桑蚕暗化蛾突变体及其在生产上的应用前景

在华峰品种中发现了一种蛾体、蛾翅呈灰黑色的暗化型自然突变体 ,该突变体除了蚕蛾全身呈灰黑色外 ,幼虫期也有不同于正常型的特征 ,即4、5龄幼虫的头部呈深褐色、尾部有褐色斑 ,3对胸足均为黑色 ,容易与正常型个体相区别。暗化蛾与正常蛾杂交的F1 代 ,全部为正常蛾 ;F2、BC1代正常蛾与暗化蛾的分离比分别为3∶1和1∶1;暗化蛾自交的后代 ,全部为暗化蛾 ;表明暗化蛾为隐性性状。暗化突变型的发育经过、虫蛹率与正常型相仿 ,茧质略低于正常型。

家蚕全龄人工饲料育半化蛹发生研究

家蚕全龄人工饲料饲育的现行二化性４眠杂交种和原种，其幼虫期的眠起、生长及结茧均能正常进行，但化蛹期半化蛹较普遍发生。杂交种２回育Ⅰ区显著高于２回育Ⅱ区和３回育区，日×中品种高于中×日品种，雌蚕的发生率高于雄蚕；日系品种显著高于中系品种。半化蛹发生率的高低，与给饵回数有着密切的关系，半化蛹多数可变态为半化蛾，但不能交配和产卵。在饲料中添加适量抗氧化剂或在５龄期２回以上给饵，可有效防止半比蛹的大量发生。

家蚕夏秋用日系灰黑蛾品种574和576的育成及四元杂交组合皖广三号的选配

将家蚕蛾体色暗化基因(mln)导入现行中系或日系实用品种,组配体质强健、多丝量、能提高杂交率的新品种杂交组合。用培育的家蚕蛾体色暗化型(mln)品种517分别与2个抗性强、耐粗放饲养的实用家蚕日系品种进行杂交、回交,育成了日系灰黑蛾品种574、576,并与中系强健性白蛾品种513和515组配成四元杂交组合皖广三号。该四元杂交组合在繁育中可利用对交品种的蛾体色差异,达到99%以上的杂交率,有利于蚕种轻简化生产和蚕种质量的提高。2013—2014年新品种杂交组合在安徽省家蚕新品种审定的农村生产鉴定试验中,表现出体质强健好养、龄期较短、眠起齐、耐粗放饲养等饲养性状优势,并且还有茧丝产量高、品质优的特点,茧丝长1 058.0 m,解舒率73.10%,解舒丝长776.5 m,茧丝纤度2.904 dtex,洁净95.18分。新品种杂交组合于2014年通过安徽省家蚕品种审定,适合在长江流域夏秋季饲养。

家蚕胚胎期感染微粒子病的个体对健康群体的影响

胚胎期感染家蚕微孢子虫(Nosema bombycis,Nb)的家蚕个体,其携带Nb在健康家蚕群体中的传播扩散规律是流行病学需要解决的问题,也是家蚕微粒子病检验技术的科学基础。采用流行病学的方法,通过混育和个体育试验,研究胚胎期感染Nb的家蚕个体对健康群体的影响。研究结果表明:胚胎期感染Nb的家蚕中,存在可以完成1个世代(即可以发育到化蛾产卵)的个体;胚胎期被感染的家蚕个体在健康家蚕群体中的感染扩散规律为"连续感染传播扩散"模式;病害在家蚕健康群体的传播扩散与胚胎期感染个体数量和感染程度有关,在幼虫期低剂量感染情况下,感病个体混入率≥5%对群体的化蛾率有明显影响,感病个体混入率≤2%对群体的化蛾率未见明显影响。上述结果可供感染Nb的家蚕子代对健康群体影响的风险阈值确定,以及家蚕微粒子病检验判别标准的评价和检验技术研究参考。

A Mutant of PlxyCSP1 Protein in Plutella xylostella

[Objective] This study aimed to explore the effects of cysteine （Cys58） on the characteristics of PlxyCSP1 in P. Iostella combined with pesticide compounds. [Method] Cys58 of PlxyCSP1 was mutated into Trp58 by using overlap extension PCR method, and PlxyCSP1-M2 mutant was obtained. Expression vector was con- structed and the protein was detected by western blot. [Result] Expression vector pET32a-PlxyCSP1-M2 was constructed to express the 35kDa weight protein. [Conclusion] PlxyCSP1 mutant protein has been expressed successfully in prokaryotic ex- pression system.

