中国北方滨海湿地退化研究综述

中国北方沿海有入海河口湿地、三角洲湿地、粉砂淤泥质海岸湿地、海湾湿地、砂质海岸湿地、沉积岛屿滩涂湿地和滨海泻湖湿地等类型的滨海湿地约182.33×104hm2。由于受到海岸侵蚀、海面上升、风暴潮、入海河流断流和输沙量减少、气候变化等自然因素和围垦、城市和港口建设、污染、海岸带油气资源开发、在入海河流上中游建设水库拦蓄径流和泥沙等人为因素的影响,中国北方的滨海湿地发生了严重的退化。中国北方滨海湿地的退化表现在物理、化学和生物3个方面。其中物理方面表现为自然湿地面积减小、人工湿地面积增大、湿地景观格局破碎化等,化学方面表现为湿地温室气体排放增加、水体富营养化、潮下带近海湿地赤潮灾害增强、湿地底质和渔获物污染、湿地土壤含盐量变化等,生物方面表现为湿地生物多样性水平下降、自然湿地净初级生产力降低、潮间带滩涂湿地和潮下带近海湿地渔获量减小、自然湿地植被退化演替等。

浅谈一氧化氮在化学和生物方面的作用

本文在一氧化氮结构和性质的基础上,概况和说明了其化学和生物方面的作用,强调其作用中的益处和危害。

浅析模式识别在食品质量控制中的应用

本文具体的介绍了模式的识别在食品的质量控制研究中一般常用的化学模式的一些基本的原理，并且具体介绍了模式识别结合了红外光谱、原子的吸收、原子的发射、气相色谱、液相色谱、质谱、电子鼻的传感器等在食品的质量控制中的检测技术中的一些应用。还要对化学方面的计量学在识别食品质量控制中的一些应用前景做出了展望。

Scaling and Removal of Calcium. Carbonate on Electroless Plating Surface

The scaling process of calcium carbonate on a low-energy heat transfer surface－electroless plating surface was investigated in a simulated cooling water system. Owing to the very low surface energy, the electroless plating surface exhibited less scaling susceptibility. A longer induction period and a lower scaling rate were obtained on the low-energy surface compared to copper surface under identical conditions. The calcite particles obtained on the electroless plating surface during the induction period were larger in size than those on copper surface because fewer crystals formed and grew at the same time on the low-energy surface. With increasing surface temperature, the induction period reduced and the scaling rate increased for the low-energy surface. When initial surface temperature was fixed, an increase in fluid velocity would reduce the induction period and increase the scaling rate due to the diffusion effect. However, when the heat flux was fixed, an increase in fluid velocity would decrease the surfacetemperature, and lead to a longer induction period and a lower scaling rate. The removal experiments of calcium carbonate scale indicated that during post induction period, the detachment was not obvious, while during the induction period, apparent removal of crystal particles was obtained on the electroless plating surface owing to the weak adhesion force. The more frequently the transient high hydrodynamic force acted, the more the detached crystal particles were.

Influence of surface etching pretreatment on PEO process of eutectic Al–Si alloy

To solve the problems generally encountered during the plasma electrolytic oxidation(PEO) of Al alloys with high Si content, a pretreatment of chemical etching was applied before the process. The influence of such pretreatment was studied by SEM, EDS and XRD. The pretreatment presents a significant effect on positive voltage at the beginning stage of PEO, leading to higher voltage over the whole process. The difference between the positive voltages of non-etched and etched specimens decreases gradually with the increase of processing time. The pretreatment exhibits much less influence on the negative voltage. For the sample with surface pretreatment, the average growth rate of PEO coating is increased from 0.50 to 0.84 μm·min-1and the energy consumption is decreased from 6.30 to 4.36 k W·h·μm-1·m-2. At the same time, both mullite and amorphous Si O2 contents are decreased in the coating.

