Based on statistics, this paper reviews China＇s economic growth and industrial upgrade since the reform and opening up in 1978 and estimates the contribution of industrial restructuring to economic growth. With the y...Based on statistics, this paper reviews China＇s economic growth and industrial upgrade since the reform and opening up in 1978 and estimates the contribution of industrial restructuring to economic growth. With the years of schooling as the proxy variable of human capital, this paper describes changes in China＇s labor competence during the industrial restructuring process. Then, this paper estimates China＇s future human capital demand and shortage based on economic and demographic forecast. Lastly, this paper proposes recommendations for improving human capital in China with skills development and education.展开更多
This paper describes a methodology for computation of reliability of members of fixed offshore platform structures, with respect to fatigue. Failure criteria were formulated using fracture mechanics principle. The pro...This paper describes a methodology for computation of reliability of members of fixed offshore platform structures, with respect to fatigue. Failure criteria were formulated using fracture mechanics principle. The problem is coined as a “first passage problem”. The method was illustrated through application to a typical plane frame structure. The fatigue reliability degradation curve established can be used for planning in-service inspection of offshore platforms. A very limited parametric study was carried out to obtain insight into the effect of important variables on the fatigue reliability.展开更多
In recent years, great economic output of land has been achieved in economic-technological development areas in China, but the intensity of land use in some of these areas is very low. The degree of the low intensity ...In recent years, great economic output of land has been achieved in economic-technological development areas in China, but the intensity of land use in some of these areas is very low. The degree of the low intensity of land use needs to be evaluated. The current method of comprehensive evaluation and grading by one index system has the limitations due to the existence of differences between regions and industries. This paper evaluates industrial land use intensity by Total Factor Productivity (TFP) analysis, which not only measures the intensity but also illustrates the ef-ficiency of input factors. This method is applied to the Beijing Economic-technological Development Area (BDA). A comparison analysis on factor use efficiency and input structure of capital and labor between industries is also carried out in the absence of a labor-income ratio.展开更多
Using a theoretical model, this article concludes that age structures influence people＇s propensity to save and thereby influence their capital intensity. In the context that capital and labor are in a substitutional...Using a theoretical model, this article concludes that age structures influence people＇s propensity to save and thereby influence their capital intensity. In the context that capital and labor are in a substitutional relation, increased capital intensity may lead to a drop of labor income share. We perform empirical research with provincial-level data from 1990 to 2007 and have proved that the rising of the old dependency ratio and the decrease of the children dependency rate both contribute to the fall of labor income share. This assumption still holds true after the authors control the influences of other potential factors that may influence labor income share展开更多
Nowadays the rising of opportunity cost of farm labor comes to the forefront of attention in China. In order to understand its impact on agricultural land-use structure, a theoretical framework of household economics ...Nowadays the rising of opportunity cost of farm labor comes to the forefront of attention in China. In order to understand its impact on agricultural land-use structure, a theoretical framework of household economics is formulated drawn on Low's model. Under the theoretical framework, the impact of the rising opportunity cost of on-farm on cropping structure is deduced in theory. And then, using statistic and survey data, taking mountain area of southern Ningxia as an example, the theoretical assumes are verified. The results show that the rise of opportunity cost of farm labor leads to less diversified cropping structure.展开更多
This paper investigates the structural changes of China＇s rural surplus labor over time. According to our estimates, the number of agricultural surplus workers declined sharply by more than 90% between 2002 and 2010....This paper investigates the structural changes of China＇s rural surplus labor over time. According to our estimates, the number of agricultural surplus workers declined sharply by more than 90% between 2002 and 2010. During this period, explicit unemployment in rural areas increased by 70% to become the main form of surplus labor. Among rural surplus workers, the proportions of workers aged 40 and above, workers with primapy and lower education levels and female workers show a clear upward trend, reaching 72.3%, 48.11% and 56.99% respectively in 2010. These changes can explain the apparent paradox of concurrent surplus labor, rising wages and migrant worker shortage. These structural changes in the labor surplus makeup indicate that the Lewis Turning Point （L TP） has arrived.展开更多
