纳米酶与生命起源

纳米酶是中国科学家发现的纳米材料的全新特性,其不仅具有类似天然酶的高催化活性,还呈现稳定性高、活性可调以及低温催化等特点。纳米酶的发现首次揭示了无机纳米材料的生物催化活性。而无机矿物也被认为是生命起源重要催化剂,参与早期生物分子的合成。无机矿物不仅能够通过氧化还原反应促进无机小分子向有机小分子的转化,还能够利用其表面结构实现手性选择、生物大分子合成以及发挥辐射保护功能。最新研究表明,无机纳米材料不仅可以温和催化生物分子合成,也能够参与生物大分子的聚合和辐射保护。不仅如此,纳米矿物也被发现广泛存在于地球和地外空间中。因此,本文将基于无机矿物在生命起源中的不同作用,结合纳米酶的特性,探讨纳米酶作为生命起源过程催化剂的可能,为生命起源研究提供新的方向。

“生命起源化学之父”——米勒

米勒是生命起源化学领域多年的权威．他的实验（1953年）几乎在一夜之间转变了生命起源的研究，将其带入到一个值得期望的研究领域。

南京汤泉地下热水化学特征及其指示意义

为确定南京汤泉地区地下热水补给来源,本次对比分析了区内20组不同水样的水化学、氘氧同位素及锶同位素比值的特征。结果表明,汤泉地下热水水化学类型为SO 4-Ca型,热储温度为63~75℃;δD、δ18 O值分别为-42.89‰^-53.21‰、-7.11‰^-8.40‰,均位于当地大气降水线附近,指示其补给来源为雨水,补给高程为321~539 m;Sr同位素比值87 Sr/86 Sr为0.708876~0.709299,表现为碳酸盐岩溶滤水特性。研究认为,地下热水的来源为碳酸盐岩岩溶出露区的大气降水补给,并主要流经碳酸盐岩地层,与浅层冷水和地表水水力联系微弱。

生命的起源

科学是革命的火车头，科学技术是第一生产力．因此，科教兴国是一项基本国策，实施科教兴国战略，关键是人才，而培养人才，关键是教师．可见，向高等师范院校的学生讲授现代科技知识，具有重要的现实意义．四平师范学院在院长宗占国教授的主持下，在全院学生中开展现代科学技术专题系列讲座，已引起广大学生的浓厚兴趣，收到很好的效果．《松辽学刊》编辑部注意到这一活动的深刻影响和作用，为推动这一活动的深入展开，我刊决定增设现代科学技术专题讲座专栏。

关于生命的起源

本文通过“宇宙来源说”和“地球化学起源说”等各种观点,论述了生命的起源的问题.无论是“宇宙来源说”还是“地球化学起源说”关于原始生命的诞生,都必须经过地表化途经实现,由原始生命经过漫长的演化形成现代生命.

Geochemistry of the Palaeo–Mesoproterozoic Tadpatri shales,Cuddapah basin, India: implications on provenance,paleoweathering and paleoredox conditions

The Palaeo–Mesoproterozoic Tadapatri formation of the Cuddapah basin is comprised of clastic sedimentary rocks with minor carbonates and mafic–ultramafic sill bodies. Geochemistry of the shale is used to study the provenance, paleoweathering and paleoredox conditions of this Tadpatri formation in order to better understand the development of the Cuddapah basin during Palaeo–Mesoproterozoic time. The higher CIA(average 74.39), PIA(average 85.94) and CIW(average 87.59) values of the Tadpatri shales suggest intensely weathered sources.Higher Al2_ O_3/TiO_2(average 30.78) and LREE/HREE ratio(average 8.80) with negative europium anomaly indicate derivation of the clastic sediments from a felsic source rock. The geochemical parameters like U, U/Th, Cu/Zn,Ni/Co, V/Cr ratios reveal that the Tadpatri shales are mainly deposited in an oxic condition.

