基于动量流量法对喷水推进系统推力的CFD计算

采用结构化网格与非结构化网格相结合的方式划分了喷水推进系统的流场区域,采用稳态多参考系方法进行了数值计算。在此基础上,定义并求解一用户自定义标量函数标记整个流场,并根据标记结果将被喷水推进器吸入的流体与其它流体区分开。在后处理过程采用标量函数的等值面来确定喷水推进系统控制体上的流管分界面和进流面。利用数值计算所得的速度场对喷水推进系统喷口和进流面上的动量流量变化率进行计算,间接地得到喷水推进系统的推力。计算结果表明,采用CFD手段计算和分析喷水推进系统包括推力在内的各项性能指标是可行的。

动量流量计的实验特性研究

在实验室模拟现场条件下通过实验研究了动量流量计的特性，给出了实验曲线和拟合公式，为流量测定和监控提供了一种新方法，具有工程实用价值。

动量式气体流量计内部流场特性与测量性能研究

采用数值模拟与实验验证相结合的方法,得到了动量式气体流量计内部的流场,分析了流量变化时受力元件阻力系数的变化规律,研究了受力元件的形状、安装误差对测量性能的影响。研究结果表明,动量式流量计的阻力系数在量程范围内有较大变化,必须对阻力系数随雷诺数的关系式予以拟合;长方形受力元件阻力系数的拟合公式计算误差最小,拟合结果与实验数据的最大误差为0. 32%,应优先选用;安装误差引起的阻力系数误差不大于0. 32%,对测量精度影响较小,动量式流量计适合在线安装。

基于动量守恒原理的量水设施-动量式流量计的研制

为了降低量水成本、改进量水设施,研发了一种以拦水栅为测流装置、以动量守恒为原理的量水装置-动量式流量计。采用理论分析、室内试验和现场测试的研究路线,推导出了以拦水栅所受作用力为参数、以渠道水深和流速为变量的基本测流公式,研制出了动量式流量计产品。现场应用证明了动量式流量计具有测流简单、精度高、成本低的优点。

动量式流量计的开发研究

为了降低量水成本、改进量水设施,研发了一种以拦水栅为测流装置、以动量守恒为原理的量水装置——动量式流量计.采用理论分析、室内试验和现场测试的研究方法,推导出以拦水栅所受作用力为参数、以渠道水深和流速为变量的基本测流公式,并研制了动量式流量计产品.现场应用结果表明,动量式流量计具有测流简单、精度高、成本低等优点.

喷水推进器推力的CFD计算方法研究

简要介绍获取喷水推进器推力的理论、试验及数值计算(CFD)方法,重点研究采用动量流量法和壁面积分法计算喷水推进器推力的CFD方法。采用多块网格技术,用六面体结构化网格和四面体非结构化网格相结合的混合网格离散计算区域,采用稳态多参考系方法求解RANS方程,对喷水推进器进水流道、叶轮、导叶体和喷口所组成的整个流场进行数值计算。计算中采用了k-ε湍流模型和标准壁面函数,对用动量流量法计算推力方法中所需的假想流管分界面和进口面的求取做了分析,将两种方法计算的推力与厂商提供的推力特性曲线进行了对比。结果表明,采用CFD计算和分析方法来研究喷水推进系统推力性能是可行、可信的。

旋转状态下曲率对气膜冷却影响的分析

作为广泛应用于航空发动机涡轮叶片上的气膜冷却技术,其效果会受到叶片表面曲率、旋转、密度比等因素的影响。在通过理论分析着重研究了旋转状态下曲面上的气膜出流后,给出了评价曲面气膜出流受旋转速度影响的无量纲量局部旋转数。并且对各种影响因素进行了分析。在凸表面上,小局部旋转数会导致气膜趋于脱离壁面;大局部旋转数会使气膜趋于吸附壁面;对于凹表面,局部旋转数的影响正好相反。当局部旋转数很小时,动量流量比成为影响气膜出流脱离壁面与否的重要因素。文中并且给出了数值验证。

