磷肥有机替代、秸秆还田对土壤化学性质和棉花产量及其构成的影响

新疆有机肥资源丰富,探索磷肥有机替代、秸秆还田的外源肥料投入对土壤化学变化、棉花产量及其构成的影响,为深入了解当前棉田肥力和确定棉花减磷增效的技术服务着力点提供参考依据。经国家灰漠土肥力与肥料效益监测基地5年田间微区定位试验,在膜下滴灌条件下设置7个施肥处理,T1:不施肥,T2:不施磷,T3:常规施化肥磷100%,T4:有机肥磷替代25%化肥磷,T5:有机肥磷替代50%化肥磷,T6:化肥磷100%+25%有机肥磷,T7:化肥磷100%+秸秆还田。于2022年采集土壤样品,探明不同比例磷肥有机替代、秸秆还田对土壤化学性质、磷素有效性特征和棉花产量及其构成的影响。研究结果表明:(1)在外源肥料投入量(有机肥和化肥)均为等氮磷用量的条件下,磷肥有机替代、秸秆还田有利于加速土壤养分转化,增加土壤速效养分、全量养分含量。速效氮、有效磷、速效钾含量增幅分别在3.0%~25.3%、29.2%~120.1%、70.1%~99.1%之间,各速效养分含量依次与外源肥料投入后增量最高的T6、T5、T5处理相比,年均分别增长3.12、1.69、30.75 mg·kg^(-1)。全氮、全磷、全钾含量增幅分别在21.1%~43.9%、1.59%~41.3%、9.3%~33.6%之间,各全量养分含量依次与外源肥料投入后增量最高的T6、T6、T5处理相比,年均分别增长0.04、0.05、1.36 g·kg^(-1)。整体上有机替代、增施有机肥和秸秆还田对促进土壤养分的转化效果比单施化肥好,且长期施用有机肥的效应优于秸秆还田。(2)耕层土壤有机质含量随有机肥替代量的增加而增加,50%的有机替代其有机质含量显著最高(12.21 g·kg^(-1)),年均增长0.4 g·kg^(-1),最小增量T1~T2与最大增量T1~T5相比,增加1.04~3.44 g·kg^(-1),增幅为11.86%~39.22%,总体表现为正效应。相对较高的土壤pH和盐含量是限制棉花高效生产的主要因素,有机肥和秸秆还田对土壤pH和含盐量整体起到降低的作用,最大降幅pH的T1与T5、盐含量T5与T3相比分别下降3.07%、24.48%,总体表现为负效应。配施有机肥和秸秆还田增强了土壤供氮能力和磷素活化能力,土壤磷活化系数从1.52%提升到2.78%。由于受新疆石灰性土壤自然特性及气候条件限制,综合C/N、C/P、N/P表明,灰漠土有机质处于缺乏状态。(3)磷肥有机替代和秸秆还田均能够维持或促进棉花增产,在密度为24万株·hm^(-2)的试验种植模式下,连续5年常规施肥、25%的有机替代、50%的有机替代、增施有机肥、秸秆还田其籽棉产量分别达4173.13、4196.72、4805.10、5035.51、4830.98 kg·hm^(-2),综合土壤养分指标、肥料投入、棉花产量分析,50%的有机替代在节约磷肥用量的前提下对棉花增产效果最佳,与T1、T2、T3相比,分别显著增产20.49%、18.62%、15.14%。因此,研究认为当下应用50%的有机替代技术,即施磷(P_(2)O_(5))60 kg·hm^(-2)和配施羊粪9784 kg·hm^(-2),较为可行。

Effect of Excess Fertilizer Phosphorus on Some Chemical Properties of Paddy Soil Derived from Red Soil and Its Relation to Rice Growth

A field experiment with an early rice-late rice rotation was carried out on a paddy soil derived from red soil in the southern part of Zhejiang Province to elucidate the effect of excess P application on some important characteristics of soil properies and its relation to nutrient status and grain yields of rice crops.The experimental results indicated that adequate fertilizer P (15 kg P hm-2) could increase the content of soil available P at the tillering stage of early rice, the contents of N, P and K in the shoots of early rice at primary growth stages, and the grain yield of early rice by increasing valid ears per hectare and weight per thousand grains, which was mainly related to the higher contents of reduced, non-reduced and total sugar in the shoots at the heading stage. And early rice supplied with excessive P could not yield more than that applied with adequate P, due to the reduction in the valid grain percentage and weight per thousand grains.In addition, onestime excess P supply at a rate as high as 90 kg P hm-2 could not improve the soil P fertility in case the soil available P content was lower than the initial (3.74 mg kg-1 soil) after an early rice-late rice rotation, and made a decline in the grain yield increased by per kilogram fertilizer P. Thus, one-time excess P supply should not be adopted for soils with a large P fixation capacity like the paddy soils derived from red soils.

Crop Yield,N Uptake and Nitrates in a Fluvo-Aquic Soil Profile

The effects of different chemical fertilizer combinations (N, P and K) oncrop yield, N uptake and nitrate distribution and accumulation to a depth of 100 cm were studied ina cinnamon fluvo-aquic soil profile (Beijing) with a continuous winter wheat-summer maize croppingsystem for nine years. The experiment consisted of 7 treatments: no fertilizer control (CK); Nalone, N in combination with K (NK), P (NP), and P and K (NPK and N1PK); and P and K in combinationwithout N (PK). The rate of N was 150 kg ha^(-1) for the N treatments except Treatment N1PK withhigher N rate (195 kg ha^(-1)), and the rates of P (P_2O_5) and K (K2O) were 75 and 37.5 kg ha^(-1),respectively. The applications of N combined with P and K (NK, NP and NPK) resulted in higher cropyields than a single application of N. The yields followed the order: NPK > NP > N1PK > PK > NK > N> CK for winter wheat, and NPK > N1PK > NP > NK > N > PK > CK for summer maize. Supplement of N withP or K, or both P and K resulted in a higher average N uptake of the two crops, which was in adecreasing order NPK > NP > N1PK > NK > N > PK > CK. The combinations also increased apparent Nrecovery more than N alone and CK. The nitrate content in the profile was thus reduced more in thecombination treatments. The nitrate accumulation in the soil profiles followed the order: N > NK >N1PK > NPK > NP > CK > PK. Higher N uptake by the adequately fertilized crops (Treatment NPK)reduced nitrate accumulation in the profile and thus reduced nitrate leaching. The optimum N:P:Kratio was thus of paramount importance in increasing yields and N uptake of crops and reducingnitrate leaching losses.