Synthetic and biological studies on a cyclopolypeptide of plant origin

Objective:A natural cyclic peptide previously isolated from Citrus medica was synthesized by coupling of tetrapep-tide units Boc-Leu-Pro-Trp-Leu-OMe and Boc-Ile-Ala-Ala-Gly-OMe after proper deprotection at carboxyl and amino terminals followed by cyclization of linear octapeptide segment. Methods:Solution phase technique was adopted for the synthesis of cyclooctapeptide-sarcodactylamide. Required tetrapeptide units were prepared by coupling of Boc-protected dipeptides viz. Boc-Leu-Pro-OH and Boc-Ile-Ala-OH with respective dipeptide methyl esters Trp-Leu-OMe and Ala-Gly-OMe. Cyclization of linear octapeptide unit was done by p-nitrophenyl ester method. The structure of synthesized cyclopolypeptide was elucidated by FTIR,1H NMR,13C NMR,FABMS spectral data and elemental analysis. The newly synthesized peptide was evaluated for dif-ferent pharmacological activities including antimicrobial,anthelmintic and cytotoxic activities. Results:Synthesis of sarcodac-tylamide was accomplished with >78% yield utilizing dicyclohexylcarbodiimide(DCC) as coupling agent. Newly synthesized peptide possessed potent cytotoxic activity against Dalton's lymphoma ascites(DLA) and Ehrlich's ascites carcinoma(EAC) cell lines,in addition to moderate anthelmintic activity against earthworms Megascoplex konkanensis,Pontoscotex corethruses and Eudrilus sp. Moreover,cyclopolypeptide displayed good antimicrobial activity against pathogenic fungi Candida albicans and Gram-negative bacteria Pseudomonas aeruginosa,in comparison to standard drugs griseofulvin and ciprofloxacin. Conclusion:Solution phase technique employing DCC and triethylamine(TEA) as base proved to be effective for the synthesis of natural cyclooctapeptide. N-methyl morpholine(NMM) was found to be a better base for the cyclization of linear octapeptide unit in comparison to TEA and pyridine.

Histological origin of pseudomyxoma peritonei in Chinese women:Clinicopathology and

AIM： To investigate the myxoma peritonei （PMP） histological origin of pseudo- n Chinese women. METHODS： The clinical and pathological data were reviewed for 35 women with PMP, and specimens of the peritoneal, appendiceal and ovarian lesions of each patient were examined using the PV-6000 immunohistochemistry method. Antibodies included cytokeratin （CK）7, CK20, mucin （MUC）-1, MUC-2, carbohydrate antigen （CA）-125, estrogen receptor （ER）, and progesterone receptor （PR）. RESULTS： Abundant colloidal mucinous tumors were observed in the peritoneum in all 35 cases. Thirty-one patients had a history of appendectomy, 28 of whom had mucinous lesions. There was one patient with appendicitis, one whose appendix showed no apparent pathological changes, and one with unknown surgical pathology. Ovarian mucinous tumors were found in 24 patients. The tumors were bilateral in 13 patients, on the right-side in nine, and on the left side in two. Twenty patients had combined appendiceal and ovarian lesions; 16 of whom had undergone initial surgery for appendiceal lesions. Four patients had undergone initial surgery for ovarian lesions, and relapse occurred in these patients at 1, 11, 32 and 85 mo after initial surgery. Appendi-ceal mucinous tumors were found in each of these four patients. Thirty-three of the 35 patients showed peritoneal lesions that were positive for CK20 and MUC-2, but negative for CK7, MUC-1, CA125, ER and PR. The expression patterns in the appendix and the ovary were similar to those of the peritoneal lesions. In one of the remaining two cases, CK20, CK7 and MUC-2 were positive, and MUC-1, CA125, ER and PR were negative. The ovaries were not resected. The appendix of one patient was removed at another hospital, and no specimen was evaluated. In the other case, the appendix appeared to be normal during surgery, and was not resected. Peritoneal and ovarian lesions were negative for CK20, MUC-2, CK7, MUC-1, CA125, ER and PR. CONCLUSION： Most PMP originated from the appendix. Among women with PMP, the ovarian tumors were implanted rather than primary. For patients with PMP, appendectomy should be performed routinely. The ovaries, especially the right ovaries should be explored.

