Cercis (L.) (Leguminosae) consists of approximately 8 species, disjunctly distributed in eastern and western Asia, southern Europe, and North America. Phylogenetic analysis was performed using sequences of the interna...Cercis (L.) (Leguminosae) consists of approximately 8 species, disjunctly distributed in eastern and western Asia, southern Europe, and North America. Phylogenetic analysis was performed using sequences of the internal transcribed spacer ( ITS) of the nuclear ribosomal DNA. The two North American and one Southern European and Western Asian species consistently form a clade, nesting within the eastern Asian species, suggesting a slightly closer relationship between the North American and Southern Europe-Western Asian species than each with the Eastern Asian species of Cercis. A close relationship between the eastern and western North American species is furthermore demonstrated, although with weaker support. The possibilities of migration via either the Bering land bridges or the North Atlantic land bridges could not be precluded; it suggests that the biogeographic patterns in the Northern Hemisphere are complex.展开更多
AIM: Our goals were to analyze the known genetic predispositions for autoimmune hepatitis (AIH) in AIH Italian population and to compare them with North American counterparts. METHODS: Human leukocyte antigens (HLA) B...AIM: Our goals were to analyze the known genetic predispositions for autoimmune hepatitis (AIH) in AIH Italian population and to compare them with North American counterparts. METHODS: Human leukocyte antigens (HLA) B8, C7, DR3, DR4, DR7, DR11, DR13, DQ2 and the B8-DR3-DQ2 phenotype were determined by microlymphocytotoxicity and polymerase chain reaction in 74 Italian patients (57 with type 1 and 17 with type 2 AIH) and 149 North American patients with type 1 AIH, and in adequate controls. RESULTS: B8-DR3-DQ2 occurred more frequently in Italian patients with type 1 AIH than in Italian controls (30% vs 7%, P<0.0001), but less frequently than in North American counterparts (30% vs 48%, P= 0.02). DR4 occurred less frequently in Italian patients with type 1 AIH (23% vs 43%, P= 0.01) and in controls (16% vs 34%, P= 0.0003) than in North American counterparts. No differences were found in alleles' frequency between type 1 and type 2 Italian AIH patients. DR11 had a frequency lower in type 1 Italian AIH patients than controls (17% vs 35%, P= 0.01). CONCLUSION: HLA DR4 is not associated with AIH in Italy. The known HLA risk factors for AIH occur similarly in Italian patients with type 1 and type 2 AIH, and they are less frequent than in North American patients. B8-DR3-DQ2 is the predominant phenotype of type 1 AIH also in Italy, and HLA DR11 may be a regionally distinctive protective factor against type 1 AIH.展开更多
Inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD) are chronic disorders of the intestine with increasing incidence in Europe, Northern America and asiatic countries such as china. Thus, we have putted together these topic highlight a...Inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD) are chronic disorders of the intestine with increasing incidence in Europe, Northern America and asiatic countries such as china. Thus, we have putted together these topic highlight articles to give insights into the current understanding of IBD pathogenesis, diagnostics and treatment.展开更多
Understanding the effects of land cover changes on ecosystem carbon stocks is essential for ecosystem management and envi- ronmental protection, particularly in the transboundary region that has undergone marked chang...Understanding the effects of land cover changes on ecosystem carbon stocks is essential for ecosystem management and envi- ronmental protection, particularly in the transboundary region that has undergone marked changes. This study aimed to examine the impacts of land cover changes on ecosystem carbon stocks in the transboundary Tureen River Basin （TTRB）. We extracted the spatial information from Landsat Thematic Imager （TM） and Operational Land Imager （OLI） images for the years 1990 and 2015 and obtained convincing estimates of terrestrial biomass and soil carbon stocks with the INVEST model. The results showed that forestland, cropland and built-up land increased by 57.5, 429.7 and 128.9 km2, respectively, while grassland, wetland and barren land declined by 24.9, 548.0 and 43.0 km2, respectively in the TTRB from 1990 to 2015. The