （DOC） concentrations in litter leachate varied widely between the species, but were not greatly affected by N treatments. Regardless of the N addition rate, both N treatments and species had no significant effect on dissolved organic N （DON） concentrations in litter leachate. About 52-78% of added N was retained in the litter. The percentage of N retention was positively correlated （R^2=0.9 1, p〈0.05） with the litter mass loss. This suggested that a forest floor with easily decomposed litter might have higher potential N sink strength than that with more slowly decomposed litter.

Carbon storage and flux for alpine tundra ecosystems in Changbai Mountains,Northeast China

This paper examined the carbon storage and flux of vegetation-litter-soil in alpine tundra ecosystems in Changbai Mountains. Approximately 17251 t·a-1 of carbon was yearly stored in the vegetation and 15043.1 t·a^-1of carbon flew into soil by litters. The vegetation-litter-soil ecosystem stored 452624 t·a^-1 of carbon, which was the important CO2 sink. The net carbon storage was currently 3146 t·a^-1 in vegetation-litter-soil ecosystem.

Effects of salinity fluctuation and dietary protein/ carbohydrate ratio on the survival and growth of Juvenile Litopenaeus vannamei

A factorial study was conducted to determine the effects of salinity （constant （SO） and fluctuating （S10）） and isoenergetic diet of different protein/carbohydrate ratios （P/C： 4.1, 1.9, 1.0 and 0.6） on the survival and growth of juvenile Litopenaeus vannamei. The experiment lasted for 35 days. The results showed that I） At S0 and S10, specific growth rate and apparent digestibility coefficient exhibited decreasing trend, while food conversion ratio exhibited increasing trend, with decreasing P/C ratio. At SO, food consumption and specific growth rate of the shrimp fed 4.1 P/C were significantly higher than those fed 1.0 and 0.6 P/C, whereas at S10, no significant differences were detected among different treatments; II） At 4.1 and 1.9 P/C, food consumption and specific growth rate were higher in the shrimp maintained at SO as compared with those at S10, while at 1.0 and 0.6 P/C, an inverse trend was observed. Among four P/C ratios, food conversion ratio of the shrimp at SO was the lowest.

Carbon Storage Dynamics of Forest Vegetation In Karst Mountain——A Case Study in Youyang Tujia and Miao Autonomous County

Based on the data in 2002 and 2012 of forest inventory in Chongqing, using a regression model between stand biomass and volume which was appropri-ate for the southwest district, this paper estimated forest vegetation carbon storage dynamics in recent 10 years in Youyang Tujia and Miao Autonomous County. And then carbon dynamics of different sorts of vegetation was calculated. The results in-dicated that, in the recent 10 years, total of forest carbon increased strikingly, and among whole species, China fir’s increment was the maximum, among al ages, middle-age forests had the largest increase. Then it can be concluded that, the for-est in Youyang is a carbon sink, and with the growing of young forests and devel-opment of plantation, the function of carbon sink wil rise.

Preparation of bismuth subcarbonate by liquid ball-milling transformation method from bismuth oxide

In order to solve the problems of environment pollution and high cost in traditional process of bismuth subcarbonate preparation, a new process using ball-milling transformation method from NH4HCO3 and Bi2O3 was proposed. Additionally, the kinetics of bismuth subcarbonate preparation was studied. Effects of reaction temperature, particle size of bismuth oxide, solid-to-liquid ratio and concentrations of ammonium bicarbonate on the conversion rate of bismuth oxide were studied. The results indicate that the conversion rate of bismuth oxide significantly increased under the conditions of higher temperature, smaller particle size, higher concentration of ammonium bicarbonate and smaller solid-to-liquid ratio. The XRD and ICP-AES analyses show that the purity of product is high. The reaction kinetics with activation energy of 9.783 kJ/mol was analyzed by shrinking core model, and the whole transformation process is controlled by solid product layer diffusion. A semi-empirical kinetics equation was obtained to describe the conversion process.

Hot deformation and processing map of GH3535 superalloy

The hot deformation behavior of GH3535 superalloy was investigated by hot compression tests in the temperature range of 1000-1200 °C and strain rate range of 0.01-50 s-1. The activation energy is about 356.3 k J/mol, and the flow curves and processing map were developed on the basis of experimental data. The processing map exhibits a stable domain which occurs in the strain rate range of 0.01-1 s-1 at all the temperatures and a instable domain which occurs in the strain rate range of 1-50 s-1. Microstructural observations reveal that the full dynamic recrystallization（DRX） occurs in the conditions of（1150 °C, 0.01 s-1）,（1200 °C, 0.01 s-1） and（1200 °C, 0.1 s-1） with different grain sizes and undissolved carbides. The flow localization and cracks occur in the regime of flow instability.