膨胀土水射流清洗机理的实验及建模研究

由于水射流清洗技术具有廉价高效、操作简单的特点而被业界广泛使用。为了研究水射流对土方机械粘附土壤的清洗行为,分析了基于清洁前沿的清洗速率与动量流量之间的线性关系,推导了射流垂直、射流移动和射流倾斜三种方式的清洗模型,研究了射流压力、射流移动速度和射流倾角对膨胀土清洗行为的影响。在此基础上,引入了膨胀土的固有阻尼常数,并修正了清洗速率公式。膨胀土的三种射流冲洗方式的实验结果与理论计算结果相一致,验证了模型的正确性。

进气道的布置对四气门柴油机气缸内涡流影响的变化规律

利用测得的四气门柴油机气门口三维流场,分析了进气门出口流场产生的气缸内空气动量矩流率,揭示了进气道的布置对四气门柴油机气缸内空气动量矩流率影响的变化规律。两进气道布置角度的变化对四气门柴油机气缸内空气动量矩流率产生较大影响。螺旋气道布置角度的变化对各气道切向速度绕自身气门轴线及径向速度绕气缸轴线的动量矩流率产生较大影响,且升程愈大,变化愈明显;切向气道布置角度的变化对螺旋气道切向速度绕自身气门轴线的动量矩流率影响较大,对切向气道小升程时的径向速度绕气缸轴线的动量矩流率及中、大升程时的切向速度绕自身气门轴线的动量矩流率影响较大。

超燃冲压发动机流场一维平均方法研究

介绍了多种平均方法,包括常用的流量或面积加权平均方法,以及CMME(流量/动量/能量守恒)方法和CMES(动量/能量/熵守恒)方法。以超燃冲压发动机进气道-燃烧室构型为对象,研究了不同平均方法得到的等效一维结果差异,以及不同平均方法的入口参数对超燃燃烧室一维计算结果的影响。结果表明:在超燃燃烧室多维热态仿真数据分析时,推荐使用通量守恒方法;CMES方法能准确的保留总压信息,CMME方法得到的总压损失会大于实际,在处理总压恢复性能时,CMES方法更优;亚燃模态时,CMME方法和CMES方法均不能反映隔离段激波串的渐变压缩;超燃模态时,CMES方法能较好地保持动量的近似守恒,在亚燃模态则较差;不同平均方法得到燃烧室入口参数的一维计算结果与三维流场等效一维沿程静压分布均存在一定偏差,Case1流量加权平均解误差高达27.8%,通量守恒解误差仅约13%,Case2流量加权平均解误差为14.9%,通量守恒解误差仅约5%,说明CMME方法与CMES方法符合程度更高,推力计算结果更为可信。

Flow characteristics of variable hydraulic transformer

A new kind of hydraulic transformer, called variable hydraulic transformer(VHT), is proposed to control its load flow rate. The hydraulic transformer evolves from a pressure transducer to a power transducer. The flow characteristics of VHT, such as its instantaneous flow rates, average flow rates, and flow pulsations in the ports, are investigated. Matlab software is used to simulate and calculate. There are five controlled angles of the port plate that can help to define the flow characteristics of VHT. The relationships between the flow characteristics and the structure in VHT are shown. Also, the plus-minus change of the average flow rates and the continuity of the instantaneous flow rates in the ports are presented. The results demonstrate the performance laws of VHT when the controlled angles of the port plate and of the swash plate change. The results also reveal that the special principle of the flow pulsation in the ports and the jump points of the instantaneous curves are the two basic causes of its loud noise, and that the control angles of the port plate and the swash plate and the pressures in the ports are the three key factors of the noise.

Study on hydrodynamic vibration in fluidic flowmeter

The characteristics of the fluidic flowmeter,which is a combination of impinged concave wall and bistable fluid amplifier,is investigated by experimental studies and numerical simulations. The numerical approaches are utilized to examine the time dependent flow field and pressure field inside the proposed flowmeter. The effect of varying structural parameters on flow characteristics of the proposed fluidic flowmeter is investigated by computational simulations for the optimization. Both the simulation and experimental results disclose that the hydrodynamic vibration,with the same intensity,frequency and 180° phase shift,occurs at axisymmetric points in the feedback channel of the fluidic flowmeter. Using the structural combination of impinged concave wall and bistable fluid amplifier and differential signal processing technique,a novel fluidic flowmeter with excellent immunity and improved sensibility is developed.