total carbon stocks encompassing aboveground, belowground, soil and litter layer carbon storage pools have declined from 831.48 Tg C in 1990 to 831.42 Tg C in 2015 due to land cover changes. In detail, the carbon stocks de- creased by 3.13 Tg C and 0.44 Tg C in Democratic People＇s Republic of Korea （North Korea） and Russia, respectively, while increased by 3.51 Tg C in China. Furthermore, economic development, and national policy accounted for most land cover changes in the TTRB. Our results imply that effective wetland and forestland protection policies among China, North Korea, and Russia are much needed for protecting the natural resources, promoting local ecosystem services and regional sustainable development in the transnational area.展开更多
The Changbai Mountains and the Appalachian Mountains have similar spatial contexts.The elevation,latitude,and moisture gradients of both mountain ranges offer regional insight for investigating the vegetation dynamics...The Changbai Mountains and the Appalachian Mountains have similar spatial contexts.The elevation,latitude,and moisture gradients of both mountain ranges offer regional insight for investigating the vegetation dynamics in eastern Eurasia and eastern North America.We determined and compared the spatial patterns and temporal trends in the normalized difference vegetation index(NDVI)in the Changbai Mountains and the Appalachian Mountains using time series data from the Global Inventory Modeling and Mapping Studies 3^(rd) generation dataset from 1982 to 2013.The spatial pattern of NDVI in the Changbai Mountains exhibited fragmentation,whereas NDVI in the Appalachian Mountains decreased from south to north.The vegetation dynamics in the Changbai Mountains had an insignificant trend at the regional scale,whereas the dynamics in the Appalachian Mountains had a significant increasing trend.NDVI increased in 55% of the area of the Changbai Mountains and in 95% of the area of the Appalachian Mountains.The peak NDVI occurred one month later in the Changbai Mountains than in the Appalachian Mountains.The results revealed a significant increase in NDVI in autumn in both mountain ranges.The climatic trend in the Changbai Mountains included warming and decreased precipitation,and whereas that in the Appalachian Mountains included significant warming and increased precipitation.Positive and negative correlations existed between NDVI and temperature and precipitation,respectively,in both mountain ranges.Particularly,the spring temperature and NDVI exhibited a significant positive correlation in both mountain ranges.The results of this study suggest that human actives caused the differences in the spatial patterns of NDVI and that various characteristics of climate change and intensity of human actives dominated the differences in the NDVI trends between the Changbai Mountains and the Appalachian Mountains.Additionally,the vegetation dynamics of both mountain ranges were not identical to those in previous broader-scale studies.展开更多
In this study, the structures and evolutions of moderate(MO) explosive cyclones(ECs) over the Northwestern Pacific(NWP) and Northeastern Pacific(NEP) are investigated and compared using composite analysis with cyclone...In this study, the structures and evolutions of moderate(MO) explosive cyclones(ECs) over the Northwestern Pacific(NWP) and Northeastern Pacific(NEP) are investigated and compared using composite analysis with cyclone-relative coordinates. Final Operational Global Analysis data gathered during the cold seasons(October–April) of the 15 years from 2000 to 2015 are used. The results indicate that MO NWP ECs have strong baroclinicity and abundant latent heat release at low levels and strong upper-level forcing, which favors explosive cyclogenesis. The rapid development of MO NEP ECs results from their interaction with a northern cyclone and a large middle-level advection of cyclonic vorticity. The structural differences between MO NWP ECs and MO NEP ECs are significant. This results from their specific large-scale atmospheric and oceanic environments. MO NWP ECs usually develop rapidly in the east and southeast of the Japan Islands; the intrusion of cold dry air from the East Asian continent leads to strong baroclinicity, and the Kuroshio/Kuroshio Extension provides abundant latent heat release at low levels. The East Asian subtropical westerly jet stream supplies strong upper-level forcing. While MO NEP ECs mainly occur over the NEP, the low-level baroclinicity, upper-level jet stream, and warm ocean currents are relatively weaker. The merged cyclone associated with a strong middle-level trough transports large cyclonic vorticity to MO NEP ECs, which favors their rapid development.展开更多
