Concentrations of atmospheric nitrous oxide （N2O）, a potent greenhouse gas, have been continuously increasing, and cropland soils are one of the largest sources of N2O. Variations in environmental and anthropogenic ...Concentrations of atmospheric nitrous oxide （N2O）, a potent greenhouse gas, have been continuously increasing, and cropland soils are one of the largest sources of N2O. Variations in environmental and anthropogenic factors have substantial impacts on both the frequency and magnitude of N2O emissions. Based on measurements from a wheat-maize system in the North China Plain, the authors parameterized the Agricultural Production Systems Simulator （APSIM） model, which was initially developed in Australia, for simulating N2O emissions under different agricultural management practices. After calibrating one of the key parameters -- the fraction of N2O lost in nitrification （k2） -- the results showed that the model successfully captured the daily N2O fluxes under different nitrogen fertilization treatments, but underestimated some large peak fluxes. By pooling all data together, the calibrated APSIM model also performed well in representing cumulative N2O emissions under various treatments at annual and finer （monthly and daily） time scales.展开更多
This paper revealed the climatic change characteristics of fog and haze of different levels over North China and Huang-Huai area(NCHH).It was found that the haze-prone period has changed from winter into a whole year,...This paper revealed the climatic change characteristics of fog and haze of different levels over North China and Huang-Huai area(NCHH).It was found that the haze-prone period has changed from winter into a whole year,and the haze days(HD)in winter have increased significantly.The foggy days(FD)are half of HD.There are little difference on the number of days and trends of fog at various levels.The HD and FD show no obvious positive correlation until the 1980s.Fog has larger spatial scale,showing more in the south than in the north.Haze occurs mainly around large cities with a discrete distribution.In the background of weakened East Asian Winter Monsoon(EAWM)and sufficient particulate matter,the negative correlation between haze and wind speed is weakened,but the positive correlation between haze and moisture conditions(precipitation and humidity)is significantly strengthened.In recent years,small wind and variability appear frequently.Meanwhile,as the stable source and strong moisture absorption of the aerosol particles,the moisture condition becomes one key control factor in the haze,especially wet haze with less visibility.In contrast,the FD presents a stable positive correlation with precipitation and relative humidity,but has no obvious negative correlation with wind speed.展开更多
Ecosystem degradation occurs in parallel with desertification process in sandy areas of North China. The vast sandy areas in North China are characterized with flexible environments and fragile ecosystems as well as i...Ecosystem degradation occurs in parallel with desertification process in sandy areas of North China. The vast sandy areas in North China are characterized with flexible environments and fragile ecosystems as well as intensive human activities. Due to the annual precipitation gradient decreases from east to west in North China, the whole sandy region falls into 3 main climatic zones: arid, semi-arid and dry sub-humid zones.The ecosystems in each type of climatic zones are different in climatic conditions, human activities, cultural dimensions, vegetation covers, landscapes, and causes and processes of ecosystem degradation. Therefore, the most effective rehabilitation measures of degraded ecosystems in different types of the climatic zones are also different. For the arid sandy areas, vegetation rehabilitation of degraded ecosystems needs to be completely closed, assisting with artificial measures, such as plantation, irrigation or others. For semi-arid sandy areas, the effective measures of vegetation rehabilitation of degraded ecosystems include increasing of proportion of forests and rangelands and limitation of reclamation; reducing the carrying capacity of livestock on unit area of rangelands and growth of fodder plants; and plantation on the lowlands between sand dunes. For the dry sub-humid areas, the most effective measure is enclosure of degraded ecosystems combined with plantation, and in some cases, just stop uses by grazing or reclamation.展开更多
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China[grant number 41590875]
文摘Concentrations of atmospheric nitrous oxide （N2O）, a potent greenhouse gas, have been continuously increasing, and cropland soils are one of the largest sources of N2O. Variations in environmental and anthropogenic factors have substantial impacts on both the frequency and magnitude of N2O emissions. Based on measurements from a wheat-maize system in the North China Plain, the authors parameterized the Agricultural Production Systems Simulator （APSIM） model, which was initially developed in Australia, for simulating N2O emissions under different agricultural management practices. After calibrating one of the key parameters -- the fraction of N2O lost in nitrification （k2） -- the results showed that the model successfully captured the daily N2O fluxes under different nitrogen fertilization treatments, but underestimated some large peak fluxes. By pooling all data together, the calibrated APSIM model also performed well in representing cumulative N2O emissions under various treatments at annual and finer （monthly and daily） time scales.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant Nos. 41130103, 41210007)
文摘This paper revealed the climatic change characteristics of fog and haze of different levels over North China and Huang-Huai area(NCHH).It was found that the haze-prone period has changed from winter into a whole year,and the haze days(HD)in winter have increased significantly.The foggy days(FD)are half of HD.There are little difference on the number of days and trends of fog at various levels.The HD and FD show no obvious positive correlation until the 1980s.Fog has larger spatial scale,showing more in the south than in the north.Haze occurs mainly around large cities with a discrete distribution.In the background of weakened East Asian Winter Monsoon(EAWM)and sufficient particulate matter,the negative correlation between haze and wind speed is weakened,but the positive correlation between haze and moisture conditions(precipitation and humidity)is significantly strengthened.In recent years,small wind and variability appear frequently.Meanwhile,as the stable source and strong moisture absorption of the aerosol particles,the moisture condition becomes one key control factor in the haze,especially wet haze with less visibility.In contrast,the FD presents a stable positive correlation with precipitation and relative humidity,but has no obvious negative correlation with wind speed.
文摘Ecosystem degradation occurs in parallel with desertification process in sandy areas of North China. The vast sandy areas in North China are characterized with flexible environments and fragile ecosystems as well as intensive human activities. Due to the annual precipitation gradient decreases from east to west in North China, the whole sandy region falls into 3 main climatic zones: arid, semi-arid and dry sub-humid zones.The ecosystems in each type of climatic zones are different in climatic conditions, human activities, cultural dimensions, vegetation covers, landscapes, and causes and processes of ecosystem degradation. Therefore, the most effective rehabilitation measures of degraded ecosystems in different types of the climatic zones are also different. For the arid sandy areas, vegetation rehabilitation of degraded ecosystems needs to be completely closed, assisting with artificial measures, such as plantation, irrigation or others. For semi-arid sandy areas, the effective measures of vegetation rehabilitation of degraded ecosystems include increasing of proportion of forests and rangelands and limitation of reclamation; reducing the carrying capacity of livestock on unit area of rangelands and growth of fodder plants; and plantation on the lowlands between sand dunes. For the dry sub-humid areas, the most effective measure is enclosure of degraded ecosystems combined with plantation, and in some cases, just stop uses by grazing or reclamation.
