Declining cognitive abilities can be a concomitant of advanced age.As language is closely associated with cognitive abilities,changes in language abilities can be an important marker of changes in cognitive abilities....Declining cognitive abilities can be a concomitant of advanced age.As language is closely associated with cognitive abilities,changes in language abilities can be an important marker of changes in cognitive abilities.The current study is to review cognitive studies of language and aging by first identifying and exploring the major clusters and pivotal articles and then detecting emerging trends.Data of 3,266 articles on language and aging from 2013 to 2022 were collected from the Web of Science Core Collection database.Adopting Document Co-citation Analysis,Freeman’s betweenness centrality metric(Freeman,2002)and Kleinberg’s burst detection algorithm(Kleinberg,2002),we explored major clusters,pivotal articles and emerging trends in this field.Cognition appears to be the most remarkable cluster.Bilingualism,speech production,listening effort,and reading comprehension are other major active clusters in a certain period.The most recent active cluster concerns the studies of Alzheimer’s disease.Articles serving as pivotal points concentrate on cognitive studies of the Framework for Understanding Effortful Listening(FUEL),the new Ease of Language Understanding model(EUL)and a hierarchical multi-representational generative framework of language comprehension.The progress in statistical methods,the relationship between language and cognitive impairment and the relationship between language abilities and cognition are the emerging trends.These emerging trends will provide some insights into how cognitive abilities influence language abilities in aging.展开更多
Since the specifications of most of the existing context-sensitive graph grammars tend to be either too intricate or not intuitive, a novel context-sensitive graph grammar formalism, called context-attributed graph gr...Since the specifications of most of the existing context-sensitive graph grammars tend to be either too intricate or not intuitive, a novel context-sensitive graph grammar formalism, called context-attributed graph grammar（CAGG）, is proposed. In order to resolve the embedding problem, context information of a graph production in the CAGG is represented in the form of context attributes of the nodes involved. Moreover, several properties of a set of confluent CAGG productions are characterized, and then an algorithm based on them is developed to decide whether or not a set of productions is confluent, which provides the foundation for the design of efficient parsing algorithms. It can also be shown through the comparison of CAGG with several typical context-sensitive graph grammars that CAGG is more succinct and, at the same time, more intuitive than the others, making it more suitably and effortlessly applicable to the specification of visual languages.展开更多
With the development of the Internet, the Internet language-a new social variant of language comes into being. Owing to its distinctive features, the Internet language draws extensive attention and evokes dispute. Sho...With the development of the Internet, the Internet language-a new social variant of language comes into being. Owing to its distinctive features, the Internet language draws extensive attention and evokes dispute. Should we make laws to restrict its development or be magnanimous and tolerant？ The present authors think that the dispute reflects the clash between the traditional culture and the ＂fast food＂ culture. The two cultures would co-exist harmoniously and co-develop healthily only if we cherish the law in the development of language and grasp the indirect correlation between them.展开更多
Silence, as a form of nonverbal communication, may be interpreted in various ways depending upon the culture. The purpose of this study is to explain misunderstanding concerned with the uses of silence in conversation...Silence, as a form of nonverbal communication, may be interpreted in various ways depending upon the culture. The purpose of this study is to explain misunderstanding concerned with the uses of silence in conversations situated in different cultural backgrounds, and then give possible methods to avoid it. The explanation is mainly based on the two categories related to the context posed by Edward Hall： high-context culture ＆ low-context culture. In this part, the study also contrasts distinct verbal styles in America ＆ Japan, in addition, it analyses different attitudes towards silence from three aspects： traditional value, religion and power distance. At end, the study is concluded with four solutions that try to solve the problem.展开更多
It is not an exaggeration to say that culture has penetrated all the fields of human society. Language, of course, is included in culture. When we talk about one of them, we should relate it with the other. This is ju...It is not an exaggeration to say that culture has penetrated all the fields of human society. Language, of course, is included in culture. When we talk about one of them, we should relate it with the other. This is just what Edward Sapir had said ＂language has an environment. It could not exist in case it is separated from culture＂. Translation is a way to transfer information from one culture to another. So, as a translator, he could not avoid the difficulties brought by the two cultures. Here, this paper takes The Story of the Stone as an example to show the relationship between language, culture and translation.展开更多
The cultural differences between the east and the west are reflected in their own languages. Vocabulary is the basic building material of a language. It is the basic linguistic unit of cultural connotation and message...The cultural differences between the east and the west are reflected in their own languages. Vocabulary is the basic building material of a language. It is the basic linguistic unit of cultural connotation and message. Through the analysis of the word ＂rose＂, this paper attempts to find the different connotations in Chinese and western cultures. It also tentatively explores the significance of introducing cultural background in foreign language teaching.展开更多
