一碳化学路线合成甲酸甲酯

一碳化学路线合成甲酸甲酯是很有研究与开发价值的新课题,甲酸甲酯化学的兴起将给一碳化学的发展带来生机。作者根据六十年代以来发表的有关甲酸甲酯文献和当代一碳化学的发展趋势,评述了近代一碳化学路线合成甲酸甲酯的各种方法,并提出当前我国选择甲酸甲酯合成路线的建议。

C1化学路线合成乙二醇技术进展

介绍了C1化学路线合成乙二醇的各种方法,其中直接法为合成气一步合成乙二醇,而间接法则包括甲醇法、甲醛法、草酸酯法等,并对各种方法的工艺技术特点进行了评述。重点介绍了国内煤制乙二醇技术现状和项目进展情况,并分析了中科院福建物构所开发的煤制乙二醇技术特点和指标。

寻找化学反应最佳路线的PROLOG程序OPS

本文介绍寻找化学反应最佳路线的计算机程序OPS(Optimum Pathway of Synthcsis)。它由主程序cops 1.pro和知识库dops.dat两个独立文件组成,前者执行正向和逆向搜索并有输入输出功能,后者提供化学反应经验事实。程序用编译型人工智能语言TURBO PROLOG编写,可作为进一步开发有机合成设计专家系统的雏形。

拉米夫定合成路线

拉米夫定是由葛兰素史克公司持有专利的新一代核苷类抗病毒药物,用于艾滋病和乙肝的治疗,是艾滋病病毒(HIV)和乙型肝炎病毒(HBV)基因组织复制所必须的逆转录酶的有效抑制剂。在临床上具有良好抗HIV活性、抗HBV活性及细胞毒性低,治疗费用低等特点,决定了其在相当长的一段时间内具有较大的市场潜力。其英文名称为lamivudine ,属核苷类似物,作用原理是在病毒DNA的复制过程中模拟胞嘧啶,使病毒DNA不再具备正常功能,从而抑制病情,拉米夫定对人体正常DNA合成不具作用。本文针对拉米夫定的异构体活性和多种制备工艺进行比较,结论是目前合成路线3适用于大型生产(- ) - 2’R ,5’S构型的拉米夫定需要。

“用煤代替石油乙烯合成乙二醇”的技术进步

用煤或天然气代替石油乙烯合成乙二醇技术,是原料路线最科学、资源利用最合理、明显优于石油路线的一项重大C1化学技术.我们在国内外首先全部采用工业原料进行研究和开发,经过20多年的艰苦努力,研究开发成功3个性能优良的催化剂和6部分配套工艺技术,申请了4项国家发明专利,形成中国科学院福建物质结构研究所具有全套自主创新知识产权的新工艺、新技术.经过与江苏丹化科技股份公司的成功合作和共同开发,"用煤代替石油乙烯合成乙二醇"的300吨/年规模中试已经取得成功;万吨级合成乙二醇示范厂已经建成并投入生产;用褐煤年生产20万吨乙二醇工厂也于2007年8月16日在内蒙古通辽露天煤矿开工建设.这些结果标志着这一成套工程技术已进入工业化的实施和应用阶段.这项工艺技术符合我国以煤为主的资源特点和褐煤资源亟待开发利用的实际情况.它是一项真正资源节约型、能源节约型和循环经济产业,在整个生产过程中,三废污染物排放少,符合绿色环保友好工程标准.本技术可以用来生产草酸酯、草酸、乙二醇等重要化工原料,可形成一个很大的新兴产业群并创造巨大的经济效益和社会效益.这项技术的大规模产业化,可以实现我国"用煤或天然气替代石油乙烯合成乙二醇"的战略目标,并将对我国的能源和化工产业产生重大影响.

Fe_2O_3/HZSM-5催化转化乙醇制备低碳烯烃

采用浸渍法制备了Fe2O3/HZSM-5分子筛催化剂,并用于乙醇脱水与低聚制备丙烯为主的低碳烯烃反应体系.在400～500℃范围内考察了HZSM-5的硅/铝比、氧化铁负载量、反应温度、催化剂氢气还原预处理对产物中烯烃收率的影响.结果表明,HZSM-5硅/铝比为140时,丙烯、丁烯收率最高;氧化铁负载能有效提高烯烃收率,当负载量为2.9%时丙烯收率最高,接近25%;反应初期升高温度可促进丙烯生成,但催化剂寿命缩短;氢气还原预处理能进一步促进乙烯、丙烯生成.

