有机无机配施体系中有机肥腐熟程度对化肥氮利用率的影响机制

为探究有机肥腐熟度对配施化肥氮利用率的作用机制,利用^(15)N标记技术进行意大利生菜盆栽试验,从堆肥过程中选取不同腐熟度的有机肥[按照种子发芽指数(GI值)为50%、80%和100%进行堆肥的腐熟度区分],研究施^(15)NPK化肥(对照,CK)、^(15)NPK+GI 50%有机肥(GI50)、^(15)NPK+GI 80%有机肥(GI80)、^(15)NPK+GI 100%有机肥(GI100)4个处理对意大利生菜化肥氮的转化、吸收和利用的影响。结果表明,与CK处理相比,添加有机肥处理意大利生菜生物量、^(15)N吸收量与^(15)N利用率分别显著提高30.5%~56.1%、40.0%~91.0%和15.5%~41.8%(P<0.05),GI80处理较GI50处理生物量、^(15)N吸收量与利用率分别显著提高17.1%、31.8%和35.4%(P<0.05),GI100处理较GI50处理生物量、^(15)N吸收量与利用率分别显著提高19.6%、15.8%和22.8%(P<0.05)。试验期间,添加有机肥处理较CK处理土壤^(15)NH_(4)^(+)-N显著提高44.9%~74.2%(P<0.05),^(15)NO_(3)^(-)-N显著降低8.4%~38.1%(P<0.05),净硝化率显著降低10.8%~24.6%(P<0.05);GI80处理较GI50处理土壤^(15)NH_(4)^(+)-N提高7.9%~11.5%,^(15)NO_(3)^(-)-N显著降低18.5%~50.4%(P<0.05),净硝化率显著降低15.0%~28.2%(P<0.05);GI100处理较GI50处理土壤^(15)NH_(4)^(+)-N显著提高11.5%~26.9%(P<0.05),^(15)NO_(3)^(-)-N显著降低15.8%~22.7%(P<0.05),净硝化率显著降低12.5%~23.9%(P<0.05)。土壤微生物量氮(MB^(15)N)缓慢上升,添加有机肥处理较CK处理显著提高67.3%~94.1%(P<0.05),GI80处理较GI50处理提高6.0%~23.8%,GI100处理较GI50处理显著提高6.9%~25.5%(P<0.05)。各处理MB^(15)N占MBN的54.9%~71.6%(P<0.05)。相关分析结果表明,MB^(15)N、^(15)NH_(4)^(+)-N与^(15)N吸收量、^(15)N利用率呈现极显著正相关关系,且RDA分析结果说明MB^(15)N是影响化肥^(15)N吸收利用的关键驱动因子。因此,有机无机配施体系中适当增加有机肥的腐熟度(GI≥80%)能够明显增强土壤微生物的固氮能力,提高土壤氮素水平,减缓土壤铵态氮向硝态氮的转化速度,降低土壤净硝化速率,从而提高化肥氮的利用效率。

化肥减施对日光温室越冬长茬番茄氮肥利用率及去向的影响

【目的】我国设施蔬菜过量施肥现象严重,在设施栽培条件下,比较常规施肥与化肥减施增效技术(简称化肥减施)下蔬菜产量(生物量)和氮肥利用率,研究氮素去向,为高效施肥提供依据。【方法】2017—2018年在河北省定兴县龙华村基地的日光温室进行2个试验。试验1根据差减法设计4个处理,包括常规施肥(CF,N–P2O5–K2O为858–594–1284 kg/hm^2)和化肥减施40%(RF,N–P2O5–K2O为608–297–720 kg/hm^2),及其相应的不施化肥氮对照(CFNN和RFNN)。试验2为15N示踪试验,用15N尿素替代普通尿素15NRF和15NCF 2个处理。番茄收获后,取0—20、20—40和40—60 cm土层样品,测定氮素的残留量。分期收获成熟番茄及枯枝落叶,拉秧时取植株地上和地下部分,再分为不同部位,对番茄产量和养分吸收量进行测定。【结果】差减法试验结果表明,RF处理番茄产量、总吸氮量分别较CF显著增加了10.4%、14.8%,化肥氮利用率增加了15.4个百分点。15N示踪试验结果表明,15NRF处理产量、氮吸收量和15N吸收量分别较15NCF处理增加12.1%、25.3%和13.8%,15NRF和15NCF处理的化肥氮利用率分别为36.4%、20.3%。15N示踪法研究还表明,不同土层的全氮含量及15N原子百分超呈自上而下逐渐降低的趋势;15NRF处理的化肥氮损失、番茄氮吸收以及土壤氮残留比例分别为40.4%、36.4%和23.2%,15NCF处理化肥氮损失、番茄氮吸收和土壤氮残留比例分别为59.6%、20.6%和19.6%,化肥氮去向总体表现为损失>番茄吸收>土壤残留;15NRF处理化肥氮损失率较15NCF处理低19.2个百分点;15NRF和15NCF处理0—20 cm土层化肥氮残留量分别占土壤中化肥氮总残留量的88.9%和87.9%。【结论】在施用30 t/hm^2有机肥的前提下,减少农户常规化肥用量的40%并调整氮磷钾比例,番茄产量和氮素吸收量显著增加,土壤残留比例没有明显变化,损失量显著降低,化肥氮利用率提高15个百分点以上。