High-quality and deeply excavated PtPdNi nanocubes as efficient catalysts toward oxygen reduction reaction

The oxygen reduction reaction(ORR)on the cathode of a polymer electrolyte fuel cell requires the use of a catalyst based on Pt,one of the most expensive metals on the earth.A number of strategies,including optimization of a different metal into the core,have been investigated to enhance the activity of a Pt-based catalyst and thus reduce the loading of Pt.By dedicating to compounding high catalytic activity Pt_(2.7)Pd_(0.3)Ni concave cubic with high index crystal face,the paper shows that concave structures can offer more active site and high level of catalytic activity and if mixed with other metal,decrease the proportion of Pt and improve its mass activity.The paper also makes an exploration into the theory and conditions behind the formation of Pt_(2.7)Pd_(0.3)Ni concave cubic structure,and investigates the difference it demonstrates by modifying the reactive conditions.The results of the oxygen reduction performance of the electrochemical test are as follows:the concave cube-shaped Pt-Pd-Ni catalyst has a mass activity of 1.28 A mg_(Pt)^(–1) at 0.9 V,its highest mass activity is 8.20 times that of commercial Pt/C,and its specific activity is 8.68 times of that commercial Pt/C.And the Pt-Pd-Ni ternary nanocage has excellent structural invariance.After the stability test,there is no obvious structural change and performance degradation in the nanostructure.

High Temperature Seedless Synthesis of Au NRs Using BDAC/CTAB Co-surfactant

Au nanorods have been successfully synthesized at 90 ℃ by using hexadecyltrimethylammonium bromide （CTAB） and benzyldimethylammoniumchloride hydrate （BDAC） co-surfactant. At 90 ℃, the reaction time was less than 10 s, and the longitudinal surface plasmon absorption band could vary between 680 and 770 nm by adjusting the molar ratio of BDAC to CTAB from 2 to 0.5. At 90 ℃, nanorods with a longitudinal surface plasmon absorption peak of 770 nm can be obtained when the molar ratio of BDAC to CTAB was 3：2.

Tuning microstructure and surface chemistry of reduced graphene oxide by mild reduction

Reduced graphene oxide(RGO) sheets with varied contents and types of oxygenated groups were synthesized by Hummers treatment of natural graphite powders followed by different nontoxic and mild reduction methods, which include thermal and chemical reduction with ethylene glycol, KOH and Fe powder. The changes in microstructure and surface chemistry of RGOs were extensively characterized by SEM, TEM, AFM, XRD, XPS and Raman spectrum. The results show that significant exfoliation occurs during oxidation and is retained in reduction processes, along with the formation of curled wavy morphology. Compared with large d spacing(0.852 nm) of graphene oxide(GO), the(002) plane distance decreases to 0.358-0.384 nm of RGOs, indicating efficient tuning of surface functionalities through mild reduction methods. The ID/IG ratio of RGOs is about 1.0-1.15, indicating that reconstructed sp^2 domains have smaller sizes and larger quantity. The content of sp^2 bonded C in GO(36.93%, molar fraction) increases to 45.48%-72.92%(molar fraction) in RGOs, along with a drastic decrease in hydroxyl and epoxy and minor changes in carbonyl and carboxyl. Thermal reduction or chemical reduction produces RGOs with residual functionalities, which may render different chemical activity and is desirable in various applications.

Evolution of surface of Pd-Rh bimetallic nanocubes and its correlation with CO oxidation

Typically, varying pretreatment conditions probably results in the different catalytic performances for the bimetallic catalysts, and this originates from the surface evolution of catalysts during catalytic process. Hence, it is crucial to correlate surface chemistry(e.g., composition, chemical valence, etc.) of bimetallic nanocatalysts with their corresponding performances upon different pretreatments for the fundamental understanding of catalysis. Herein, compositionvaried(100) facet terminated Pd-Rh nanocubes(NCs) with the similar shape and sizes were prepared by a facile one-pot hydrothermal method to exclude the possible size and shape effect. Surface composition and valence state of these Pd0.8 Rh0.2, Pd0.6 Rh0.4, and Pd0.2 Rh0.8 NCs were tracked under different reaction conditions and during catalysis using a homebuilt ambient pressure X-ray photoelectron spectrometer(APXPS). The correlation of active surface of Pd-Rh NCs and their corresponding catalytic performance was established.