A direct electrochemical route from oxides to TiMn_2 hydrogen storage alloy

This study is for investigating the direct electro-deoxidation of mixed TiO2-Mn02 powder to prepare TiMn2 alloy in molten calcium chloride. The influences of process parameters, such as sintering temperature, cell voltage, and electrolysis time, on the electrolysis process were examined to investigate the mechanism of alloy formation. The composition and morphology of the products were analyzed by XRD and SEM, respectively. The electrochemical property of TiMn2 alloy was investigated by cyclic voltammetry measurements. The results show that pure TiMn2 can be prepared by direct electrochemical reduction of mixed TiO2/Mn02 pellets at a voltage of 3.1 V in molten calcium chloride of 900 ℃ for 7 h. The electro-deoxidation proceeds from the reduction of manganese oxides to Mn, which is reduced by Ti02 or CaTiOB to form TiMn2 alloy. The cyclic voltammetry measurements using pow- der microelectTode show that the prepared TiMn2 alloy has good electrochemical hydrogen storage property.

Research on the Teaching Reform in Computer Basic Course Centered on Improving Information Literacy

In the current modem society, information technology enjoys rapid development and information resources increase sharply. In this context, information literacy has been an important indicator for assessing a talent＇s comprehensive quality. As a compulsory public course for college students not majoring in computers, computer basic course plays a significant role in cultivating college students＇ information literacy. However, how to improve contemporary college students＇ information literacy, facilitate the teaching reform in fundamental computer education, and effectively improve college students＇ capacities of solving problems with computers is a difficult question faced by fundamental computer education in colleges and universities

Steric Effects in the Cl＋CHD3（v1=1） Reaction

A recent study has revealed a full 3-dimentional reactive scattering picture of the reaction CI＋CHD3（v1=1） as the C1 atoms attack CHD3 from various directions respective to the C-H stretching bond. The reported polarization-dependent differential cross sections provide the most detailed characterization of the influences of reagent alignments on reactivity. To convey the stereo-specific information more accessible to general chemists, we show here, by proper symmetry considerations, how to retrieve from the measurements the relative integral and differential cross sections of two most common collision geometries： the end-on versus side-on attacks. The results, albeit coarse-grained, provide an appealing picture that not only reinforces our intuition about chemical reactivity, but also sheds more light on the conventional （unpolarized） attributes.

Excellent supercapacitive performance of a reduced graphene oxide/Ni(OH)_2 composite synthesized by a facile hydrothermal route

A reduced graphene oxide/Ni(OH)2 composite with excellent supercapacitive performance was synthesized by a facile hydrothermal route without organic solvents or templates used.XRD and SEM results reveal that the nickel hydroxide,which crystallizes into hexagonal β-Ni(OH)2 nanoflakes with a diameter less than 200 nm and a thickness of about 10 nm,is well combined with the reduced graphene oxide sheets.Electrochemical performance of the synthesized composite as an electrode material was investigated by cyclic voltammetry,electrochemical impedance spectroscopy and galvanostatic charge/discharge measurements.Its specific capacitance is determined to be 1672 F/g at a scan rate of 2 mV/s,and 696 F/g at a high scan rate of 50 mV/s.After 2000 cycles at a current density of 10 A/g,the composite exhibits a specific capacitance of 969 F/g,retaining about 86% of its initial capacitance.The composite delivers a high energy density of 83.6 W·h/kg at a power density of 1.0 kW/kg.The excellent supercapacitive performance along with the easy synthesis method allows the synthesized composite to be promising for supercapacitor applications.

Short-term outcomes of cetuximab combined with standard chemotherapy as non-first line setting for patients with non-small cell lung cancer:a report of 6 cases

Objective:Cetuximab combined with chemotherapy has been used to treat non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) in recent years, most of them were first line setting.This study was to summarize our experiences in treating NSCLC patients with cetuximab in the non-first line setting.Methods:From October 1st 2006 to December 31st 2009, six NSCLC patients were treated with cetuximab combined standard chemotherapy as non-first line setting in Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, China.The short-term efficacies and safeties were analyzed.Results:1.A total of 18 cycles of cetuximab treatment, with a median of two cycles in the whole group.2.There were 6 patients treated as non-first line setting, overall response rate (ORR) was 33.3% (2/6), disease control rate (DCR) was 33.3% (2/6), median time to progression (TTP) was 3.5 (3-4) months, and median OS was 18 (4-28) months.3.There were 50% (3/6) patients occurred acne-like rash within three weeks, their ORR was 66.7% (2/3), and DCR was 66.7% (2/3), however, both of ORR and DCR in patients who didn't occurred acne-like rash were 0% (0/3), the differences of ORR, DCR between two groups were in significant different (P=0.143).4.There was no treatment-associated death and no cetuximab-associated discontinuation.The incidence of acne-like rash was 50% occurred within three weeks, there were two patients suffered side effects associated with chemotherapy.Conclusion:The data of cetuximab application in non-first line setting for patients with NSCLC were rare, and the addition of cetuximab in those population was safe.