Study on Flavonoids from the Methanol Extracts of Tephrosia purpurea Leaves

[Objective] The aim was to determine flavonoids from the MeOH extracts of Tephrosia purpurea leaves and their cytotoxicitives against the ovarian cells from Sprodenia litura （SL cells）.[Method] The compounds were isolated with column chromatography and their structures were established on the basis of various spectroscopic analysis （including UV,1D and 2D NMR analyses as well as HR-ESRMS）.The cytotoxicity against the SL cells was evaluated by using MTT method.[Result] Six known flavonoids,6-methoxykaempferol （1）,6-methoxykaempferol 7-O-α-rhamnopyranoside （2）,6-methoxykaempferol 3-O-α-rhamnopyranosyl（1→2）[α-rhamno-pyranosyl（1→6）]-β-galactopyranoside （3）,6-methoxykaempferol 3-O-α-rhamnopyranosyl （1 →2）[α-rhamnopyranosyl （1 →6）]-β-galactopyranoside-7-O-α-rhamnopyranoside （4）,pongachin （5）,5,7-dimethoxy-8-（3-hydroxy-3-methylbut-1Z-enyl） flavanone （6） were isolated and determined.Except compound 5,the others were isolated from T.purpurea for the first time.For the cytotoxicity compound 5 had significant activity with the IC50 value of 4.4 mg/L while compound 1 and 3,whose cytotoxicity exceeded rotenone,also showed moderate activity.[Conclusion] Of all the compounds from T.purpurea leaves,the content of 6-methoxykaempferol compounds was considerable.The profiles of these compounds against SL cells suggested that compounds 1,3 and 5,whose cytotoxicity exceeded rotenone,were worth further research.

野外昆虫与家蚕微粒子病发生关系及防治对策

我省自1979年开始暴发微粒子病后,各场都设置了品检室,加强了对微粒子病的防治工作,并取得了显著成效.但是尽管防微工作常抓不懈,然而,每隔3～5年都要发生一季或连续数季的烧种.在蚕期补正检查和预知检查中,无微孢子虫检出,更无病死蚕发生,蛾期,特别是在母蛾镜检中却大量检出微粒子病蛾,造成成批烧种.

cDNA Cloning and Genomic Structure of PM/mPM Gene from B.mori

[ Objective] The experiment aimed to clone Paramyosin/mini-Paramyosin （PM/mPM） gene to analyze the relations between it and moving behaviors. [Method] PCR method and RACE technology were used to obtain whole cDNA of PM and some cDNA of mPM of Bombyx moil. By comparing wgs of Bombyx mori, the genomic sequence of PM/mPM of Bombyx mori was obtained, and, their genome structure was determined. [ Result] PM/mPM genes consisted of 17 exons and 16 intrens. By the use of selective promoters, The gene sequence encoded PM and mPM, while PM and mPM shared the last 6 exons. The cluster analysis between PM of Bombyx mori and PM of other invertebrate animals demonstrated that the relation between Bombyx mori and Bombyx mandarina was closest and the relation between Bombyx mori and Drosophila melanogaster was farthest in Insecta. [ Conclusion] There was no point mutation which could influence flight in amino acid sequence of PM of Bombyx mori and Bombyx mandarina, so the difference of flight capacity of Bombyx mori and Bombyx mandarina might be regulated by other mechanism.

Photoactivated Activities on Spodoptera litura Cell, Singlet Oxygen and Photostability of Photosensitizers

[Objective ]The aim of this study was to improve the photostability of pho-tosensitizers. [Method] 2,5-Diphenylthiophene and 2,5-dithienylethynylthiophene were synthesized by replacing thiophene rings of α-terthienyl （α-T） with benzene rings. Photoactivated activities on Spodoptera litura （SL） cells, singlet oxygen with UV and photostability of photosensitizers were investigated. [Result] The cytotoxicity of pho-tosensitizer 2,5-diphenylthiophene on SL cells was 0.22 and 0.16 μg/ml after treat-ment for 24 and 48 h, respectively, while that of 2,5-dithienylethynylthiophene on SL cells was 0.06 and 0.04 μg/ml. Singlet oxygen of 2,5-diphenylthiophene and 2,5-dithienylethynylthiophene was 1.047 5, 1.529 4 μg/mmol under UV, respectively. Degradation dynamic equations of 2,5-diphenylthiophene and 2,5-dithienylethynylthio-phene in methanol were Ct= 5.227 1e-0.006 1t, Ct= 5.084 2e-0.097 3t and half life was 111.79, 7.12 h. [Conclusion] Photosensitizer 2,5-diphenylthiophene has high singlet oxygen production ability, and high photoactivated cytotoxicity on SL cells under UV. Moreover, 2,5-diphenylthiophene has overcome the deficiency of photoactivated in-secticides, which is not applied directly in field because it degrades quickly in the environment.