Petrography,geochemistry and provenance of the sediments of the Early Cretaceous Yanguoxia Formation,Lanzhou-Minhe Basin,Northwest China

Lanzhou-Minhe Basin is situated on the middle Qilian orogenic belt. Yanguoxia Formation contains abundance of maroon siltstones, mudstones and red sandstones of the lake facies. These sedimentary rocks recorded the process of the tectonic uplift of Qilian Mountains during the Early Cretaceous. We discovered plentiful dinosaur footprints, worm burrows, bird footprints, worm tracks-trails, ripple marks and cross lamination in the Yanguoxia site. Integrated petrographic studies classified sandstones of Yanguoxia Formation as feldspathic litharenite. All plots in the QFL(Q or Qt, total quartz; F, feldspar; L, lithic grains) and Qm FLt(Qm, monocrystalline quartz; Lt, lithic grains plus polycrystalline quartz) diagrams fall in the recycled orogen provenance field and quartzose recycled field, respectively, implying the source occurred the tectonic activity. Furthermore, geochemical study indicates that the Yanguoxia standstone was formed in an unstable continental setting due to the northwards movement of Indian Plate triggered the collision between the Qilian fold belt and the Qinlingfold belt. These sediments were derived from a mixed source and then deposited in the Lanzhou-Minhe Basin. Most of the felsic components were derived from the granitoid rocks of the Qilian Mountains due to the rapid and intense uplift during the Early Cretaceous while the mafic components were contributed by the basic and ultrabasic rocks of the rapidly rising ophiolite in the Qilian Mountain area. Bivariant log-log plot of Qp/(F+L)(Qp, polycrystalline quartz) against Q/(F+L) shows that Yanguoxia Formation was deposited in the semihumid and semi-arid. Moreover, the pollen also exhibits that the environmental condition during the deposition of Yanguoxia Formation was warm and wet, which affirm such environment was benefit to dinosaur survival. Geochemical study also infers that the Yanguoxia Formation was deposited under the oxidizing condition in a shallow marine environment. The minerals identified from the X-ray diffraction(XRD) analysis of shale and siltstone samples are 4.74%-33.53% clays, 23.45%-41.70% carbonates and 33.99%-71.81% quartz, respectively, which infer that depositional conditions remained uniform during the formation of shales or siltstones of Yanguoxia Formation.

两亲分子组装介导的化学反应及相关生命起源化学

化学反应会受其所处微环境影响,因此不同分子间相互作用对反应进程的调控不容忽视。水溶液作为优良的反应介质,其应用常受到反应物溶解性差的限制。在水溶液中引入胶束或囊泡等两亲分子组装,可在一定程度上克服这种不足。这些均匀分散的动态组装,提供了有别于本体水溶液的微环境,以非共价的方式,将单体结合到其极性表面或疏水内核。通过加速特定的化学反应,并改变反应路径,这些超分子组装最终可提高目标产物的产量,达到与酶类似的催化效果。除实际应用外,这一概念或许也适用于生命起源相关的基础研究:早期地球可能存在包括氨基酸前体或磷脂前体在内的两亲分子组装,它们可能在生命起源化学中加速和指导化学反应。为详细阐明这一概念,本文综述了一些两亲分子组装介导化学反应的经典案例,具体包括水解反应、有机合成和共轭聚合物的合成等,最后对相关生命起源研究进行了讨论与展望。

Carob Origin Classification by FTIR Spectroscopy and Chemometrics

The goal of this study was to use Fourier transform mid-infrared （FTIR） spectroscopy for discrimination of samples of pods and seeds of carob from three Moroccan regions. The origin of samples Pods and seeds of carob could be distinguished from their IR spectra and this measurement was used for discriminate analysis. A multivariate analysis procedure based on the combined use of Hierarchical Cluster Aanalysis （HCA） and Partial Least Squares-Discriminant Analysis （PLS-DA） was tested and provided good classification results. Three distinctive clusters were recognised, related to the three Moroccan regions. Afterwards, PLS-DA was used for the discrimination and classification of the origin of the various Pods and seeds of carob samples. The results demonstrated that the combined use of FTIR and chemometric analysis （cluster analysis and discrimination by PLS- DA） can be used to rapidly and simply determine the origin of carob pulpe samples.