Coupled modeling of land hydrology-regional climate including human carbon emission and water exploitation

Carbon emissions and water use are two major kinds of human activities. To reveal whether these two activities can modify the hydrological cycle and climate system in China, we conducted two sets of numerical experiments using regional climate model RegCM4. In the first experiment used to study the climatic responses to human carbon emissions, the model were configured over entire China because the impacts of carbon emissions can be detected across the whole country. Results from the first experiment revealed that near-surface air temperature may significantly increase from 2007 to 2059 at a rate exceeding 0.1 ~C per decade in most areas across the country; southwestern and southeastern China also showed increasing trends in summer precipitation, with rates exceeding 10 mm per decade over the same period. In summer, only northern China showed an increasing trend of evapotranspiration, with increase rates ranging from 1 to 5 mm per decade; in winter, increase rates ranging from 1 to 5 mm per decade were observed in most regions. These effects are believed to be caused by global warming from human carbon emissions. In the second experiment used to study the effects of human water use, the model were configured over a limited region-- Haihe River Basin in the northern China, because compared with the human carbon emissions, the effects of human water use are much more local and regional, and the Haihe River Basin is the most typical region in China that suffers from both intensive human groundwater exploitation and surface water diversion. We incorporated a scheme of human water regulation into RegCM4 and conducted the second experiment. Model outputs showed that the groundwater table severely declined by -10 m in 1971-2000 through human groundwater over- exploitation in the basin; in fact, current conditions are so extreme that even reducing the pumping rate by half cannot eliminate the ground- water depletion cones observed in the area. Other hydrological and climatic elements, such as soil moisture, runoff generation, air humidity, precipitation, wind field, and soil and air temperature, were also significantly affected by anthropogenic water withdrawal and consumption, although these effects could be mitigated by reducing the amount of water drawn for extraction and application.

Mobility of Arsenic and Heavy Metals in a Sandy-Loam Textured and Carbonated Soil

The continued effect of the pyrite-tailing oxidation on the mobility of arsenic, lead, zinc, cadmium, and copper was studied in a carbonated soil under natural conditions, with the experimental plot preserved with a layer of tailing covering the soil during three years. The experimental area is located in Southern Spain and was affected by a pyrite-mine spill. The climate in the area is typically Mediterranean, which determines the rate of soil alteration and element mobility. The intense alteration processes that occurred in the soil during three years caused important changes in its morphology and a strong degradation of the main soil properties. In this period, lead concentrated in the first 5 mm of the soil, with concentrations higher than 1500 mg kg?1, mainly associated to the neoformation of plumbojarosite. Arsenic was partially leached from the first 5 mm and mainly concentrated between 5–10 mm in the soil, with maximum values of 1239 mg kg-1; the retention of arsenates was related to the neoformation of iron hydroxysulfates (jarosite, schwertmannite) and oxyhydroxides (goethite, ferrihydrite), both with a variable degree of crystallinity. The mobility of Zn, Cd, and Cu was highly affected by pH, producing a stronger leaching in depth; their retention was related to the forms of precipitated aluminium and, in the case of Cu, also to the neoformation of hydroxysulfate.

CARBON DYNAMICS OF WETLAND IN THE SANJIANG PLAIN

Methane (CH4) and carbon dioxide (CO2) emission was measured from mires in the Sanjiang Plain, Northeast China, by using a static chamber technique during free snow-covered periods. The seasonal mean emission of CH4 was 12.4mg/(m2·h) and the emission range of CO2 was 8.7-16.6g/(m2·d) (gross CO2 flux) during plant growth period. CO2 emission rate in the day was stronger than that at night, and the daily peak appears at 19:00. The mire plants in the Sanjiang Plain begin to sprout at the end of April. The aboveground biomass of the mire plants increased from zero to the peak from July to September and showed single peak form. The aboveground biomass of Carex lasiocarpa (464.8g/m2) was lower than that of Deyeuxia platyphylla (530.8g/m2), but the underground biomass was higher than that of Deyeuxia platyphylla. Gross CO2 flux showed the significance positive correlation relationship with plant biomass. Gross CO2 flux and CH4 emission were also correlated with soil temperature (0-5cm) and water temperature. However, the highest CH4 emission rate lagged behind the highest soil temperature in the root area during plant growth period. The data also indicated that wet and warm conditions during the early spring led to greater value of CH4 emission flux. Inundation is the necessary condition for the existence of methane bacteria, but there is no significant positive correlation between the inundation depth and CH4 emission rate in this region. Within the same growing season and under the same inundation condition, the variations of CH4 emission rate could be markedly different.

