目的 探讨4种职业健康风险评估方法对化工企业化验室的适用性。方法 2021年11—12月,对廊坊市某化工企业化验室开展现场职业卫生调查,使用新加坡化学毒物职业暴露半定量风险评估方法(singapore ministry of manpower,MOM)、国际采矿和...目的 探讨4种职业健康风险评估方法对化工企业化验室的适用性。方法 2021年11—12月,对廊坊市某化工企业化验室开展现场职业卫生调查,使用新加坡化学毒物职业暴露半定量风险评估方法(singapore ministry of manpower,MOM)、国际采矿和金属委员会职业健康风险评估方法(international council on mining and metals,ICMM)的赋值定量法、矩阵法及国际化学品控制工具箱职业健康风险评估方法(international chemical control toolki,ICCT)对化验员接触的化学毒物进行职业健康风险评估。结果 MOM法评估化验员接触风险等级结果为石油醚为中等风险,芳烃溶剂油、二甲苯、二乙二醇甲醚、柴油为低风险,其他均为可忽略风险。ICMM赋值定量法评估化验员接触风险等级结果为芳烃溶剂油、二甲苯、原油、石油醚、二乙二醇甲醚、异辛醇为高风险,乙醇、柴油为可容忍的风险。ICMM矩阵法评估化验室作业场所为无或非常低风险。ICCT法评估评估化验室使用石油醚作业场所为较大可能发生职业病危害,其他作业场所较小可能发生职业病危害。结论 4种风险评估方法对化验室评估均有一定适用性。化验室优先考虑MOM风险评估法,其次ICMM赋值定量法;ICCT评估法、ICMM矩阵法操作简单,可指导中小型企业化验室快速开展职业健康风险评估工作。展开更多
Chemical process optimization can be described as large-scale nonlinear constrained minimization. The modified augmented Lagrange multiplier methods (MALMM) for large-scale nonlinear constrained minimization are studi...Chemical process optimization can be described as large-scale nonlinear constrained minimization. The modified augmented Lagrange multiplier methods (MALMM) for large-scale nonlinear constrained minimization are studied in this paper. The Lagrange function contains the penalty terms on equality and inequality constraints and the methods can be applied to solve a series of bound constrained sub-problems instead of a series of unconstrained sub-problems. The steps of the methods are examined in full detail. Numerical experiments are made for a variety of problems, from small to very large-scale, which show the stability and effectiveness of the methods in large-scale problems.展开更多
On the basis of hydrodynamic and scaling-up studies, a pilot-plant-scale thermal spouted bed reactor (50 mm in ID and 1500 mm in height) was designed and fabricated by scaling-down cold simulators. It was tested for m...On the basis of hydrodynamic and scaling-up studies, a pilot-plant-scale thermal spouted bed reactor (50 mm in ID and 1500 mm in height) was designed and fabricated by scaling-down cold simulators. It was tested for making syngas via catalytic partial oxidation (CPO) of methane by air. The effects of various operating conditions such as operating pressure and temperature, feed composition, and gas flowrate etc. on the CPO process were investigated. CH4 conversion of 92.2% and selectivity of 92.3% and 83.3% to CO and H2, respectively, were achieved at the pressure of 2.1 MPa. It was found that when the spouted bed reactor was operated within the stable spouting flow regime, the temperature profiles along the bed axis were much more uniform than those operated within the fixed-bed regime. The CH4 conversion and syngas selectivity were found to be close to thermodynamic equilibrium limits. The results of the present investigation showed that spouted bed could be considered as a potential type of chemical reactor for the CPO process of methane.展开更多
The neutral zinc sulfate solution obtained from hydrometallurgical process of Angouran zinc concentrate has cadmium, nickel and cobalt impurities, that must be purified before electrowinning. Therefore, cadmium and ni...The neutral zinc sulfate solution obtained from hydrometallurgical process of Angouran zinc concentrate has cadmium, nickel and cobalt impurities, that must be purified before electrowinning. Therefore, cadmium and nickel are usually cemented out by addition of zinc dust and remained nickel and cobalt cemented out at second stage with zinc powder and arsenic trioxide. In this research, a new approach is described for determination of effective parameters and optimization of zinc electrolyte hot purification process using statistical design of experiments. The Taguchi method based on orthogonal array design（OAD） has been used to arrange the experimental runs. The experimental conditions involved in the work are as follows： the temperature range of 70-90 ℃ for reaction temperature（T）, 30-90 min for reaction time（t）, 2-4 g/L for zinc powder mass concentration（M）, one to five series for zinc dust particle size distributions（S1-S5）, and 0.1-0.5 g/L（C） for arsenic trioxide mass concentration. Optimum conditions for hot purification obtained in this work are T4（85 ℃）, t4=75 min, M4=3.5 g/L, S4（Serie 4）, and C2=0.2 g/L.展开更多
