北大西洋年代际振荡(AMO)气候影响的研究评述

北大西洋年代际振荡(theAtlantic Multidecadal Oscillation,AMO)是发生在北大西洋区域空间上具有海盆尺度、时间上具有多十年尺度的海表温度(sea surface temperature,SST)准周期性暖冷异常变化。它具有65～80a周期,振幅为0.4℃。AMO的形成与热盐环流的准周期性振荡有关,它是气候系统的一种自然变率。诸多研究表明,AMO在北大西洋局地气候及全球其他区域气候演变中发挥了重要影响。欧亚大陆的表面气温,美国大陆、巴西东北部、西非以及南亚的降水,北大西洋飓风等都与之密切相关。AMO对东亚季风气候的年代际变化有显著的调制作用,暖位相AMO增强东亚夏季风,减弱冬季风,冷位相则相反。本文总结了这方面的研究进展,讨论了AMO对未来气候预测的意义,认为最近20多年来我国冬季的显著增暖与AMO处于暖位相有关,是人类温室气体强迫与暖位相AMO(自然因子)两种增暖影响相叠加的结果。随着AMO逐渐转入冷位相,我国冬季变暖趋势将放慢,并有望于21世纪20年代中期逆转。

亚洲季风区气候对北大西洋年代际振荡冷暖位相的对称和非对称响应

利用NCEP大气环流模式,模拟了亚洲季风区气候对北大西洋正、负海温异常的响应。研究表明:亚洲季风区气候对北大西洋年代际振荡(AMO)的影响存在线性和非线性响应;AMO的暖位相造成欧亚大陆增温以及印度地区北暖南冷的偶极子型分布,主要是线性因素的作用;夏季、秋季印度半岛降雨增多,是线性因素和非线性因素共同作用的结果,且非线性因素带给印度半岛的降水多集中在西部。

北极涛动与北太平洋和北大西洋多年代际振荡的关系研究

利用小波变换和小波互相关分析法对1901—2000年的北极涛动（Arctic Oscillation,AO）、北大西洋多年代际振荡（Atlantic Multidecadal Oscillation,AMO）和北太平洋年代际振荡（Pacific Decadal Oscillation,PDO）的年代际振荡关系进行研究,并利用1 000 h Pa高度场合成分析进行验证。结果表明,三个气候模态均有明显的多年代际尺度的振荡特征,且它们在各特征时间尺度上的振荡相关性存在显著区别,主要表现为：在60 a尺度上,AO超前PDO约4 a正相关,AO滞后AMO约12 a负相关;在20~30 a尺度上,AO超前PDO约12 a正相关;在30 a尺度上,AO超前AMO约8 a正相关。在60 a尺度上,超前PDO负位相4 a和滞后AMO正位相12 a的高度场合成结果为AO负位相;在20~30 a尺度上,超前PDO正位相12 a和超前AMO正位相8 a的高度场合成结果为AO正位相。合成分析结果进一步验证了三个模态的相关性。

Global Climate Internal Variability in a 2000-year Control Simulation with Community Earth System Model(CESM)

Using the low-resolution （T31, equivalent to 3.75°× 3.75°） version of the Community Earth System Model （CESM） from the National Center for Atmospheric Research （NCAR）, a global climate simulation was carried out with fixed external forcing factors （1850 Common Era. （C.E.） conditions） for the past 2000 years. Based on the simulated results, spatio-temporal structures of surface air temperature, precipitation and internal variability, such as the E1 Nifio-Southem Oscillation （ENSO）, the Atlantic Multi-decadal Oscilla- tion （AMO）, the Pacific Decadal Oscillation （PDO）, and the North Atlantic Oscillation （NAO）, were compared with reanalysis datasets to evaluate the model performance. The results are as follows： 1） CESM showed a good performance in the long-term simulation and no significant climate drift over the past 2000 years; 2） climatological patterns of global and regional climate changes simulated by the CESM were reasonable compared with the reanalysis datasets; and 3） the CESM simulated internal natural variability of the climate system performs very well. The model not only reproduced the periodicity of ENSO, AMO and PDO events but also the 3-8 years vari- ability of the ENSO. The spatial distribution of the CESM-simulated NAO was also similar to the observed. However, because of weaker total irradiation and greenhouse gas concentration forcing in the simulation than the present, the model performances had some differences from the observations. Generally, the CESM showed a good performance in simulating the global climate and internal natu- ral variability of the climate system. This paves the way for other forced climate simulations for the past 2000 years by using the CESM.

