The Engineering Professional and the Labor Market Demands： Electronic Engineer and Mechanical Engineer

The purpose of this study is to present results of a jobs classified survey from a newspaper in circulation in the city of Manaus （AM, Brazil）, between late 1990s and early 2000s. The structure and functionality of the CBO （Brazilian Occupational Classification） 2002, fundamental tool for data analysis was used, followed by collection, diagnosis and data analysis to identify the characteristics and transformations of the occupational tasks of the electronic and mechanical engineer. The analysis was based on CBO data in three distinct steps described in the methodology section, compared with a study conducted in the early 1990s, and finally, the overall prevailing trend required in professional engineering training in times of complexity and in the knowledge era was presented.

Effects of Labor Allocation Distortion and Distortion-Free Scenarios on Industrial Output in China——An Empirical Study Based on Data of Production Industry Sectors

This paper aims to investigate the effects of labor allocation distortions and various levels of distortion-free labor allocation on social output in China's primary,secondary and tertiary industries.Theoretical model creation and empirical study have led us to the following findings:the quantity of workforce in China's primary industry exceeds the quantity of workforce under the scenario of distortion-free labor allocation and the same is generally true for China's tertiary industry.However,the quantity of labor allocation in secondary industry is significantly below the level of distortion-free allocation but the share of allocation distortion overall tends to decline.Labor allocation distortions for various sectors are mainly caused by intra-sectoral allocation distortions and sectoral wage differences,of which the effect of internal distortion factor is the most obvious.In terms of total output,the eliminations of total distortion,wage difference distortion and internal allocation distortion will all cause total social output to exceed original output,and labor reallocation accompanying capital change will not only bring about a further increase of output but may offset the defects of limited potentials of labor resources reallocation.Growth rates with the eliminations of wage difference distortion,internal allocation distortion and superimposed factor can basically explain for the growth rates with the elimination of all distortions.Given this background,it is necessary to take effective measures at an early date to reduce China s labor allocation distortions and improve overall economic efficiency.

The United States： Economic Crisis, Productive Restructuring and the New Precarious Labor Conditions

The contemporary economic crisis should be considered within the framework of the contradictions created by the neoliberal model that was adopted in the mid-1970s, in the United States and throughout much of the world. The changes in the labor market and new forms of workforce exploitation based on deregulation, the increase of off-shoring, and flexible hiring practices have led to ＂new＂ precarious labor conditions. Due to the crisis, the United States labor market has been characterized by four factors： the increase of the unemployment, the unedited growth of the informal sector, a dramatic increase in precarious labor conditions for all workers, especially young people, minorities, and immigrants, and the increasing wage polarization. However, capitalist profit rates have actually substantially increased due to neoliberal policies and the resulting economic crisis. This situation led to a rise in the overexploitation of labor. It has had subsequent effects on unemployment, informal work, precarious labor conditions, and unequal salary distribution, especially in recently created positions. Increased labor flexibility has changed the typical forms of wage employment, and stable employment has been replaced by temporary and part-time employment usually with low wages and without social security and benefits.

人工电活性微生物菌群的设计与应用

包括产电菌群和噬电菌群的人工电活性微生物菌群(synthetic electroactive microbial consortia)通过菌种间的物质能量级联反应介导化学能与(光)电能间的相互转化,其可利用底物来源广泛、双向电子传递速率快、环境稳定性强,在清洁电能开发、废水处理、环境修复、生物固碳固氮以及生物燃料、无机纳米材料、高聚物等高值化学品合成等多个领域具有广泛的应用前景。针对人工电活性微生物菌群设计、构建与应用,本文总结电活性微生物菌群界面电子传递和种间电子传递机制,概括基于“劳力分工”原理设计构建人工电活性微生物菌群物质能量级联反应基本架构,总结菌群关系与菌群生态位优化等人工电活性微生物菌群工程化策略,分类列举人工电活性微生物菌群在利用廉价生物质产电、生物光伏固碳产电,光驱噬电生物菌群固氮等相关应用。最后对人工电活性微生物菌群未来研究方向进行了展望。

SPECIAL ISSUE： MIGRANT WORKERS IN THE COURSE OF URBANIZATION Migrant workers and informal employment

On the basis of an analysis of data collected through questionnaire surveys of migrant workers informally employed in Guangzhou or working in enterprises in the Pearl River Delta, the present paper suggests that： firstly, migrant workers as a whole are found in a ~ow-level labor market that is segmented and relatively segregated; its internal balance between demand and supply is realized, however, by following a principle of laissez-faire. Secondly, that market has further evolved into formal employment inside formal enterprises and informal employment outside of it, with the latter coveting the two types of self-employment and employment. Thirdly, owing to the rather difficult state of existence of those formally employed in enterprises, as well as to the ongoing reproduction of that kind of state of existence, migrant workers tend to join the informal branch in the split between formal and informal employment. Fourthly, while the work of those migrant workers in informal employment can only serve to eke out a miserable survival, those who are self-employed have a chance for gradual accumulation and upward movement, and so the hope for a certain development.

Market Transition, Labor Market Segmentation and Organizational Mobility

On the basis of data from the 2008 Chinese General Social Survey, this paper analyzes the changing organizational job mobility patterns of members of society in a segmented labor market. The structure of labor market segmentation is based on differences in the power of different labor sectors to distribute social resources, leading to further differences in their power of ＂attraction＂ or ＂repulsion＂ that influence people＇s organizational mobility. These forces are strongest in the primary labor market, lessening the possibility that workers will leave their jobs and raising the possibility of cross-sector mobility. In the course of China＇s market transition, changes in the power to allocate social resources have entailed changes in the structure of labor market segmentation, changes that have been reflected in organizational mobility. Our examination of changing modes of organizational mobility reveals that the structure of urban labor market segmentation has changed from being mainly systemic at the outset of reform and opening up to the current coexistence of systemic segmentation and market segmentation.