Fatigue stress measurement has been playing a significant role in the ship structural health monitoring and ship structural safety assessment. The PDF （probability density function） of the measured stress is one of ...Fatigue stress measurement has been playing a significant role in the ship structural health monitoring and ship structural safety assessment. The PDF （probability density function） of the measured stress is one of the essentials for the further studyin this domain. This paper, based on the strain-stress data collected from a container ship, focuses on the spectrum feature of the ship structural fatigue stress. A general analysis procedure for ship hull health estimation was firstly demonstrated. With the guidance of this procedure, the estimation and test of the parameters for the PDF of the stress were conducted, which showed that the stress spectrums fit well with the Weibull distribution. To review the fatigue state, the PDF and distribution function of fatigue damage increment were further developed and examined. The structural healthy assessment of this vessel shown the daily relative fatigue damage increment obeys log-normal or Weibull distribution and the increment of the fatigue damage on steel box girders of the ship hull was very low. Finally, the analyzing results yielded that the girder structure of the ship hull had a very low failure probability, matching well with the actual relative low working load of the ship.展开更多
The bow structure of FPSO moored by the single mooring system is rather complicated. There are many potential hot spots in connection parts of structures between the mooring support frame and the forecastle. Mooring f...The bow structure of FPSO moored by the single mooring system is rather complicated. There are many potential hot spots in connection parts of structures between the mooring support frame and the forecastle. Mooring forces, which are induced by wave excitation and transferred by the YOKE and the mooring support frame, may cause fatigue damage to the bow structure. Different from direct wave-in duced-forces, the mooring force consists of wave frequency force (WF) and 2nd dr aft low frequency force (LF) [3] , which are represented by two sets of short-term distribution respectively. Based on two sets of short-term distribution of moor ing forces obtained by the model test, the fatigue damage of the bow structure of FPSO is analyzed, with emphasis on two points. One is the procedure and position selection for fatigue check, and the other is the application of new formulae for the calculation of accumulative fatigue damage caused by two sets of short-term distribution of hot spot stress range. From the results distingui shed features of fatigue damage to the FPSO’s bow structure can be observed.展开更多
This paper explains the root cause of China＇s trade surplus and argues that it is rooted in structural factors. China＇s dual economic structure and the relatively slow growth in wages due to the abundant supply of l...This paper explains the root cause of China＇s trade surplus and argues that it is rooted in structural factors. China＇s dual economic structure and the relatively slow growth in wages due to the abundant supply of labor have led to a large supply glut between China＇s domestic demand and output, which has been balanced by export. This is a structural problem that cannot be solved by currency appreciation or the readjustment of capital account deficits. A potentially viable option is to adjust the current account by developing a new opening-up system featuring more freedom and compliance.展开更多
文摘Based on statistics, this paper reviews China＇s economic growth and industrial upgrade since the reform and opening up in 1978 and estimates the contribution of industrial restructuring to economic growth. With the years of schooling as the proxy variable of human capital, this paper describes changes in China＇s labor competence during the industrial restructuring process. Then, this paper estimates China＇s future human capital demand and shortage based on economic and demographic forecast. Lastly, this paper proposes recommendations for improving human capital in China with skills development and education.
文摘This paper describes a methodology for computation of reliability of members of fixed offshore platform structures, with respect to fatigue. Failure criteria were formulated using fracture mechanics principle. The problem is coined as a “first passage problem”. The method was illustrated through application to a typical plane frame structure. The fatigue reliability degradation curve established can be used for planning in-service inspection of offshore platforms. A very limited parametric study was carried out to obtain insight into the effect of important variables on the fatigue reliability.
基金Under the auspices of Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities (No. 2009SD-5)
文摘In recent years, great economic output of land has been achieved in economic-technological development areas in China, but the intensity of land use in some of these areas is very low. The degree of the low intensity of land use needs to be evaluated. The current method of comprehensive evaluation and grading by one index system has the limitations due to the existence of differences between regions and industries. This paper evaluates industrial land use intensity by Total Factor Productivity (TFP) analysis, which not only measures the intensity but also illustrates the ef-ficiency of input factors. This method is applied to the Beijing Economic-technological Development Area (BDA). A comparison analysis on factor use efficiency and input structure of capital and labor between industries is also carried out in the absence of a labor-income ratio.