Effect of plunger number on hydraulic transformer's flow pulsation rate

In order to supply theoretical guidance to hydraulic transformer's design and application,the effect of the number of plungers in hydraulic transformer on its flow characteristic is analyzed,theoretical analysis and simulation are done on hydraulic transformer's flow characteristic when the number of plungers is different.Based on the working principle of swash plate piston hydraulic components,mathematical models of instantaneous flow and flow pulsation rate are built,and simulation study is done with MATLAB.As a result,the effect is found,and some conclusions worth referring to are obtained.

Effect of flow rate on environmental variables and phytoplankton dynamics:results from field enclosures

To investigate the effects of flow rate on phytoplankton dynamics and related environment variables,a set of enclosure experiments with different fl ow rates were conducted in an artificial lake. We monitored nutrients,temperature,dissolved oxygen,p H,conductivity,turbidity,chlorophyll-a and phytoplankton levels. The lower biomass in all flowing enclosures showed that flow rate significantly inhibited the growth of phytoplankton. A critical flow rate occurred near 0.06 m/s,which was the lowest relative inhibitory rate. Changes in flow conditions affected algal competition for light,resulting in a dramatic shift in phytoplankton composition,from blue-green algae in still waters to green algae in flowing conditions. These findings indicate that critical flow rate can be useful in developing methods to reduce algal bloom occurrence. However,flow rate significantly enhanced the inter-relationships among environmental variables,in particular by inducing higher water turbidity and vegetative reproduction of periphyton( Spirogyra). These changes were accompanied by a decrease in underwater light intensity,which consequently inhibited the photosynthetic intensity of phytoplankton. These results warn that a universal critical flow rate might not exist,because the effect of flow rate on phytoplankton is interlinked with many other environmental variables.

Mass-front velocity of dry granular flows influenced by the angle of the slope to the runout plane and particle size gradation

The mass-front velocities of granular flows results from the joint action of particle size gradations and the underlying surfaces.However,because of the complexity of friction during flow movement,details such as the slope-toe impedance effects and momentum-transfer mechanisms have not been completely explained by theoretical analyses,numerical simulations,or field investigations.To study the mass-front velocity of dry granular flows influenced by the angle of the slope to the runout plane and particle size gradations we conducted model experiments that recorded the motion of rapid and long-runout rockslides or avalanches.Flume tests were conducted using slope angles of 25°,35°,45°,and 55° and three particle size gradations.The resulting mass-front motions consisted of three stages:acceleration,velocity maintenance,and deceleration.The existing methods of velocity prediction could not explain the slowing effect of the slope toe or the momentum-transfer steady velocity stage.When the slope angle increased from 25° to 55°,the mass-front velocities dropped significantly to between 44.4% and59.6% of the peak velocities and energy lossesincreased from 69.1% to 83.7% of the initial,respectively.The velocity maintenance stages occurred after the slope-toe and mass-front velocity fluctuations.During this stage,travel distances increased as the angles increased,but the average velocity was greatest at 45°.At a slope angle of 45°,as the median particle size increased,energy loss around the slope toe decreased,the efficiency of momentum transfer increased,and the distance of the velocity maintenance stage increased.We presented an improved average velocity formula for granular flow and a geometrical model of the energy along the flow line.

Critical Heat Flux with Subcooled Flowing Water in Tubes for Pressures from Atmosphere to Near-Critical Point

During last 45 years, two groups of the experimental data on critical heat flux were obtained in bare tubes, covering the pressures from atmosphere to near-critical point. One group of the data were obtained in the inner diameter of 2.32, 5.16, 8.05, 10.0 and 16.0 mm, respectively, with the ranges of pressure of 0.1-1.92 MPa, velocity of 1.47-23.3 m/s, local subcooling of 3.7-108.7 ℃ and heat flux of up to 38.3 MW/m2. Another group of the data were obtained in the inner diameter of 4.62, 7.98 and 10.89 mm, respectively, with the ranges of pressure of 1.7-20.6 MPa, mass flux of 454-4,055 kg/（m2.s） and inlet subcooling of 53-361 ℃. The results showed complicated effects of the pressure, mass flux, subcooling and diameter on the critical heat flux. They were formulated by two empirical correlations. A mechanistic model on the limit of heat transfer capability from the bubbly layer to the subcooled core was also proposed for all the results.