Through the mapping from UMQL （ unified multimedia query language） conditional expressions to UMQA （unified multimedia query algebra） query operations, a translation algorithm from a UMQL query to a UMQA query pla...Through the mapping from UMQL （ unified multimedia query language） conditional expressions to UMQA （unified multimedia query algebra） query operations, a translation algorithm from a UMQL query to a UMQA query plan is put forward, which can generate an equivalent UMQA internal query plan for any UMQL query. Then, to improve the execution costs of UMQA query plans effectively, equivalent UMQA translation formulae and general optimization strategies are studied, and an optimization algorithm for UMQA internal query plans is presented. This algorithm uses equivalent UMQA translation formulae to optimize query plans, and makes the optimized query plans accord with the optimization strategies as much as possible. Finally, the logic implementation methods of UMQA plans, i.e., logic implementation methods of UMQA operators, are discussed to obtain useful target data from a muifirnedia database. All of these algorithms are implemented in a UMQL prototype system. Application results show that these query processing techniques are feasible and applicable.展开更多
The paper tentatively studies the function of the indirect speech act in Chinese cultural communication, namely, domestic communication. Two aspects are shown in this paper： communication between people of different ...The paper tentatively studies the function of the indirect speech act in Chinese cultural communication, namely, domestic communication. Two aspects are shown in this paper： communication between people of different social status, genders and casual relationships, and communication between people of same social status, genders and close relationships. Therefore, the study result can be concluded like this： whether the use of indirect speech act is successful or not always influences people＇s communication significantly.展开更多
In the era of globalization,English as an international language(EIL) is also the medium of intercultural communication for the international community.Based on the theory of cultural linguistics(CL),which regards lan...In the era of globalization,English as an international language(EIL) is also the medium of intercultural communication for the international community.Based on the theory of cultural linguistics(CL),which regards language as culture-oriented rather than structure-oriented,Sharifian(2009,p.4) has proposed that varieties of English which constitute EIL result from the interaction between the English language and different local cultures.CL suggests that China English(CE) should be understood in this light:It is not a substandard interlanguage,but a variety of English with its own cultural value and right.This paper intends to systemically analyze the nature of CE and its value in intercultural communication so as to better understand current intercultural education.Over a long time,much emphasis has been laid on the importance of adapting to the target language culture to the neglect of home language culture in our College English classrooms,thus resulting in what is known as Chinese cultural aphasia.In the light of CL,intercultural communication competence(ICC) encompasses not only knowing English and adapting to its culture,but also using CE to introduce the native culture in which CE plays an irreplaceable role.Therefore,CE is undoubtedly a key remedy for Chinese cultural aphasia.More research on CL should be conducted as it provides felicitous disciplinary guidance for our college intercultural education.展开更多
English, as a language of wide communication, is an international language in both a global and local sense. Its global spread and evolution have been topics of heated discussion. This paper reviews briefly the histor...English, as a language of wide communication, is an international language in both a global and local sense. Its global spread and evolution have been topics of heated discussion. This paper reviews briefly the history and relevant literature of the globalization of English, and explores its implications in English language teaching, especially in the Chinese context.展开更多
文摘Declining cognitive abilities can be a concomitant of advanced age.As language is closely associated with cognitive abilities,changes in language abilities can be an important marker of changes in cognitive abilities.The current study is to review cognitive studies of language and aging by first identifying and exploring the major clusters and pivotal articles and then detecting emerging trends.Data of 3,266 articles on language and aging from 2013 to 2022 were collected from the Web of Science Core Collection database.Adopting Document Co-citation Analysis,Freeman’s betweenness centrality metric(Freeman,2002)and Kleinberg’s burst detection algorithm(Kleinberg,2002),we explored major clusters,pivotal articles and emerging trends in this field.Cognition appears to be the most remarkable cluster.Bilingualism,speech production,listening effort,and reading comprehension are other major active clusters in a certain period.The most recent active cluster concerns the studies of Alzheimer’s disease.Articles serving as pivotal points concentrate on cognitive studies of the Framework for Understanding Effortful Listening(FUEL),the new Ease of Language Understanding model(EUL)and a hierarchical multi-representational generative framework of language comprehension.The progress in statistical methods,the relationship between language and cognitive impairment and the relationship between language abilities and cognition are the emerging trends.These emerging trends will provide some insights into how cognitive abilities influence language abilities in aging.
基金The National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.60571048,60673186,60736015)the National High Technology Researchand Development Program of China(863Program)(No.2007AA01Z178)
文摘Since the specifications of most of the existing context-sensitive graph grammars tend to be either too intricate or not intuitive, a novel context-sensitive graph grammar formalism, called context-attributed graph grammar（CAGG）, is proposed. In order to resolve the embedding problem, context information of a graph production in the CAGG is represented in the form of context attributes of the nodes involved. Moreover, several properties of a set of confluent CAGG productions are characterized, and then an algorithm based on them is developed to decide whether or not a set of productions is confluent, which provides the foundation for the design of efficient parsing algorithms. It can also be shown through the comparison of CAGG with several typical context-sensitive graph grammars that CAGG is more succinct and, at the same time, more intuitive than the others, making it more suitably and effortlessly applicable to the specification of visual languages.
