This paper investigates the incentives of invest in improving quality （as opposed to investments in new activities） in the telecommunications industry, based on the example of wireless markets. What is the impact of...This paper investigates the incentives of invest in improving quality （as opposed to investments in new activities） in the telecommunications industry, based on the example of wireless markets. What is the impact of competition on incentives to invest, and on capacities to invest？ What is the role of the rate of penetration and technical progress？ This paper highlights the fact that investment incentives are positively related to potential for technical progress. Investment incentives also depend on market structure, competition intensity, and penetration rate, but not monotonically. This paper consists of a theoretical part which, under assumptions of full market coverage and market share symmetry, shows that for each national market, there is a target level of investment which companies strive to achieve but had not exceeded, and an empirical part that confirms the findings of the theoretical part and explains the differences with the theoretical part by relaxing the assumptions of full coverage and market share symmetry. This target level on the one hand depends on the potential for technical progress and on the other hand, depends on the rate of penetration. From a social perspective, this target level is the best amount that companies are encouraged to invest. Non-achievement of the target level entails underinvestment and a decrease in consumer surplus and welfare and may slow down technical progress. A data set covering 30 countries over a period of eight years is used to empirically prove the existence of a change in investment behavior depending on whether or not the target level is achieved. A low margin per user may hamper achievement of the target level. As a result, maximum consumer surplus and welfare occur under imperfect competition but not under perfect competition.展开更多
Delayed retirement is the current policy trend, but how to reduce the resistance of policy implementation, to ensure the smooth implementation of the policy, the government needs to consider the next issue. A few year...Delayed retirement is the current policy trend, but how to reduce the resistance of policy implementation, to ensure the smooth implementation of the policy, the government needs to consider the next issue. A few years or even ten years ago, some western countries are also facing the problem of aging population .In this paper, by referring to the experience of other countries, taking into account the situation of our country, the paper puts forward the following countermeasures and suggestions in the context of progressive retirement policy：. First, strengthen the incentive mechanism, so that workers gradually tend to work for a period of time; two, strengthen the pension insurance to pay more than the incentive oriented, which can delay the retirement pension in the appropriate level to be compensated, the development of the three pillar of the social endowment insurance system; three, standard retirement re employment policy.展开更多
文摘This paper investigates the incentives of invest in improving quality （as opposed to investments in new activities） in the telecommunications industry, based on the example of wireless markets. What is the impact of competition on incentives to invest, and on capacities to invest？ What is the role of the rate of penetration and technical progress？ This paper highlights the fact that investment incentives are positively related to potential for technical progress. Investment incentives also depend on market structure, competition intensity, and penetration rate, but not monotonically. This paper consists of a theoretical part which, under assumptions of full market coverage and market share symmetry, shows that for each national market, there is a target level of investment which companies strive to achieve but had not exceeded, and an empirical part that confirms the findings of the theoretical part and explains the differences with the theoretical part by relaxing the assumptions of full coverage and market share symmetry. This target level on the one hand depends on the potential for technical progress and on the other hand, depends on the rate of penetration. From a social perspective, this target level is the best amount that companies are encouraged to invest. Non-achievement of the target level entails underinvestment and a decrease in consumer surplus and welfare and may slow down technical progress. A data set covering 30 countries over a period of eight years is used to empirically prove the existence of a change in investment behavior depending on whether or not the target level is achieved. A low margin per user may hamper achievement of the target level. As a result, maximum consumer surplus and welfare occur under imperfect competition but not under perfect competition.
文摘Delayed retirement is the current policy trend, but how to reduce the resistance of policy implementation, to ensure the smooth implementation of the policy, the government needs to consider the next issue. A few years or even ten years ago, some western countries are also facing the problem of aging population .In this paper, by referring to the experience of other countries, taking into account the situation of our country, the paper puts forward the following countermeasures and suggestions in the context of progressive retirement policy：. First, strengthen the incentive mechanism, so that workers gradually tend to work for a period of time; two, strengthen the pension insurance to pay more than the incentive oriented, which can delay the retirement pension in the appropriate level to be compensated, the development of the three pillar of the social endowment insurance system; three, standard retirement re employment policy.
