“十三五”国家重点研发计划农田有毒有害化学/生物污染研究方向立项实施情况与成果产出分析

农田有毒有害化学/生物污染是国内外农业生态环境研究领域的新兴方向。本文结合国家重点研发计划组织管理工作,对“十三五”期间“农业面源和重金属污染农田综合防治与修复技术研发”重点专项中农田有毒有害化学/生物污染研究方向项目的申请受理、评审、立项实施等情况进行了回顾梳理,分析了成果产出并对标志性成果进行介绍,为未来我国农田有机和生物污染研究工作和相关科技计划规划布局提供参考借鉴。

MONITORING POLYNUCLEAR AROMATIC HYDROCARBONS IN SEDIMENT POREWATER BY SPMD

A new mimic biological Semi permeable Membrane Device (SPMD) introduced for sampling organic pollutants yielded satisfactory results when it was first used as a passive sampler to concentrate and determine 16 kinds of polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) by means of capillary GC on an HP 5890 GC FID in coastal sediment porewater. The concentration of PAHs in sediment porewater for naphthalene(N), acenaphthlene(AL), acenaphthene(AE), fluorene(F), phenaphthene(P), anthracene(A), fluoranthene(FA), pyrene(Py), benzoanthracene(BA), chrysene(Chr), benzofluor anthene(BF), benzofluoranthene(BF), benzopyrene(BP),indeno[1,2,3, cd] Pyrene(IP), dibenzanthracene(DA) and benzo perylene(BP) were: 50.36, under detection limits(UD), 18.19, 8.41, 8.40, 1.44, UD, 8.01, 524.15, 168.47, 50.13, 123.66, 63.48, 27.40, 82.04 and 58,81 ng/L, respectively.

Chemical Reaction Route Selection Based on Green Chemical Engineering

In the preliminary stage of chemical process design, the choice of chemical reaction route is the key design decision, and the concepts of atom utilization and environmental quotient have become extremely useful tools. However, the waste quality such as chemical toxicity and other engineering factors have not been taken into account. Therefore, a synthetic route selection index, Iroute, is proposed to determine the suitability of a chemical route in this paper. Iroute considers the effects of 'extended atom economy', material renewability, chemical characteristics and some engineering factors. The extended atom economy concept regards not only the value of the desired product but also the value of byproducts. The methodology by using Iroute to compare different routes is illustrated in case study of cyclohexanone oxime and acrylonitrile manufacture.

Tracing Changes in the Microbial Community of a Hydrocarbon-Polluted Soil by Culture-Dependent Proteomics

Hydrocarbon contamination may affect the soil microbial community, in terms of both diversity and function. A laboratory experiment was set-up, with a semi-arid control soil and the same soil but artificially contaminated with diesel oil, to follow changes in the dominant species of the microbial community in the hydrocarbon-polluted soil via proteomics. Analysis of the proteins extracted from enriched cultures growing in Luria-Bertani （LB） media showed a change in the microbial community. The majority of the proteins were related to gIycolysis pathways, structural or protein synthesis. The results showed a relative increase in the complexity of the soil microbial community with hydrocarbon contamination, especially after 15 days of incubation. Species such as Ralstonia solanacearum, Synechococcus elongatus and different Clostridium sp. were adapted to contamination, not appearing in the control soil, although Bacillus sp. dominated the growing in LB in any of the treatments. We conclude that the identification of microbial species in soil extracts by culture-dependent proteomics is able to partially explain the changes in the diversity of the soil microbial community in hydrocarbon polluted semi-arid soils, but this information is much more limited than that provided by molecular methods.

A Novel 3-D Nano-assembly Bacteria Based Biosensor for Enhanced Detection of Heavy Metal Pollutants

Nowadays, at a time of growing concern for sustainable development and compliance with environmental standards and legislation, the detection of heavy metal contaminants in environmental matrices represents a difficult but important task. The current major limitation lies in the poor detection limits of the targeted pollutant＇s trace concentrations by the available conventional techniques. In order to elaborate a novel ＂living＂ self assembled electrochemical 3-D biosensor, the authors propose a new concept to overcome this shortcoming. The advantages of the properties of polyelectrolyte-functionalized NBs （nanobeads） are combined along with the use of non covalently strongly bound micro-organisms. The designed 3-D biosensor is all the more promising as it has showed a significantly improved sensitivity. In fact, the detection limits of the tested heavy metals （cadmium and mercury） were as low as 1.0 × 10^-12 mol.L-1 and six to seven orders of magnitude lower than those provided by conventional 2-D biosensors. Furthermore, it is potentially applicable to a wide range of bioreceptor-pollutant detection systems.

