The Variability of the Snow and Ice Melt in Alpine Rivers in Northwestern China

The study of snow and ice melt （SIM） is important in water-scarce arid regions for the assessment of water supply and quality. These studies involve unique difficulties, especially in the calibration of hydro-models because there is no direct way to continuously measure the SIM at hydrostations. The recursive digital filter （RDF） and the isotopic hydro-geochemical method （IHM） were coupled to separate the SIM from eight observed series of alpine streamflows in northwestern China. Validation of the calibrated methods suggested a good capture of the SIM characteristics with fair accuracy in both space and time. Applications of the coupled methods in the upper reaches of the Hei River Basin （HRB） suggested a double peak curve of the SIM fraction to streamflow for the multi-component recharged （MCR） rivers, while a single peak curve was suggested for the rainfall-dominant recharged （RDR） rivers. Given inter-annual statistics of the separation, both types of the alpine rivers have experienced an obvious decrease of SIM since 196os. In the past 10 years, the SIM in the two types of rivers has risen to the levels of the 1970s, but has remained lower than the level of the 1960s. The study provided a considerable evidence to quantify the alpine SIMbased on the separation of observed data series at gauge stations. Application of the coupled method could be helpful in the calibration and validation of SIM-related hydro-models in alpine regions.

浅谈符号学角度下的于志学冰雪山水画

艺术家于志学自20世纪60年代起就陆续研究出重叠法、雪皱法、泼白法、滴白法等专画北国冰雪的技法,填补了1000多年以来中国山水画无专门的冰雪技法,只是通过留白方式表现冰雪的空白,为冰雪山水画扬名国内外打下了坚实的基础。艺术品是人工生产的纯符号,符号学又是研究意义的学说,故而以符号学视角探究于志学冰雪山水画吸引了笔者的注意。笔者以艺术符号学中的部分理论作为论据,分析研究于志学的冰雪山水画艺术作品。