The First Push of the Universe and Origin of Life

Everything in the universe occurs spontaneously. The first push of the universe signifies the capabilities of the universe in automatic movement, automatic reaction and change, automatic generation and development, automatic cognition and thinking, automatic organization, autonomous behavior and automatic control. Diverse substances, objects, thinking and life entities in the universe are all at automatic movement and change. There are 4 automatic reactions within the physical system： chemical reaction, nuclear fusion reactions, quark confinement reaction and weak interaction. Correspondingly, there are 4 similar reactions in organisms. The life entities include the life universe, organisms, human being, societies and artifacts. The automatic dynamic system exists within the life entities which has automatic cognition and thinking abilities. 4-season movement of life happens automatically. The automatic control of life movement includes 4-season control and thinking control whilst the later is an active type. The life universe forms under the automatic organization of the universe thinking. The social life entities are an active control system of thinking. The society has 5 automatic dynamic systems. The society is a life entity that automatically generates under the control and organization of thinking. The artifacts and the future artificial life are formed under the automatic organization and fabrication of human beings under the control of thinking. The earth is a life entity capable of making various biological molecules and 4-season mechanisms of organisms. The organism is created gradually during 4-season movement of earth and solar system.

雄安新区地热水化学特征及其指示意义

地热流体水文地球化学研究是认识地热资源形成机制、赋存环境以及循环机理的有效手段.以我国华北平原典型的中低温地热系统——河北雄安新区为研究对象,基于不同热储层和浅层地下冷水的水化学及同位素特征,探讨地热流体中主要组分的地球化学起源,评估深部地热流体的热储温度,指示地热系统的深部热源及其成因机制.大气降水入渗、热储高温条件下的流体-岩石相互作用是雄安新区地热流体中主要组分的物质来源,其中深层雾迷山组地热水中部分组分可能源于古沉积水蒸发浓缩过程中形成的蒸发岩盐的溶滤.雾迷山组地热水适宜利用Ca-Mg温标和石英温标计算其热储温度,温度范围为76.4~90.6℃,馆陶组地热水运用石英温标更为合理,热储温度为66.2~71.3℃.雄安新区地热异常是深部放射性元素衰变热在特定的大地构造背景下聚集而形成.

地球上生命的起源

教学设计教学指导思想和理论依据《义务教育生物学课程标准》指出:生物学课程既要让学生获得基础的生物学知识,又要让学生领悟生物学家在研究过程中所持有的观点以及解决问题的思路和方法。

磷酰化氨基酸是生命起源的“种子”

中国科学院院士、清华大学赵玉芬教授等在向(国际)纪念奥巴林100周年大会所做的《生命化学的基本构件?报告中指出:我国首次发现并证明磷酰化氨基酸作为最小的。

Artificial enzymes,cancer chemotherapy,conjugation and nanoelectronics,and prebiotic chemistry

This is a summary,with extensive references,of several areas of chemistry in which the Breslow lab has been involved,leading to work still underway in several of them.The principal conclusions are described,but it will be necessary to consult the references for details of the work involved.

Geochemistry and possible origin of the hydrocarbons from Wells Zhongshen1 and Zhongshen1C, Tazhong Uplift

In 2013, a great breakthrough of deep petroleum exploration was achieved in the Cambrian pre-salt intervals of Wells Zhongshen1(ZS1) and Zhongshen1C(ZS1C), Tazhong Uplift. However, the hydrocarbon discovery in the Cambrian pre-salt intervals has triggered extensive controversy regarding the source of marine oils in the Tarim Basin. The geochemistry and origin of the Cambrian pre-salt hydrocarbons in Wells ZS1 and ZS1 C were investigated using GC, GC-MS and stable carbon isotope technique. These hydrocarbons can be easily distinguished into two genetic families based on their geochemical and carbon isotopic compositions. The oil and natural gases from the Awatage Formation of Well ZS1 are derived from Middle-Upper Ordovician source rocks. In contrast, the condensate and gases from the Xiaoerbulake Formation of Wells ZS1 and ZS1 C probably originate from Cambrian source rocks. The recent discovery of these hydrocarbons with two different sources in Wells ZS1 and ZS1 C suggests that both Middle-Upper Ordovician-sourced hydrocarbons and Cambrian-sourced petroleums are accumulated in the Tazhong Uplift, presenting a great exploration potential.