Shale gas is a practical resource with great potential that could be economically explored and developed in the near future. It has been commercially developed in North America and other places. Featuring a vast distr...Shale gas is a practical resource with great potential that could be economically explored and developed in the near future. It has been commercially developed in North America and other places. Featuring a vast distribution, a low abundance,unfavorable reservoir conditions, ultra-low permeability and a fast production decline, shale gas is more difficult to develop than conventional natural gas, as it needs advanced drilling and completion technology to develop. During the early stage of shale gas exploration and development, the United States offered enterprises necessary incentives such as tax reductions and exemptions and subsidies to achieve sustainable shale gas development and encourage technological progresses. By comparing the state of China's shale gas development with that of the US' in terms of geological conditions, production technology,market price, tax relief, subsidy periods and amount, this paper intends to put forward related suggestions for the effective development of shale gas according to the current status of development.展开更多
Nine Landsat TM tapes and images and MSS images, 10 NOAA tapes and images and 1 SAR image from 1973 to 1997 were used to analyze the diffusion of suspended sediments and the change of tidal radial sand ridges in the n...Nine Landsat TM tapes and images and MSS images, 10 NOAA tapes and images and 1 SAR image from 1973 to 1997 were used to analyze the diffusion of suspended sediments and the change of tidal radial sand ridges in the northern part of the Changjiang River delta, the South Yellow Sea. The results showed that the diffusion of suspended sediments was controlled by the tide, net current, and submarine topography in this area. The distribution of suspended sediments had close relationship with the submarine topography. The old Huanghe River delta and the Changjiang River comprise the main sediment supply for the formation of radial sand ridges, whose evolution can be divided into three stages since the Huanghe River changed its course and flowed northward into the Bohai Sea.展开更多
Mongol-Okhotsk orogenic belt was formed during almost all the Phanerozoic period. The bimodal late Paleozoic-early Mesozoic formations were stated in the frames of the western section of Mongol-Okhotsk belt. Their for...Mongol-Okhotsk orogenic belt was formed during almost all the Phanerozoic period. The bimodal late Paleozoic-early Mesozoic formations were stated in the frames of the western section of Mongol-Okhotsk belt. Their formation is connected with the collision of north Asian and Sino-Korean continents. These collision processes were conjugated with the dimensioned intraplate processes in the region. The rocks of the bimodal volcano-plutonic complex were also stated in the frames of the eastern section of Mongol-Okhotsk orogenic belt. This should proof the identity of geological processes, which accompanied the collision of north Asian and Sino-Korean continents, during all the stage of the formation of the Mongol-Okhotsk belt.展开更多
文摘Cercis (L.) (Leguminosae) consists of approximately 8 species, disjunctly distributed in eastern and western Asia, southern Europe, and North America. Phylogenetic analysis was performed using sequences of the internal transcribed spacer ( ITS) of the nuclear ribosomal DNA. The two North American and one Southern European and Western Asian species consistently form a clade, nesting within the eastern Asian species, suggesting a slightly closer relationship between the North American and Southern Europe-Western Asian species than each with the Eastern Asian species of Cercis. A close relationship between the eastern and western North American species is furthermore demonstrated, although with weaker support. The possibilities of migration via either the Bering land bridges or the North Atlantic land bridges could not be precluded; it suggests that the biogeographic patterns in the Northern Hemisphere are complex.
