The process of translation is an important part of cross-cultural studies. Cross-cultural researchers are often confronted by the need to translate instruments from one language to another. In the translation, linguis...The process of translation is an important part of cross-cultural studies. Cross-cultural researchers are often confronted by the need to translate instruments from one language to another. In the translation, linguistic equivalence, functional equivalence, cultural equivalence and metric equivalence are factors that need to be considered greatly. This paper examines the translation of cross-cultural research instrument from these points of view, illustrates with examples and puts forward suggestions for incorporating each factor into research studies.展开更多
Despite improvements in surgical techniques and adjuvant chemotherapy, the overall mortality rates in pan- creatic cancer have generally remained relatively un-changed and the 5-year survival rate is actually below 2%...Despite improvements in surgical techniques and adjuvant chemotherapy, the overall mortality rates in pan- creatic cancer have generally remained relatively un-changed and the 5-year survival rate is actually below 2%. This paper will address the importance of achieving an early diagnosis and identifying markers for prog- nosis and response to therapy such as genes, proteins, microP, NAs or epigenetic modifications. However, there are still major hurdles when translating investigational biomarkers into routine clinical practice. Furthermore, novel ways of secondary screening in high-risk individu- als, such as artificial neural networks and modern imaging, will be discussed. Drug resistance is ubiquitous in pancreatic cancer. Several mechanisms of drug resistance have already been revealed, including human equilibrative nucleoside transporter-1 status, multidrug resistance proteins, aberrant signaling pathways, mi-croRNAs, stromal influence, epithelial-mesenchymal transition-type cells and recently the presence of can- cer stem cells/cancer-initiating cells. These factors must be considered when developing more customized types of intervention （＇personalized medicine＇S. In the future, multifunctional nanoparticles that combine a specific targeting agent, an imaging probe, a cell-penetrating agent, a biocompatible polymer and an anti-cancer drug may become valuable for the management of pa- tients with pancreatic cancer.展开更多
Film, one of the carriers of culture, has a coverall function. As a medium of cultural transmission, it is a way to comprehend foreign cultures and customs. Therefore, the translation of subtitles becoraes a vital imp...Film, one of the carriers of culture, has a coverall function. As a medium of cultural transmission, it is a way to comprehend foreign cultures and customs. Therefore, the translation of subtitles becoraes a vital importance. The paper is intended to analysis main strategies for English film subtitle translation based on main principles, according to the method of analyzing the diversities of various cultures and real examples from movies. ＂translators are required to know well about different cultures and pay more attention to accumulation of usual experiences.展开更多
文摘The process of translation is an important part of cross-cultural studies. Cross-cultural researchers are often confronted by the need to translate instruments from one language to another. In the translation, linguistic equivalence, functional equivalence, cultural equivalence and metric equivalence are factors that need to be considered greatly. This paper examines the translation of cross-cultural research instrument from these points of view, illustrates with examples and puts forward suggestions for incorporating each factor into research studies.
文摘Despite improvements in surgical techniques and adjuvant chemotherapy, the overall mortality rates in pan- creatic cancer have generally remained relatively un-changed and the 5-year survival rate is actually below 2%. This paper will address the importance of achieving an early diagnosis and identifying markers for prog- nosis and response to therapy such as genes, proteins, microP, NAs or epigenetic modifications. However, there are still major hurdles when translating investigational biomarkers into routine clinical practice. Furthermore, novel ways of secondary screening in high-risk individu- als, such as artificial neural networks and modern imaging, will be discussed. Drug resistance is ubiquitous in pancreatic cancer. Several mechanisms of drug resistance have already been revealed, including human equilibrative nucleoside transporter-1 status, multidrug resistance proteins, aberrant signaling pathways, mi-croRNAs, stromal influence, epithelial-mesenchymal transition-type cells and recently the presence of can- cer stem cells/cancer-initiating cells. These factors must be considered when developing more customized types of intervention （＇personalized medicine＇S. In the future, multifunctional nanoparticles that combine a specific targeting agent, an imaging probe, a cell-penetrating agent, a biocompatible polymer and an anti-cancer drug may become valuable for the management of pa- tients with pancreatic cancer.
文摘Film, one of the carriers of culture, has a coverall function. As a medium of cultural transmission, it is a way to comprehend foreign cultures and customs. Therefore, the translation of subtitles becoraes a vital importance. The paper is intended to analysis main strategies for English film subtitle translation based on main principles, according to the method of analyzing the diversities of various cultures and real examples from movies. ＂translators are required to know well about different cultures and pay more attention to accumulation of usual experiences.