Are we really seeing the big picture？ Some reflections on the current debates in evolutionary biology

After more than one hundred fifty years of the publication of On the Origin of Species by Darwin, scientists are still arguing on the relative importance of mutation and natural selection, on the driving force of organismal evolution, on microevo- lution and macroevolution, etc. Such periodically repeated debates appeared to have introduced more chaos than musings. What happened and why？ Have we really considered our views, opinions and arguments under the big picture of evolution before pos- ing the questions？ Or are we talking past each other？ We do need some reflections. While we believe that the current evolutionary theory is doing fine, perhaps a refinement or re-encapsulation of its knowledge framework can help promote a better understanding of the evolutionary science as a whole and blow offthe mist over the big picture [Current Zoology 61 （1）： 217-220, 2015 ].

Origin and geological significance of the 1.81 Ga hyalophane-rich pegmatite veins from the high-pressure granulite terrain in the Central Zone of North China Craton

Hyalophane-rich pegmatites are identified from the Manjinggou high-pressure granulite terrain in the Central Zone of North China Craton. Based on field investigation, mineral assemblage and mineral geochemistry, two types of pegmatites can be defined, i.e., hyalophane pegmatite and hyalophane-rich pegmatite. The hyalophane pegmatite is composed of pure hyalophane with 18.7 mol%-19.4 mol% celsian, whereas the hyalophane-rich pegmatite consists of clinopyroxene + titanite + epidote + hyalophane with 11.9 mol%-12.5 mol% celsian. Hyalophane-rich pegmatite has typical magmatic zircons with oscillatory zoning and high Th/U ratios, implying that this type of pegmatite crystallized from special melt similar to magma. SIMS (Cameca 1280) zircon U-Pb dating shows that the crystallization age of the hyalophane-rich pegmatite is 1812±5 Ma, younger than the regional metamorphic age (peak of ca. 1.85 Ga). Zircon δ18O (8.0 ‰-9.3 ‰) and ?Hf (-7.0 to-2.7) values measured by SIMS suggest that the high-pressure granulite terrain was the source of these veins. Therefore, the hyalophane-rich pegmatite veins were likely to be generated by melting of the high-pressure granulite terrain during post collisional uplift. A quick tectonic uplifting process with a velocity of 0.4 to 0.6 mm/a has been estimated for the high-pressure granulite terrane from the Central Zone of North China Craton.

Origin of symmetry breaking in the seed-mediated growth of bi-metal nano-heterostructures

Seed-mediated growth is the most general way to controllably synthesize bimetal nano-heterostructures. Despite successful instances through trial and error were reported, the way for second metal depositing on the seed. namely whether the symmetry of resulted nano-heterostructure follows the original crystal symmetry of seed metal, remains an unpredictable issue to date. In this work, we propose that the ther- modynamic factor, i.e., the difference of equilibrium electrochemical potentials （corresponding to their Fermi levels） of two metals in the growth solution, plays a key role for the symmetry breaking of bimetal nano-heterostructures during the seed-mediated growth. As a proof-of-principle experiment, by revers- ing the relative position of Fermi levels of the Pd nanocube seeds and the second metal Au with changing the concentration of reductant （L-ascorbic acid） in the growth solution, the structure of as-prepared prod- ucts successfully evolved from centrosymmetric Pd@Au core-shell trisoctabedra to asymmetric Pd-Au hetero-dimers. The idea was further demonstrated by the growth of Ag on the Pd seeds. The present work intends to reveal the origin of symmetry breaking in the seed-mediated growth of nano-heterostructures from the viewpoint of thermodynamics, and these new insights will in turn help to achieve rational con- struction of bimetal nano-heterostructures with soecific functions.