文摘目的 探讨4种职业健康风险评估方法对化工企业化验室的适用性。方法 2021年11—12月,对廊坊市某化工企业化验室开展现场职业卫生调查,使用新加坡化学毒物职业暴露半定量风险评估方法(singapore ministry of manpower,MOM)、国际采矿和金属委员会职业健康风险评估方法(international council on mining and metals,ICMM)的赋值定量法、矩阵法及国际化学品控制工具箱职业健康风险评估方法(international chemical control toolki,ICCT)对化验员接触的化学毒物进行职业健康风险评估。结果 MOM法评估化验员接触风险等级结果为石油醚为中等风险,芳烃溶剂油、二甲苯、二乙二醇甲醚、柴油为低风险,其他均为可忽略风险。ICMM赋值定量法评估化验员接触风险等级结果为芳烃溶剂油、二甲苯、原油、石油醚、二乙二醇甲醚、异辛醇为高风险,乙醇、柴油为可容忍的风险。ICMM矩阵法评估化验室作业场所为无或非常低风险。ICCT法评估评估化验室使用石油醚作业场所为较大可能发生职业病危害,其他作业场所较小可能发生职业病危害。结论 4种风险评估方法对化验室评估均有一定适用性。化验室优先考虑MOM风险评估法,其次ICMM赋值定量法;ICCT评估法、ICMM矩阵法操作简单,可指导中小型企业化验室快速开展职业健康风险评估工作。
文摘Chemical process optimization can be described as large-scale nonlinear constrained minimization. The modified augmented Lagrange multiplier methods (MALMM) for large-scale nonlinear constrained minimization are studied in this paper. The Lagrange function contains the penalty terms on equality and inequality constraints and the methods can be applied to solve a series of bound constrained sub-problems instead of a series of unconstrained sub-problems. The steps of the methods are examined in full detail. Numerical experiments are made for a variety of problems, from small to very large-scale, which show the stability and effectiveness of the methods in large-scale problems.
基金Supported by the Doctorate Discipline Foundation of the Ministry of Education of China(No.2000042053)& China National Petroleum Co
文摘On the basis of hydrodynamic and scaling-up studies, a pilot-plant-scale thermal spouted bed reactor (50 mm in ID and 1500 mm in height) was designed and fabricated by scaling-down cold simulators. It was tested for making syngas via catalytic partial oxidation (CPO) of methane by air. The effects of various operating conditions such as operating pressure and temperature, feed composition, and gas flowrate etc. on the CPO process were investigated. CH4 conversion of 92.2% and selectivity of 92.3% and 83.3% to CO and H2, respectively, were achieved at the pressure of 2.1 MPa. It was found that when the spouted bed reactor was operated within the stable spouting flow regime, the temperature profiles along the bed axis were much more uniform than those operated within the fixed-bed regime. The CH4 conversion and syngas selectivity were found to be close to thermodynamic equilibrium limits. The results of the present investigation showed that spouted bed could be considered as a potential type of chemical reactor for the CPO process of methane.
文摘The neutral zinc sulfate solution obtained from hydrometallurgical process of Angouran zinc concentrate has cadmium, nickel and cobalt impurities, that must be purified before electrowinning. Therefore, cadmium and nickel are usually cemented out by addition of zinc dust and remained nickel and cobalt cemented out at second stage with zinc powder and arsenic trioxide. In this research, a new approach is described for determination of effective parameters and optimization of zinc electrolyte hot purification process using statistical design of experiments. The Taguchi method based on orthogonal array design（OAD） has been used to arrange the experimental runs. The experimental conditions involved in the work are as follows： the temperature range of 70-90 ℃ for reaction temperature（T）, 30-90 min for reaction time（t）, 2-4 g/L for zinc powder mass concentration（M）, one to five series for zinc dust particle size distributions（S1-S5）, and 0.1-0.5 g/L（C） for arsenic trioxide mass concentration. Optimum conditions for hot purification obtained in this work are T4（85 ℃）, t4=75 min, M4=3.5 g/L, S4（Serie 4）, and C2=0.2 g/L.