文摘AIM: Our goals were to analyze the known genetic predispositions for autoimmune hepatitis (AIH) in AIH Italian population and to compare them with North American counterparts. METHODS: Human leukocyte antigens (HLA) B8, C7, DR3, DR4, DR7, DR11, DR13, DQ2 and the B8-DR3-DQ2 phenotype were determined by microlymphocytotoxicity and polymerase chain reaction in 74 Italian patients (57 with type 1 and 17 with type 2 AIH) and 149 North American patients with type 1 AIH, and in adequate controls. RESULTS: B8-DR3-DQ2 occurred more frequently in Italian patients with type 1 AIH than in Italian controls (30% vs 7%, P<0.0001), but less frequently than in North American counterparts (30% vs 48%, P= 0.02). DR4 occurred less frequently in Italian patients with type 1 AIH (23% vs 43%, P= 0.01) and in controls (16% vs 34%, P= 0.0003) than in North American counterparts. No differences were found in alleles' frequency between type 1 and type 2 Italian AIH patients. DR11 had a frequency lower in type 1 Italian AIH patients than controls (17% vs 35%, P= 0.01). CONCLUSION: HLA DR4 is not associated with AIH in Italy. The known HLA risk factors for AIH occur similarly in Italian patients with type 1 and type 2 AIH, and they are less frequent than in North American patients. B8-DR3-DQ2 is the predominant phenotype of type 1 AIH also in Italy, and HLA DR11 may be a regionally distinctive protective factor against type 1 AIH.
文摘Inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD) are chronic disorders of the intestine with increasing incidence in Europe, Northern America and asiatic countries such as china. Thus, we have putted together these topic highlight articles to give insights into the current understanding of IBD pathogenesis, diagnostics and treatment.
基金Under the auspices of the National Key Research and Development Project(No.2016YFA0602301)National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.41730643,41671219,41771109,31500400)
文摘Understanding the effects of land cover changes on ecosystem carbon stocks is essential for ecosystem management and envi- ronmental protection, particularly in the transboundary region that has undergone marked changes. This study aimed to examine the impacts of land cover changes on ecosystem carbon stocks in the transboundary Tureen River Basin （TTRB）. We extracted the spatial information from Landsat Thematic Imager （TM） and Operational Land Imager （OLI） images for the years 1990 and 2015 and obtained convincing estimates of terrestrial biomass and soil carbon stocks with the INVEST model. The results showed that forestland, cropland and built-up land increased by 57.5, 429.7 and 128.9 km2, respectively, while grassland, wetland and barren land declined by 24.9, 548.0 and 43.0 km2, respectively in the TTRB from 1990 to 2015. The total carbon stocks encompassing aboveground, belowground, soil and litter layer carbon storage pools have declined from 831.48 Tg C in 1990 to 831.42 Tg C in 2015 due to land cover changes. In detail, the carbon stocks de- creased by 3.13 Tg C and 0.44 Tg C in Democratic People＇s Republic of Korea （North Korea） and Russia, respectively, while increased by 3.51 Tg C in China. Furthermore, economic development, and national policy accounted for most land cover changes in the TTRB. Our results imply that effective wetland and forestland protection policies among China, North Korea, and Russia are much needed for protecting the natural resources, promoting local ecosystem services and regional sustainable development in the transnational area.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant No. 41601438 and 41571078)the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities (Grant No.2412016KJ026)the Foundation of the Education Department of Jilin Province in the 13~(th) Five-Year project (Grant No. JJKH20170916KJ)
文摘The Changbai Mountains and the Appalachian Mountains have similar spatial contexts.The elevation,latitude,and moisture gradients of both mountain ranges offer regional insight for investigating the vegetation dynamics in eastern Eurasia and eastern North America.We determined and compared the spatial patterns and temporal trends in the normalized difference vegetation index(NDVI)in the Changbai Mountains and the Appalachian Mountains using time series data from the Global Inventory Modeling and Mapping Studies 3^(rd) generation dataset from 1982 to 2013.The spatial pattern of NDVI in the Changbai Mountains exhibited fragmentation,whereas NDVI in the Appalachian Mountains decreased from south to north.The vegetation dynamics in the Changbai Mountains had an insignificant trend at the regional scale,whereas the dynamics in the Appalachian Mountains had a significant increasing trend.NDVI increased in 55% of the area of the Changbai Mountains and in 95% of the area of the Appalachian Mountains.The peak NDVI occurred one month later in the Changbai Mountains than in the Appalachian Mountains.The results revealed a significant increase in NDVI in autumn in both mountain ranges.The climatic trend in the Changbai Mountains included warming and decreased precipitation,and whereas that in the Appalachian Mountains included significant warming and increased precipitation.Positive and negative correlations existed between NDVI and temperature and precipitation,respectively,in both mountain ranges.Particularly,the spring temperature and NDVI exhibited a significant positive correlation in both mountain ranges.The results of this study suggest that human actives caused the differences in the spatial patterns of NDVI and that various characteristics of climate change and intensity of human actives dominated the differences in the NDVI trends between the Changbai Mountains and the Appalachian Mountains.Additionally,the vegetation dynamics of both mountain ranges were not identical to those in previous broader-scale studies.