Effects of Sublethal Doses of Chlorfluazuron on Pupal-testis in the Common Cutworm, Spodoptera fitura （F,） （Lepidoptera： Noctuidae）

The effects of sublethal doses （LD10：1.00 ng larval-1; LD30： 3.75 ng larva-1） of chlorfluazuron on number and size of developmental spermatocytes in pupal-testis during spermatogenesis of the common cutworm, Spodoptera litura （F.） are described. Chlorfluazuron was applied topically to newly-ecdysed fifth-instar larvae of S. litura under laboratory conditions. During first day of pupation, spermatids were the highest （3,430 ± 7）, however, elongated spermatocytes with mature sperm were the lowest （292 ± 16） in number in pupal-testis compared with other developing spermatocytes. During last day of pupation, elongated spermatocytes with mature sperm were the highest （3,581 ± 3）, however, spermatogonia were the lowest （86± 4） in number in pupal-testis compared with other developing spermatocytes. The number of spermatogonia, primary and secondary spermatocytes, spermatids and elongated cysts with mature sperm were increased during pupal-developmental days in the controls. However, their numbers were significantly reduced in LD10- and even more significantly reduced in LD30-treated pupal-testis compared with controls. Moreover, eupyrene sperm bundles were not present in pupal-testis. During pupal-developmental days, spermatids were the smallest （4.1 ± 0.9 dm in μm） and secondary spermatocytes were the largest （31.0 ± 1.8 dm in μm） in size compared with other developing spermatocytes. The sizes of the same developing spermatocytes were significantly reduced in LD10-treated and more significantly reduced in LD30-treated pupal-testis of S. litura compared with controls.

Localization and Functional Analysis of SeMNPV IE1 in Mammalian Cells

In this paper, the function of the iel gene from baculovirus Spodoptera exigua multiple nucleopolyhedrovirus （SeMNPV）, belonging to group II nucleopolyhedrovirus, was studied in mammalian cells We amplified the SeMNPV iel gene and expressed it by fusing to the C terminal of enhanced GFP protein in HEK 293 cells. Confocal microscopy revealed that the IE1-GFP fusion protein was localized in the nucleus of the mammalian cells. The promoter sequences of AcMNPV gp64, SeMNPV F protein and Drosophila hsp70 were also analyzed, to further study the function of SeMNPV IE1. The results showed that, in the absence of the hr sequence, IE1 improved the expression of the F promoter but didn＇t influence the gp64 promoter significantly, but IE1 moderately stimulated the hsp70 promoter.

Economic and Environmental Impact Transgenically Modified Cotton Comparative with Synthetic Chemicals for Insect Control

This article combines both a review of the literature and original data from our research. The comparative efficacy of Bacillus thuringiensis （Berliner） traits Bollgard, Bollgard II, WideStrike, and non-Bt expressing cotton, Gossypium hirsutum L., for control of the noctuid complex of bollworm, Helicoverpa zea （Boddie）; fall armyworm, Spodopterafrugiperda （J.E. Smith）; beet armyworm, Spodoptera exigua （Htibner）; and cabbage looper, Trichoplusia ni （Hiibner）, were evaluated in the Lower Rio Grande Valley of Texas during 2005-2009. Noctuid larval survival and damage to leaves on non-Bt cotton were 3.6-fold greater than on Bollgard II or WideStrike cotton and 1.5-fold greater than on cotton varieties with the Bollgard trait. Transgenic cotton has reduced the need for conventional insecticides with benefits to human health and the environment. The revenue differences between Bt and conventional cotton for last four years in LRGV of Texas was 214.35/ha and profit about 94.95/ha. We also analyzed cotton noctuid losses between Bt and conventionally grown cotton in the USA summary of all states and Texas summary of all regions.

从对传染病媒介昆虫、动物的认识及其消灭方法来看祖国医学的伟大

概述现代预防医学中,把对传染病媒介昆虫、动物的观察及其消灭方法的研究,已列为主要内容之一。特别是由於对这些昆虫、动物徹底消灭的重视程度不同,而直接影响某些传染病的发生与流行。这对保障人类的健康,关系至为重要。祖国医学是无数劳动先人,在长时期和疾病斗争中,经验创造积累的成果,所以它不但在治疗医学上有卓越的效验,并已形成独自的体系,而且在更为重要的预防医学上。

From deception to frankness： Benefits of ontogenetic shift in the anti-predator strategy of alder moth Acronicta alni larvae

Animals can avoid predation by masquerading as objects that are not food to their predators. Alder moth Acronicta alni larvae go through an impressive ontogenetic change from masquerade to highly conspicuous appearance： early larval stages resemble bird droppings but in the last instar the larval coloration changes into striking yellow-and-black stripes. We hypothe- sized that such a change may be driven by differential predation favoring dissimilar anti-predator strategies in different life stages We show with a series of laboratory assays that larvae are distasteful to birds regardless of their developmental stage, suggesting that ontogenetic color change is not driven by the differential chemical defense. Birds showed higher variance in hesitation to- ward conspicuous prey; some individuals hesitated long time before attacking whereas all birds attacked instantly masqueraded prey. We also found that the activity level of the larvae increased with age, which fits to the fact that larvae need to move from foliage to pupation sites. In the field by using artificial larvae resembling the two life-history stages we found predation risk to vary during the season： In early summer larger yellow-and-black larvae were attacked most, whereas later in the summer small ＇bird-dropping-larvae＇ suffered the highest predation. We conclude that the ontogenetic switch from masquerading to aposema- tism is adaptive most likely because actively moving prey cannot mimic immotile objects and thus, aposematism during the ac- tive and vulnerable period when larvae are searching for pupation sites becomes beneficial