Self-assembly and chemical processing of block copolymers:A roadmap towards a diverse array of block copolymer nanostructures

Block copolymers can yield a diverse array of nanostructures.Their assembly structures are influenced by their inherent structures,and the wide variety of structures that can be prepared especially becomes apparent when one considers the number of routes available to prepare block copolymer assemblies.Some examples include self-assembly,directed assembly,coupling,as well as hierarchical assembly,which can yield assemblies having even higher structural order.These assembly routes can also be complemented by processing techniques such as selective crosslinking and etching,the former technique leading to permanent structures,the latter towards sculpted and the combination of the two towards permanent sculpted structures.The combination of these pathways provides extremely versatile routes towards an exciting variety of architectures.This review will attempt to highlight destinations reached by LIU Guojun and coworkers following these pathways.

Advances in direct production of value-added chemicals via syngas conversion

Syngas conversion to fuels and chemicals is one of the most challenging subjects in the field of C1 chemistry. It is considered as an attractive alternative non-petroleum-based production route. The direct synthesis of olefins and alcohols as high value-added chemicals from syngas has drawn particular attention due to its process simplicity, low energy consumption and clean utilization of carbon resource, which conforms to the principles of green carbon science. This review describes the recent advances for the direct production of lower olefins and higher alcohols via syngas conversion. Recent progress in the development of new catalyst systems for enhanced catalytic performance is highlighted. We also give recommendations regarding major challenges for further research in syngas conversion to various chemicals.

A highly efficient electrochemical route for the conversion of aldehydes to nitriles

Using NH4 I as the supporting electrolyte as well as the precursor of an I2 promoter and nitrogen source, a highly efficient electrochemical route was developed to convert aldehydes to nitriles with excellent yields under mild reaction conditions. This electrochemical process could effectively avoid the direct use of NH3 gas, molecular iodine, and oxidants.

Products and production routes for the catalytic conversion of seed oil into fuel and chemicals: a comprehensive review

With the depletion of fossil resources, there is a need to find alternative resources of fuels and chemicals. The use of renewable feedstock such as those from seed oil processing is one of the best available resources that have come to the fore-front recently. This paper critically analyzes and highlights major factors in the biodiesel industry, such as seeds oil composition, production methods, properties of biodiesel, problems and potential solutions of using vegetable seed oil, the composition, quality and effective utilization of crude glycerol, the catalytic conversion of glycerol into possible fuels and chemicals.

Coulometric sizing of nanoparticles： Cathodic and anodic impact experiments open two independent routes to electrochemical sizing of Fez04 nanoparticles

Anodic particle coulometry （APC） is a recently established method of sizing individual metal nanoparticles by oxidising them during their impact on a micro electrode. Here it is demonstrated that the application of APC can be extended to sizing of metal oxide nanoparticles, such as Fe304 magnetite nanoparticles. Additionally, a new route to electrochemical nanoparticle sizing is introduced-- cathodic particle coulometry （CPC）. This method uses the reduction of impacting nanoparticles, e.g., metal oxide nanoparticles, and is demonstrated to yield correct size information for Fe304 nanoparticles. The combination of these two independent electrochemical methods of nanoparticle sizing, allows for purely electrochemical sizing of single nanoparticles and simultaneous verification of the obtained results.

Uniform single-layer graphene growth on recyclable tungsten foils

To meet the rising demand of graphene in electronics and optoelectronics, developing an efficient synthesis strategy for effective control of the layer thickness is highly necessary. Herein, we report the synthesis of strictly single- layer graphene on the foil of an early transition metal, tungsten （W）, via a simple chemical vapor deposition route. The cracking of hydrocarbons is facilitated by the catalytically active metal surface of W, while the subsequent two-dimensional growth is mediated by the carbide-forming ability within the underlying bulk, leading to the formation of uniform monolayer graphene. The as-grown graphene layers can be transferred onto target substrates rapidly through the recently developed electrochemical method, which also allows for reuse of the substrates at least five times without introducing quality deteriora- tion. Moreover, considering the refractory nature of W foils, a complementary component of nickel is added, by means of which the growth temperature of graphene can be significantly reduced. In brief, a highly-efficient and low-cost synthesis route has been developed for the growth of graphene towards large-area uniformity, single-layer thickness and high crystalline quality.