Carbon Dynamics in Woody Biomass of Forest Ecosystem in China with Forest Management Practices under Future Climate Change and Rising CO_2 Concentration

It is critical to study how different forest management practices affect forest carbon sequestration under global climate change regime. Previous researches focused on the stand-level forest carbon sequestration with rare investigation of forest carbon stocks influ- enced by forest management practices and climate change at regional scale. In this study, a general integrative approach was used to simulate spatial and temporal variations of woody biomass and harvested biomass of forest in China during the 21st century under dif- ferent scenarios of climate and CO2 concentration changes and management tasks by coupling Integrated Terrestrial Ecosystem Carbon budget （InTEC） model with Global Forest Model （G4M）. The results showed that forest management practices have more predominant effects on forest stem stocking biomass than climate and CO2 concentration change. Meanwhile, the concurrent future changes in cli- mate and CO2 concentration will enhance the amounts of stem stocking biomass in forests of China by 12%-23% during 2001-2100 relative to that with climate change only. The task for maximizing stem stocking biomass will dramatically enhance the stem stocking biomass from 2001~100, while the task for maximum average increment will result in an increment of stem stocking biomass before 2050 then decline. The difference of woody biomass responding to forest management tasks was owing to the current age structure of forests in China. Meanwhile, the sensitivity of long-term woody biomass to management practices for different forest types （coniferous forest, mixed forest and deciduous forest） under changing climate and CO2 concentration was also analyzed. In addition, longer rotation length under future climate change and rising CO2 concentration scenario will dramatically increase the woody biomass of China during 2001~100. Therefore, our estimation indicated that taking the role of forest management in the carbon cycle into the consideration at regional or national level is very important to project the forest carbon sequestration under future climate change and rising atmospheric CO2 concentration.

ROLE OF ENDOGENOUS CARBON MONOXIDE IN NEOINTIMAL FORMATION INDUCED BY BALLOON-INJURY IN RAT AORTA

Objective.The present study investigated the role of endogenous carbon monoxide(CO)in the pathogenesis of neointimal formation induced by balloon injury in rat. Method.Endothelial denudation of the left common carotid artery of rat was carried out by three passages of a Fogarty 2F balloon catheter.DNA,collagen and elastin contents of each intima media were estimated;and heme oxygenase(HO)activity and CO production in vascular smooth muscle cell(VSMC)were measured after administration of HO inhibitor. Result.Our data showed that neointima occurred in the rat on day 7 and day 21 after balloon injury,and at the same time HO activity and CO production in VSMC were markedly increased Administration of HO inhibitor,zinc deuteroporphyrin 2,4 bisglycol(ZnDPBG),could effectively inhibit HO activity and CO production,significantly enhance neointimal formation(aortic intima/media ratio were 21 4±1 8% vs 17 6±2 0%,P<0 05 on day 7;and 30 5±2 4% vs 23 0±2 2%,P<0 01 on day 21,respectively,compared with balloon alone group). Conclusion.We concluded that 1)inhibition of CO production may enhance neointimal formation induced by endothelial denudation,implying endogenous CO play an protective role in response to vascular injury,and 2)induction of HO activity may be applied clinically for preventing restenosis after angioplasty.

Forecast of Consumption and Emission of HFC-134a Used in the Mobile Air-conditioner Sector in China

HFC-134a is the most important alternative to CFC-12 used in the mobile air-conditioner sector in China. The con- sumption of HFC-134a has been increasing rapidly in recent years. It becomes the most consumed HFC in the sector. Selecting 2005 as the base line year, future consumption and emission amounts of HFC-134a are estimated through an analysis of a combined scenario： 1） replacement by non-HFC-134a blends, 2） good practice in servicing, 3） technology promotion, and 4） government policies on control of HFC-134a emissions. The analysis shows that HFC-134a consumption and emissions will continue to increase in the next 10 years. The projected HFC-134a consumption will approach 20,150 t and 34,875 t in 2010 and 2015 respectively, while the estimated emission amounts will reach 16,065 t and 30,186 t （i.e., 21 Mt CO2-eq and 39 Mt CO2-eq emissions） correspondingly. Compared with the business-as-usual scenario, the expected emission reductions in 2010 and 2015 will range between 6.7 Mt CO2-eq and 13.0 Mt CO2-eq.