文摘With the development of the Internet, the Internet language-a new social variant of language comes into being. Owing to its distinctive features, the Internet language draws extensive attention and evokes dispute. Should we make laws to restrict its development or be magnanimous and tolerant？ The present authors think that the dispute reflects the clash between the traditional culture and the ＂fast food＂ culture. The two cultures would co-exist harmoniously and co-develop healthily only if we cherish the law in the development of language and grasp the indirect correlation between them.
文摘Silence, as a form of nonverbal communication, may be interpreted in various ways depending upon the culture. The purpose of this study is to explain misunderstanding concerned with the uses of silence in conversations situated in different cultural backgrounds, and then give possible methods to avoid it. The explanation is mainly based on the two categories related to the context posed by Edward Hall： high-context culture ＆ low-context culture. In this part, the study also contrasts distinct verbal styles in America ＆ Japan, in addition, it analyses different attitudes towards silence from three aspects： traditional value, religion and power distance. At end, the study is concluded with four solutions that try to solve the problem.
文摘It is not an exaggeration to say that culture has penetrated all the fields of human society. Language, of course, is included in culture. When we talk about one of them, we should relate it with the other. This is just what Edward Sapir had said ＂language has an environment. It could not exist in case it is separated from culture＂. Translation is a way to transfer information from one culture to another. So, as a translator, he could not avoid the difficulties brought by the two cultures. Here, this paper takes The Story of the Stone as an example to show the relationship between language, culture and translation.
文摘The cultural differences between the east and the west are reflected in their own languages. Vocabulary is the basic building material of a language. It is the basic linguistic unit of cultural connotation and message. Through the analysis of the word ＂rose＂, this paper attempts to find the different connotations in Chinese and western cultures. It also tentatively explores the significance of introducing cultural background in foreign language teaching.
基金The National High Technology Research and Development Program of China(863 Program) (No.2006AA01Z430)
文摘Through the mapping from UMQL （ unified multimedia query language） conditional expressions to UMQA （unified multimedia query algebra） query operations, a translation algorithm from a UMQL query to a UMQA query plan is put forward, which can generate an equivalent UMQA internal query plan for any UMQL query. Then, to improve the execution costs of UMQA query plans effectively, equivalent UMQA translation formulae and general optimization strategies are studied, and an optimization algorithm for UMQA internal query plans is presented. This algorithm uses equivalent UMQA translation formulae to optimize query plans, and makes the optimized query plans accord with the optimization strategies as much as possible. Finally, the logic implementation methods of UMQA plans, i.e., logic implementation methods of UMQA operators, are discussed to obtain useful target data from a muifirnedia database. All of these algorithms are implemented in a UMQL prototype system. Application results show that these query processing techniques are feasible and applicable.
文摘The paper tentatively studies the function of the indirect speech act in Chinese cultural communication, namely, domestic communication. Two aspects are shown in this paper： communication between people of different social status, genders and casual relationships, and communication between people of same social status, genders and close relationships. Therefore, the study result can be concluded like this： whether the use of indirect speech act is successful or not always influences people＇s communication significantly.
文摘In the era of globalization,English as an international language(EIL) is also the medium of intercultural communication for the international community.Based on the theory of cultural linguistics(CL),which regards language as culture-oriented rather than structure-oriented,Sharifian(2009,p.4) has proposed that varieties of English which constitute EIL result from the interaction between the English language and different local cultures.CL suggests that China English(CE) should be understood in this light:It is not a substandard interlanguage,but a variety of English with its own cultural value and right.This paper intends to systemically analyze the nature of CE and its value in intercultural communication so as to better understand current intercultural education.Over a long time,much emphasis has been laid on the importance of adapting to the target language culture to the neglect of home language culture in our College English classrooms,thus resulting in what is known as Chinese cultural aphasia.In the light of CL,intercultural communication competence(ICC) encompasses not only knowing English and adapting to its culture,but also using CE to introduce the native culture in which CE plays an irreplaceable role.Therefore,CE is undoubtedly a key remedy for Chinese cultural aphasia.More research on CL should be conducted as it provides felicitous disciplinary guidance for our college intercultural education.
文摘English, as a language of wide communication, is an international language in both a global and local sense. Its global spread and evolution have been topics of heated discussion. This paper reviews briefly the history and relevant literature of the globalization of English, and explores its implications in English language teaching, especially in the Chinese context.