Pharmacovigilance and Toxicovigilance Development in Dentistrv

Patient safety has become a priority for the health system, including dentistry. Several studies showed that health care meant to improve people＇s health is an important source of disease. Good clinical practices aim to maximize effectiveness and therapeutic compliance, minimize risks and costs, respecting the patient＇s choice from generic drugs, also from the moment of prescribing, the supervision of drug-related events must be taken into account, not only on the patient but also in the environment. Pharmacovigilance and pharmacoecovigilance have to be conceived as a clinical practice in dentistry. There is no established culture of drug induced reaction reports by dentists in Uruguay, and awareness of environmental care is incipient. The pharmacy of faculty of dentistry, （Universidad de la Repfiblica）, an institutional project that has been developed since 2006, is in a transformation process. The pharmacovigilance dentistry Node is in full development. The toxicovigilance and pharmacoecovigilance activities are recent. The general aim of this project was to establish the pbarmacovigilance, toxicovigilance and pharmacoecovigilance clinical practice in dentistry. The widespread use of cosmetic as toothpastes, or mouth rinses, drugs and dental materials, as well as exposure to chemical contaminants through the population＇s living habits and the environmental damage caused by drug wastes requires comprehensive and up-to-date information to establish rational strategies.

Impacts of climate change on the ecotoxicology of chemical contaminants in estuarine organisms

Global climate change effects will vary geographically, and effects on estuaries should be independently considered. This review of the impacts of climate change on the ecotoxicology of chemical contaminants aims to summarize responses that are specific to estuafine species. Estuarine organisms are uniquely adapted to large fluctuations in temperature, salinity, oxygen, and pH, and yet future changes in climate may make them more susceptible to chemical contaminants. Recent research has hig- hlighted the interactive effects of chemical and nonchemical stressors on chemical uptake, metabolism, and organism survival. Assessments have revealed that the nature of the interaction between climate variables and chemical pollution will depend on es- tuarine species and life stage, duration and timing of exposure, prior stressor exposure, and contaminant class. A need for further research to elucidate mechanisms of toxicity under different abiotic conditions and to incorporate climate change factors into toxicity testing was identified. These efforts will improve environmental risk assessment of chemical contaminants and manage- ment capabilities under changing climate conditions [Current Zoology 61 （4）： 641-652, 2015].

Forecasting the impacts of chemical pollution and climate change interactions on the health of wildlife

Global climate change is impacting organisms, biological communities and ecosystems around the world. While most research has focused on characterizing how the climate is changing, including modeling future climatic conditions and predicting the impacts of these conditions on biodiversity, it is also the case that climate change is altering the environmental impacts of chemical pollution. Future climate conditions are expected to influence both the worldwide distribution of chemicals and the toxi- cological consequences of chemical exposures to organisms. Many of the environmental changes associated with a warming global climate （e.g., increased average - and possibly extreme - temperatures; intense periods of drier and wetter conditions; reduced ocean pH; altered salinity dynamics in estuaries） have the potential to enhance organism susceptibility to chemical toxicity. Addi- tionally, chemical exposures themselves may impair the ability of organisms to cope with the changing environmental conditions of the shifting climate. Such reciprocity in the interactions between climate change and chemicals illustrates the complexity inherent in predicting the toxicological consequences of chemical exposures under future climate scenarios. Here, we summarize what is currently known about the potential reciprocal effects of climate change and chemical toxicity on wildlife, and depict current approaches and ongoing challenges for incorporating climate effects into chemical testing and assessment. Given the rapid pace of new man-made chemistries, the development of accurate and rapid methods to evaluate multiple chemical and non-chemical stressors in an ecologically relevant context will be critical to understanding toxic and endocrine-disrupting effects of chemical pollutants under future climate scenarios [Current Zoology 61 （4）： 669-689, 2015].