Electrochemical methods for the characterization and interfacial study of dye-sensitized solar cell

Dye-sensitized solar cell （DSSC） is one of the most rapidly developed solar cells in the past 20 years. Many characterization methods have been employed for further understanding the operational details of the photo- electric conversion in DSSC as well as the evaluation of cell performance. Electrochemical methods have become pow- erful tools for studying the charge transfer and interfacial process. In this review, we introduce and explain the various electrochemical methods used to characterize and analyze DSSC, including current-voltage （I-V） scan measurement, cyclic voltammetry, electrochemical impedance spec- troscopy, intensity-modulated photocurrent spectroscopy, and intensity-modulated photovoltage spectroscopy. In ad- dition, some applications were provided as samples to elucidate electron transfer kinetics, energy levels and electrocatalytic activity of the materials used in DSSC.

Development and test of a multifactorial parameterization scheme of land surface aerodynamic roughness length for flat land surfaces with short vegetation

Aerodynamic roughness length is an important physical parameter in atmospheric numerical models and microme- teorological calculations, the accuracy of which can affect numerical model performance and the level of micrometeorological computations. Many factors influence the aerodynamic roughness length, but formulas for its parameterization often only con- sider the action of a single factor. This limits their adaptive capacity and often introduces considerable errors in the estimation of land surface momentum flux （friction velocity）. In this study, based on research into the parameterization relations between aerodynamic roughness length and influencing factors such as windrow conditions, thermodynamic characteristics of the sur- face layer, natural rhythm of vegetation growth, ecological effects of interannual fluctuations of precipitation, and vegetation type, an aerodynamic roughness length parameterization scheme was established. This considers almost all the factors that af- fect aerodynamic roughness length on flat land surfaces with short vegetation. Furthermore, using many years＇ data recorded at the Semi-Arid Climate and Environment Observatory of Lanzhou University, a comparative analysis of the application of the proposed parameterization scheme and other experimental schemes was performed. It was found that the error in the friction velocity estimated by the proposed parameterization scheme was considerably less than that estimated using a constant aero- dynamic roughness length and by the other parameterization schemes. Compared with the friction velocity estimated using a constant aerodynamic roughness length, the correlation coefficient with the observed friction velocity increased from 0.752 to 0.937, and the standard deviation and deviation decreased by about 20% and 80%, respectively. Its mean value differed from the observed value by only 0.004 m s-l and the relative error was only about 1.6%, which indicates a significant decrease in the estimation error of surface-layer momentum flux. The test results show that the multifactorial universal parameterization scheme of aerodynamic roughness length for flat land surfaces with short vegetation can offer a more scientific parameteriza- tion scheme for numerical atmospheric models.

Revisiting H/Pt(111) by a combined experimental study of the H-D exchange reaction and first-principles calculations

We report a detailed investigation of the behavior of chemisorbed hydrogen atoms (Ha) on Pt(111) by a combination of an ex-perimental study of the Ha + Da reaction and first-principles calculations. The coverage-dependent adsorption and desorption behavior of Ha and Da on Pt(111) have been systematically established and can be well interpreted in terms of repulsive inter-actions between adsorbates. Ha adsorbs exclusively on the face-centered cubic (fcc) sites of Pt(111) at coverages not exceeding 1 monolayer (ML). With increasing Ha coverage,repulsive interactions between Ha increase,leading to a reduction in both the adsorption energy and the desorption activation energy. It is proposed that the lateral interactions within a Ha layer are partly induced by the local repulsive interactions due to high mobility of Ha on Pt(111). For the Ha + Da exchange reaction on Pt(111),it is found that Ha has a higher selectivity for HD formation than Da. Considering that Ha diffuses much faster than Da on Pt(111),we propose that the difference in diffusion rates between Ha and Da may determine the selectivity of Ha and Da in forming HD in the Ha + Da reaction on Pt(111).