Leaching kinetics of low-grade copper ore containing calcium-magnesium carbonate in ammonia-ammonium sulfate solution with persulfate

The leaching kinetics of copper from low-grade copper ore was investigated in ammonia-ammonium sulfate solution with sodium persulfate. The effect parameters of stirring speed, temperature, particle size, concentrations of ammonia, ammonium sulfate and sodium persulfate were determined. The results show that the leaching rate is nearly independent of agitation above 300 r/min and increases with the increase of temperature, concentrations of ammonia, ammonium sulfate and sodium persulfate. The EDS analysis and phase quantitative analysis of the residues indicate that bornite can be dissolved by persulfate oxidization. The leaching kinetics with activation energy of 22.91 kJ/mol was analyzed by using a new shrinking core model （SCM） in which both the interfacial transfer and diffusion across the product layer affect the leaching rate. A semi-empirical rate equation was obtained to describe the leaching process and the empirical reaction orders with respect to the concentrations of ammonia, ammonium sulfate and sodium persulfate are 0.5, 1.2 and 0.5, respectively.

Removal of aqueous Ni(Ⅱ) with carbonized leaf powder: Kinetics and equilibrium

Nickel is a heavy metal which has the potential threaten to human＇s health and attracts public concern recently. The carbonized leaf powder is expected as suitable adsorbent for Ni（II） removal became of the composition of some beneficial groups. In this work, carbonized leaf powder was evaluated for its adsorption performance towards Ni（II）. According to the results, adsorbent component, dosage, initial solute concentration, solution pH, temperature and contact time can significantly affect the efficiency of Ni（II） removal. Sips model fits the test results best, and the adsorption capacity towards Ni（II） is determined around 37.62 mg/g. The thermodynamic behaviors reveal the endothermic and spontaneous nature of the adsorption. The free adsorption energy （fluctuate around 8 kJ/mol） predicted by D-R model indicates that the adsorption capacity originated from both physical and chemical adsorption. Room temperature （15-25 ℃） is suitable for Ni（II） removal as well as low energy consumption for temperature enhancement. Further conclusions about the mechanism of chemical adsorption are obtained through analysis of the FT-IR test and XRD spectra, which indicates that the adsorption process occurs predominantly between amine, carbonate, phosphate and nickel ions.

Study on the thermal decomposition kinetics of nano-sized calcium carbonate

This study of the thermal decomposition kinetics of various average diameter nano-particles of cal-cium carbonate by means of TG-DTA(thermogravimetry and differential thermal analysis) showed that the thermal decomposition kinetic mechanisms of the same crystal type of calcium carbonate samples do not vary with decreasing of their average diameters ; their pseudo-active energy Ea; and that the top-temperature of decom-position Tp decreases gently in the scope of micron-sized diameter, but decreases sharply when the average di-ameter decreases from micron region to nanometer region. The extraordinary properties of nano-particles were explored by comparing the varying regularity of the mechanisms and kinetic parameters of the solid-phase reac-tions as well as their structural characterization with the variation of average diameters of particles. These show that the aggregation, surface effect as well as internal aberrance and stress of the nano-particles are the main reason causing both Ea and Tp to decline sharply with the decrease of the average diameter of nano-particles.

Hepatoprotective effects of Nigella sativa L and Urtica dioica L on lipid peroxidation, antioxidant enzyme systems and liver enzymes in carbon tetrachloride-treated rats

AIM： To investigate the effects of Nigella sativa 1 （NS） and Urtica dioica 1 （UD） on lipid peroxidation, antioxidant enzyme systems and liver enzymes in CCl4-treated rats. METHODS： Fifty-six healthy male Wistar albino rats were used in this study. The rats were randomly allotted into one of the four experimental groups： A （CCl4-only treated）, B （CCl4＋UD treated）, C （CCl4＋NS treated） and D （CCl4＋UD＋NS treated）, each containing 14 animals. All groups received CCl4 （0.8 mL/kg of body weight, sc, twice a week for 60 d）. In addition, B, C and D groups also received daily i.p. injections of 0.2 mL/kg NS or/and 2 mL/kg UD oils for 60 d. Group A, on the other hand, received only 2 mL/kg normal saline solution for 60 d. Blood samples for the biochemical analysis were taken by cardiac puncture from randomly chosen-seven rats in each treatment group at beginning and on the 60th d of the experiment. RESULTS： The CCl4 treatment for 60 d increased the lipid peroxidation and liver enzymes, and also decreased the antioxidant enzyme levels. NS or UD treatment （alone or combination） for 60 d decreased the elevated lipid peroxidation and liver enzyme levels and also increased the reduced antioxidant enzyme levels. The weight of rats decreased in group A, and increased in groups B, C and D. CONCLUSION： NS and UD decrease the lipid peroxidation and liver enzymes, and increase the antioxidant defense system activity in the CCl4-treated rats.