化学剂用量及注入时机对稠油驱油效果影响的实验研究

辽河油田龙618区块是一个常规稠油区块,针对该区块原油粘度高,常规注水开发效率低等问题,进行室内岩心实验,研究化学剂用量及注入时机对驱油效果的影响。结果表明:化学驱采出程度随化学剂用量(PV)增加而变大,当化学剂用量大于0.6 PV后,采出程度上升幅度变缓;水驱转注化学剂的时间越早,采收率越高。

Kinetic Study of Esterification of Lactic Acid with Isobutanol and n-Butanol Catalyzed by Ion-exchange Resins

The esterification reactions of lactic acid with isobutanol and n-butanol have been studied in the presence of acid ion-exchange resin Weblyst D009. The influences of catalyst loading, stirrer speed, catalyst particle size, initial reactant molar ratio and temperature on the reaction rate have been examined. Experimental kinetic data were correlated by using the pseudo-homogeneous, Langnluir-Hinshelwood and Eley-Rideal models. Nonideality of the liquid phase was taken into account by using activities instead of molar fractions. The activity coefficients were calculated according to the group contribution method UNIFAC. Provided that the nonideality of the liquid is taken into account, the esterification kinetics of lactic acid with isobutanol and n-butanol catalyzed by the acid ion-exchange resin can be described using all threemodels with reasonable errors.

Spring Wheat Disease and Yield Responses to Nitrogen Fertilization and Chemical Treatments

P. tritici-repentis, B. graminb and C. sativus are important diseases of spring wheat in Estonia. Field trials were carried out during 2006 and 2008 in JiSgeva PBI. Two kinds of treatments were used： Tl consisted of four different rates of basic fertilizer： NO = NOPOK0; N1 = N60P13K23, N2 = N 100P22K39; N3 = N140P31K54 kg ha^-1. T2 treatment consisted of same rates of basic fertilizers and in addition growth regulator, fungicides and leaf fertilizers. Seeds of the varieties ＂Monsun＂ and ＂Vinjett＂ were untreated. Results of the effects of fertilizers on the infections of fungal diseases on spring wheat monoculture revealed that test years had the biggest influence on infection intensity of B. graminis （REy = 50.7-59.2） in T1 and T2 and P. tritici-repentis in T2 （REy = 31.6）, whereas infection of C. sativus was more dependent on year in Tl （R2y = 37.3）. Yield correlated highly with a fertilizer rate and year. In the treatment T2, the yield depended more on weather conditions （REy = 40.7） and in T1, the yield was more dependent on fertilization rate （REF = 60.2）. We found TI to be more economic as the optimum N rate varied from N60 to N100 kg hat and the benefit in monetary terms raised from 297ε hal （＂Monsun＂ 2007） to 9056 hal （＂Vinjett＂ 2008）. In T2, N rate 60 kg ha^-1 raised the monetary benefit from 806 ha^-1 （＂Monsun＂ 2007） to 731ε ha^-1 （＂Vinjett＂ 2008）. The highest economic profit was gained by using low rates of fertilizer for ＂Monsun＂ and the highest rates of fertilizer for ＂Vinjett＂.

Kinetics of Treated Domestic Sewage Disinfection through Catalytic Oxidation with H2O2

The inactivation of bacterial cells through catalyzed oxidation using hydrogen peroxide as the primary oxidant agent is dependent on a series of factors, such as the concentration of the catalyst, the rate of hydroxyl radical formation in the controlled decomposition of the oxidant agent, and the concentration and toxicity of hydrogen peroxide. The objective of this study was to develop a mathematical model able to predict the kinetics of the inactivation Escherichia coli and total coliforms cells present in treated domestic sewage through catalytic peroxidation. The catalyst used was iron oxide supported on mineral coal （called CP）, and the effects of the operational conditions, including hydrogen peroxide concentration and dosage of catalyst, were evaluated. The results showed that the disinfection kinetics of the treated domestic sewage is dependent on the concentrations of hydrogen peroxide and catalyst dosage. The kinetic model was shown to be able to predict the behavior of the inactivation kinetics of the bacterium Escherichia coli ATCC-25922 when different concentrations of hydrogen peroxide （75 and 100 mg·L^-1） were used, regardless of the catalyst dosage.

Effects of two medicinal plants Psidium guajava L. (Myrtaceae) and Diospyros mespiliformis L. (Ebenaceae) leaf extracts on rat skeletal muscle cells in primary culture

Crude decoction, aqueous and ethanolic extracts of two medicinal plants （Psidiura guajava and Diospyros raespiliformis）, widely used in the central plateau of Burkina Faso to treat many diseases were evaluated for their antagonistic effects on caffeine induced calcium release from sarcoplasmic reticulum of rat skeletal muscle cells. These different extracts showed a decrease of caffeine induced calcium release in a dose dependent manner. Comparison of the results showed that Psidiura guajava leaf extracts are more active than extracts of Diospyros mespiliformis and that crude decoctions show better inhibitory activity. The observed results could explaine their use as antihypertensive and antidiarrhoeal agents in traditional medicine, by inhibiting intracellular calcium release.

Technology and kinetics of free fatty acids esterification in tung oil

We studied the esterification of free fatty acids （FFA） in tung oil with methanol by using activated carbon treated with sulfuric acid as a catalyst, and investigated the effect of different temperatures, methanol/oil mole ratio and catalyst amount on the conversion of FFA. Results show that the optimal reaction condition is when the reaction time is 2 h, the mass fraction of the catalyst to total material is 5%, the molar ratio of menthol to FFA is 15 ： 1, and the reaction temperature is 368.15 K. We also investigated the kinetics of estefification at various temperatures. Results indicate that the rate-control step could be attributed to the surface reaction, and within the range of the experimental conditions, the as-calculated kinetics formula can depict the esterification processes well.