Relationships between the Oxygen Isotopes in East Asian Stalagmites and Large-Scale Atmospheric and Oceanic Modes

The stalagmite δ18O record is known to be associated with the climate, but the specifics of the relationship remain unclear. It may not represent variation in air temperature or precipitation, but instead reflect integral changes of monsoon circulation, especially water vapor sources(the so-called "circulation effect"). Since large-scale atmospheric-oceanic modes such as the Atlantic Multidecadal Oscillation(AMO), Pacific Decadal Oscillation(PDO), and North Atlantic Oscillation(NAO) exert significant effects on Asian monsoon, in this paper the authors investigate the relationships of the East Asian stalagmite δ18O record with these modes. The last three centuries form the focus of our study, for which the authors use reconstructed as well as instrumental data. Considering the impacts of human activity, our analysis is conducted with respect to two periods—the pre- and post-industrial periods. The results show significant lead-lag connections: a positive correlation peaks when the PDO leads East Asian stalagmite δ18O by 3 years, which is persistent over the past 300 years; while the relationships of the AMO and NAO with the East Asian stalagmite δ18O record show significant differences in the post-industrial relative to the pre-industrial period. This implies that the East Asian stalagmite δ18O record may primarily reflect the PDO signal.

Weaker connection between the Atlantic Multidecadal Oscillation and Indian summer rainfall since the mid-1990s

Previous studies have shown that the Atlantic Multidecadal Oscillation （AMO） can play an important role in modulating the variabilityoflndian summer monsoon rainfall （ISMR） over a 50-60-yr timescale. A significant positive correlation between the AMO and ISMR is found both in observations and models. However, instrumental records show that the relationship becomes non-significant or even of opposite sign after the mid-1990s, suggesting a weakening of the AMO-ISMR connection. The mechanism for the breakdown of the AMO-ISMR connection is investigated in the present work, and the results suggest that a substantial warming in the Indian-tropical western Pacific Ocean plays a role. The warming weakens the meridional gradient of tropospheric temperature between Eurasia and the indian Ocean, and reduces the meridional sea level pressure gradient between the Indian Subcontinent and Indian Ocean, weakening the Indian summer monsoon. Thus, warming in the Indian-tropical western Pacific Ocean seems responsible for the weakened connection between the AMO and ISM.

CMIP5和CMIP6模式在历史试验下对AMO和PDO的模拟评估

利用Hadley中心的观测海温资料,以及耦合模式比较计划的第五阶段和耦合模式比较计划的第六阶段历史试验的模式资料,分析和评估了2个最为重要的年代际尺度模态,北大西洋年代际振荡、太平洋年代际振荡在耦合模式比较计划的第五阶段和耦合模式比较计划的第六阶段中的模拟能力。通过对比多模式集合发现,在空间模态方面,耦合模式比较计划的第五阶段和耦合模式比较计划的第六阶段都能模拟出北大西洋年代际振荡在北大西洋地区的信号,但耦合模式比较计划的第六阶段的模拟更好,对于太平洋年代际振荡模态而言,都能模拟出在北太平洋地区的信号,而太平洋年代际振荡在热带太平洋地区的信号,耦合模式比较计划的第六阶段模拟的振幅明显更接近观测。在周期的模拟方面,耦合模式比较计划的第五阶段和耦合模式比较计划的第六阶段结果相似,都能模拟出北大西洋年代际振荡存在60~70年的周期,以及太平洋年代际振荡存在20年和60~70年的双周期。整体而言,耦合模式比较计划的第六阶段相比于耦合模式比较计划的第五阶段在空间特征模拟方面有一定进步,但是对于周期的模拟能力,没有明显进步。