基金the National Natural Science Foundation of China for financial support (Nos. 41275049 and 41775042)
文摘In this study, the structures and evolutions of moderate(MO) explosive cyclones(ECs) over the Northwestern Pacific(NWP) and Northeastern Pacific(NEP) are investigated and compared using composite analysis with cyclone-relative coordinates. Final Operational Global Analysis data gathered during the cold seasons(October–April) of the 15 years from 2000 to 2015 are used. The results indicate that MO NWP ECs have strong baroclinicity and abundant latent heat release at low levels and strong upper-level forcing, which favors explosive cyclogenesis. The rapid development of MO NEP ECs results from their interaction with a northern cyclone and a large middle-level advection of cyclonic vorticity. The structural differences between MO NWP ECs and MO NEP ECs are significant. This results from their specific large-scale atmospheric and oceanic environments. MO NWP ECs usually develop rapidly in the east and southeast of the Japan Islands; the intrusion of cold dry air from the East Asian continent leads to strong baroclinicity, and the Kuroshio/Kuroshio Extension provides abundant latent heat release at low levels. The East Asian subtropical westerly jet stream supplies strong upper-level forcing. While MO NEP ECs mainly occur over the NEP, the low-level baroclinicity, upper-level jet stream, and warm ocean currents are relatively weaker. The merged cyclone associated with a strong middle-level trough transports large cyclonic vorticity to MO NEP ECs, which favors their rapid development.
文摘Shale gas is a practical resource with great potential that could be economically explored and developed in the near future. It has been commercially developed in North America and other places. Featuring a vast distribution, a low abundance,unfavorable reservoir conditions, ultra-low permeability and a fast production decline, shale gas is more difficult to develop than conventional natural gas, as it needs advanced drilling and completion technology to develop. During the early stage of shale gas exploration and development, the United States offered enterprises necessary incentives such as tax reductions and exemptions and subsidies to achieve sustainable shale gas development and encourage technological progresses. By comparing the state of China's shale gas development with that of the US' in terms of geological conditions, production technology,market price, tax relief, subsidy periods and amount, this paper intends to put forward related suggestions for the effective development of shale gas according to the current status of development.
文摘Nine Landsat TM tapes and images and MSS images, 10 NOAA tapes and images and 1 SAR image from 1973 to 1997 were used to analyze the diffusion of suspended sediments and the change of tidal radial sand ridges in the northern part of the Changjiang River delta, the South Yellow Sea. The results showed that the diffusion of suspended sediments was controlled by the tide, net current, and submarine topography in this area. The distribution of suspended sediments had close relationship with the submarine topography. The old Huanghe River delta and the Changjiang River comprise the main sediment supply for the formation of radial sand ridges, whose evolution can be divided into three stages since the Huanghe River changed its course and flowed northward into the Bohai Sea.
文摘Mongol-Okhotsk orogenic belt was formed during almost all the Phanerozoic period. The bimodal late Paleozoic-early Mesozoic formations were stated in the frames of the western section of Mongol-Okhotsk belt. Their formation is connected with the collision of north Asian and Sino-Korean continents. These collision processes were conjugated with the dimensioned intraplate processes in the region. The rocks of the bimodal volcano-plutonic complex were also stated in the frames of the eastern section of Mongol-Okhotsk orogenic belt. This should proof the identity of geological processes, which accompanied the collision of north Asian and Sino-Korean continents, during all the stage of the formation of the Mongol-Okhotsk belt.