文摘Using a theoretical model, this article concludes that age structures influence people＇s propensity to save and thereby influence their capital intensity. In the context that capital and labor are in a substitutional relation, increased capital intensity may lead to a drop of labor income share. We perform empirical research with provincial-level data from 1990 to 2007 and have proved that the rising of the old dependency ratio and the decrease of the children dependency rate both contribute to the fall of labor income share. This assumption still holds true after the authors control the influences of other potential factors that may influence labor income share
基金support of research grants from the National Key Technology R&D Program(Grant No.2006BAB15B02)the National Natural Science Fund of China(Grant No.40971062 and 404801051)
文摘Nowadays the rising of opportunity cost of farm labor comes to the forefront of attention in China. In order to understand its impact on agricultural land-use structure, a theoretical framework of household economics is formulated drawn on Low's model. Under the theoretical framework, the impact of the rising opportunity cost of on-farm on cropping structure is deduced in theory. And then, using statistic and survey data, taking mountain area of southern Ningxia as an example, the theoretical assumes are verified. The results show that the rise of opportunity cost of farm labor leads to less diversified cropping structure.
基金the funding of the Study of the Empirical Facts,Formation Mechanism and Coping Strategies of"Middle-Income Trap"of the National Social Science Fund
文摘This paper investigates the structural changes of China＇s rural surplus labor over time. According to our estimates, the number of agricultural surplus workers declined sharply by more than 90% between 2002 and 2010. During this period, explicit unemployment in rural areas increased by 70% to become the main form of surplus labor. Among rural surplus workers, the proportions of workers aged 40 and above, workers with primapy and lower education levels and female workers show a clear upward trend, reaching 72.3%, 48.11% and 56.99% respectively in 2010. These changes can explain the apparent paradox of concurrent surplus labor, rising wages and migrant worker shortage. These structural changes in the labor surplus makeup indicate that the Lewis Turning Point （L TP） has arrived.
文摘Fatigue stress measurement has been playing a significant role in the ship structural health monitoring and ship structural safety assessment. The PDF （probability density function） of the measured stress is one of the essentials for the further studyin this domain. This paper, based on the strain-stress data collected from a container ship, focuses on the spectrum feature of the ship structural fatigue stress. A general analysis procedure for ship hull health estimation was firstly demonstrated. With the guidance of this procedure, the estimation and test of the parameters for the PDF of the stress were conducted, which showed that the stress spectrums fit well with the Weibull distribution. To review the fatigue state, the PDF and distribution function of fatigue damage increment were further developed and examined. The structural healthy assessment of this vessel shown the daily relative fatigue damage increment obeys log-normal or Weibull distribution and the increment of the fatigue damage on steel box girders of the ship hull was very low. Finally, the analyzing results yielded that the girder structure of the ship hull had a very low failure probability, matching well with the actual relative low working load of the ship.
文摘The bow structure of FPSO moored by the single mooring system is rather complicated. There are many potential hot spots in connection parts of structures between the mooring support frame and the forecastle. Mooring forces, which are induced by wave excitation and transferred by the YOKE and the mooring support frame, may cause fatigue damage to the bow structure. Different from direct wave-in duced-forces, the mooring force consists of wave frequency force (WF) and 2nd dr aft low frequency force (LF) [3] , which are represented by two sets of short-term distribution respectively. Based on two sets of short-term distribution of moor ing forces obtained by the model test, the fatigue damage of the bow structure of FPSO is analyzed, with emphasis on two points. One is the procedure and position selection for fatigue check, and the other is the application of new formulae for the calculation of accumulative fatigue damage caused by two sets of short-term distribution of hot spot stress range. From the results distingui shed features of fatigue damage to the FPSO’s bow structure can be observed.
文摘This paper explains the root cause of China＇s trade surplus and argues that it is rooted in structural factors. China＇s dual economic structure and the relatively slow growth in wages due to the abundant supply of labor have led to a large supply glut between China＇s domestic demand and output, which has been balanced by export. This is a structural problem that cannot be solved by currency appreciation or the readjustment of capital account deficits. A potentially viable option is to adjust the current account by developing a new opening-up system featuring more freedom and compliance.