配施有机肥提高化肥氮利用效率的微生物作用机制研究

采用15N示踪技术和盆栽试验研究了水稻生长期间不同施肥处理土壤微生物量氮的动态变化,探讨了配施有机肥提高化肥氮利用率的微生物作用机制。结果表明,在水稻生育前期,化肥配施鸡粪堆肥、猪粪堆肥和酒糟堆肥较化肥单施均提高了土壤微生物对化肥15N的固持率,降低了土壤矿质态15N含量。而随水稻生育进程推进,在先前被微生物固持的化肥15N化肥配施鸡粪堆肥、猪粪堆肥和酒糟堆肥处理分别有87%、81%和81%被释放,增加了同期水稻对化肥15N的吸收量。化肥配施鸡粪堆肥、猪粪堆肥和酒糟堆肥,化肥15N利用率均超过60%,而单施化肥利用率仅39%。可见,配施有机肥提高化肥氮利用率,其机制之一是通过促进土壤微生物对化肥氮的有效调控,使化肥氮更好地被转化利用。

Improving Yield and Nitrogen Use Efficiency Simultaneously for Maize and Wheat in China： A Review

Achieving both high yield and high nitrogen use efficiency （NUE） simultaneously has become a major challenge with increased global demand for food, depletion of natural resources, and deterioration of environment. As the greatest consumers of N fertilizer in the world, Chinese farmers have overused N, and there has been poor synchrony between crop N demand and N supply because of limited understanding of the N uptake-yield relationship. To address this problem, this study evaluated the total and dynamic N requirement for different yield ranges of two major crops （maize and wheat）, and suggested improvements to N management strategies. Whole-plant N aboveground uptake requirement per grain yield （Nreq） initially deceased with grain yield improvement and then stagnated, and yet most farmers still believed that more fertilizer and higher grain yield were synonymous. When maize yield increased from 〈 7.5 to 〉 12.0 Mg ha-I, Nreq decreased from 19.8 to 17.0 kg Mg-1 grain. For wheat, it decreased from 27.1 kg Mg-1 grain for grain yield 〈 4.5 Mg ha-1 to 22.7 kg Mg-1 grain for yield 〉 9.0 Mg ha-1. Meanwhile, the percentage of dry matter and N accumulation in the middle-late growing season increased significantly with grain yield, which indicated that N fertilization should be concentrated in the middle-late stage to match crop demand while farmers often applied the majority of N fertilizer either before sowing or during early growth stages. We accordingly developed an integrated soil-crop system management strategy that simultaneously increases both grain yield and NUE.

Effects of Different Biochars on Pinus elliottii Growth,N Use Efficiency,Soil N_2O and CH_4 Emissions and C Storage in a Subtropical Area of China

Intensive management of planted forests may result in soil degradation and decline in timber yield with successive rotations. Biochars may be beneficial for plant production, nutrient uptake and greenhouse gas mitigation. Biochar properties vary widely and are known to be highly dependent on feedstocks, but their effects on planted forest ecosystem are elusive. This study investigated the effects of chicken manure biochar, sawdust biochar and their feedstocks on 2-year-old Pinus elliottii growth, fertilizer N use efficiency （NUE）, soil N20 and CH4 emissions, and C storage in an acidic forest soil in a subtropical area of China for one year. The soil was mixed with materials in a total of 8 treatments： non-amended control （CK）; sawdust at 2.16 kg m^-2 （SD）; chicken manure at 1.26 kg m^-2 （CM）; sawdust biochar at 2.4 kg m^-2 （SDB）; chicken manure biochar at 2.4 kg m^-2 （CMB）; 15N-fertilizer alone （10.23 atom% 15N） （NF）; sawdust biochar at 2.4 kg m^-2 plus lSN-fertilizer （SDBN） and chicken manure biochar at 2.4 kg m^-2 plus 15N-fertilizer （CMBN）. Results showed that the CMB treatment increased P. elliottii net primary production （aboveground biomass plus litterfall） and annual net C fixation （ANCF） by about 180% and 157%, respectively, while the the SDB treatment had little effect on P. eUiottii growth. The 15N stable isotope labelling technique revealed that fertilizer NUE was 22.7% in CK, 25.5% in the NF treatment, and 37.0% in the CMB treatment. Chicken manure biochar significantly increased soil pH, total N, total P, total K, available P and available K. Only 2% of the N in chicken manure biochar was available to the tree. The soil N20 emission and CH4 uptake showed no significant differences among the treatments. The apparent C losses from the SD and CM treatments were 35% and 61%, respectively; while those from the CMB and SDB treatments were negligible. These demonstrated that it is crucial to consider biochar properties while evaluating their effects on plant growth and C sequestration.