Analysis of atmospheric turbulence in the upper layers of sea fog

Atmospheric turbulence plays a vital role in the formation and dissipation of fog. However,studies of such turbulence are typically limited to observations with ultrasonic anemometers less than 100 m above ground. Thus,the turbulence characteristics of upper fog layers are poorly known. In this paper,we present 4-layers of data,measured by ultrasonic anemometers on a wind tower about 400 m above the sea surface; we use these data to characterize atmospheric turbulence atop a heavy sea fog. Large differences in turbulence during the sea fog episode were recorded. Results showed that the kinetic energy,momentum flux,and sensible heat flux of turbulence increased rapidly during the onset of fog. After onset,high turbulence was observed within the uppermost fog layer. As long as this turbulence did not exceed a critical threshold,it was crucial to enhancing the cooling rate,and maintaining the fog. Vertical momentum flux and sensible heat flux generated by this turbulence weakened wind speed and decreased air temperature during the fog. Towards the end of the fog episode,the vertical distribution of sensible heat flux reversed,contributing to a downward momentum flux in all upper layers. Spatial and temporal scales of the turbulence eddy were greater before and after the fog,than during the fog episode. Turbulence energy was greatest in upper levels,around 430 m and 450 m above mean sea level(AMSL),than in lower levels of the fog(390 m and 410 m AMSL); turbulence energy peaked along the mean wind direction. Our results show that the status of turbulence was complicated within the fog; turbulence caused fluxes of momentum and sensible heat atop the fog layer,affecting the underlying fog by decreasing or increasing average wind speed,as well as promoting or demoting air temperature stratification.

Time-Frequency Signal Processing for Gas-Liquid Two Phase Flow Through a Horizontal Venturi Based on Adaptive Optimal-Kernel Theory

A time-frequency signal processing method for two-phase flow through a horizontal Venturi based on adaptive optimal-kernel （AOK） was presented in this paper.First,the collected dynamic differential pressure signal of gas-liquid two-phase flow was preprocessed,and then the AOK theory was used to analyze the dynamic differ-ential pressure signal.The mechanism of two-phase flow was discussed through the time-frequency spectrum.On the condition of steady water flow rate,with the increasing of gas flow rate,the flow pattern changes from bubbly flow to slug flow,then to plug flow,meanwhile,the energy distribution of signal fluctuations show significant change that energy transfer from 15-35 Hz band to 0-8 Hz band;moreover,when the flow pattern is slug flow,there are two wave peaks showed in the time-frequency spectrum.Finally,a number of characteristic variables were defined by using the time-frequency spectrum and the ridge of AOK.When the characteristic variables were visu-ally analyzed,the relationship between different combination of characteristic variables and flow patterns would be gotten.The results show that,this method can explain the law of flow in different flow patterns.And characteristic variables,defined by this method,can get a clear description of the flow information.This method provides a new way for the flow pattern identification,and the percentage of correct prediction is up to 91.11%.

Advanced flow measurement and active flow control of aircraft with MEMS

Advanced flow measurement and active flow control need the development of new type devices and systems.Micro-electro-mechanical systems(MEMS) technologies become the important and feasible approach for micro transducers fabrication.This paper introduces research works of MEMS/NEMS Lab in flow measurement sensors and active flow control actuators.Micro sensors include the flexible thermal sensor array,capacitive shear stress sensor and high sensitivity pressure sensor.Micro actuators are the balloon actuator and synthetic jet actuator respectively.Through wind tunnel test,these micro transducers achieve the goals of shear stress and pressure distribution measurement,boundary layer separation control,lift enhancement,etc.And unmanned aerial vehicle(UAV) flight test verifies the ability of maneuver control of micro actuator.In the future work,micro sensor and actuator can be combined into a closed-loop control system to construct aerodynamic smart skin system for aircraft.

Experimental and CFD Study on the Role of Fluid Flow Pattern on Membrane Permeate Flux

This paper reports a study on the role of fluid flow pattern and dynamic pressure on the permeate flux through a micro filtration membrane in laboratory scale.For this purpose,a dead-end membrane cell equipped with a marine type impeller was used.The impeller was set to rotate in the clockwise and counter clockwise directions with the same angular velocities in order to illustrate the effect of rotation direction on permeate flux.Consequently, permeate fluxes were measured at various impeller rotational speeds.The computational fluid dynamics（CFD）predicted dynamic pressure was related to the fluxes obtained in the experiments.Using the CFD modeling,it is proven that the change in dynamic pressure upon the membrane surface has direct effect on the permeate flux.