One of the water source areas of the South-to-North Water Diversion Project is the Danjiangkou Reservoir （DJKR）. To understand seasonal variation in phytoplankton composition, abundance and distribution in the DJKR ...One of the water source areas of the South-to-North Water Diversion Project is the Danjiangkou Reservoir （DJKR）. To understand seasonal variation in phytoplankton composition, abundance and distribution in the DJKR area before water diversion, as well as to estimate potential risks of water quality after water diversion, we conducted an investigation on phytoplankton in the DJKR from August 2008 to May 2009. The investigation included 10 sampling sites, each with four depths of 0.5, 5, 10, and 20 m. In this study, 117 taxa belonging to 76 genera were identified, consisting of diatoms （39 taxa）, green algae （47 taxa）, blue-green algae （19 taxa）, and others （12 taxa）. Annual average phytoplankton abundance was 2.01×10^6 ind./L, and the highest value was 14.72 ×10^6 ind/L （at site 3 in August 2008）. Phytoplankton abundance in front of the Danjiangkou Dam （DJKD） was higher than that of the Danjiang Reservoir Basin. Phytoplankton distribution showed a vertical declining trend from 0.5 m to 20 m at most sites in August 2008 （especially at sites of 1, 2, 4 and 10）, but no distinct pattern in other sampling months. In December 2008 and March 2009, Stephanodiseus sp. was the most abundant species, amounting to 55.23% and 72.34%, respectively. We propose that high abundance ofStephanodiscus sp. may have contributed greatly to the frequent occurrence of Stephanodiscus sp. blooms in middle-low reaches of the Hanjiang River during the early spring of 2009. In comparison with previous studies conducted from 1992 to 2006, annual average phytoplankton density, green algae and blue-green algae species, as well as major nutrient concentrations increased, while phytoplankton diversity indices declined. This indicates a gradual decline in water quality. More research should be conducted and countermeasures taken to prevent further deterioration of water quality in the DJKR.展开更多
Climate change will lead to a significant alteration in the temporal and spatial pattern variation in the regional hydrological cycle, and the subsequent lack of water, environmental deterioration, floods and droughts...Climate change will lead to a significant alteration in the temporal and spatial pattern variation in the regional hydrological cycle, and the subsequent lack of water, environmental deterioration, floods and droughts etc. And it is especially remarkable in semi-humid and semi-arid region. In this paper, the impacts of climate change on the hydrological cycle were analyzed for the Hai River Basin, a semi-humid and semi-arid basin and also the water receiving area of the middle route of South-to-North Water Diversion project. Meanwhile it is the most vulnerable to climate change. Firstly, the linear regression and Mann-Kendall non-parametric test methods were used to analyze the change characteristics of the hydrological and meteorological elements for the period from 1960 to 2009. The results show a significant increase in temperature, while precipitation decreases slightly, and runoff decreases drastically over the past 50 years. Secondly, the applicability of SWAT （Soil and Water Assessment Tool） model based on the DEM （Digital Elevation Model）, land use and soil type was verified in the basin. Results show the model performs well in this basin. Furthermore, the water balance model, Fu＇s theory and Koichiro＇s theory were used to calculate the actual evaporation, comparing to the simulated actual evaporation by SWAT model to validate the result for the lack of large-scale observed evaporation datasets. Possible reasons were also analyzed to explore the reasonable factor for the decline of the runoff. Finally the precipitation, temperature, runoff and evaporation response processes based on the IPCC AR4 multi-mode climate models and the verified SWAT model under different GHG emission scenarios （SRES-A2, AIB and B1） in the 21st century were discussed in three time periods： 2020s （2011-2040）, 20S0s （2041-2070）, 2080s （2071-2099）. Results show that there are systematic positive trends for precipitation and temperature while the trends for runoff and evaporation will differ among sub-areas. The results will offer some references for adaptive water management in a changing environment, also including adaptation of a cross-basin water transfer project.展开更多
The Western Route of the South-to-North Water Diversion Project is an important trans-basin diversion project to transfer water from the upstream Yangtze River and its tributaries （water-exporting area）, to the upst...The Western Route of the South-to-North Water Diversion Project is an important trans-basin diversion project to transfer water from the upstream Yangtze River and its tributaries （water-exporting area）, to the upstream of the Yellow River （water- importing area）. The long-term hydrologieal data from 14 stream gauging stations in the Western Route area and techniques including the pre-whitening approach, non-parametric test, Bayes, law, variance analysis extrapolation, and Wavelet Analysis are applied to identify the streamflow eharacteristics and trends, streamflow time series cross-correlations, wetness-dryness encountering probability, and periodicities that occurred over the last 50 years. The results show that the water-exporting area, water- importing area, and the streteh downstream of the water-exporting have synehronization in high-low flow relationship, whereas they display non- synchronization in long-term evolution. This corresponds to the complicated and variable climate of the plateau region. There is no obvious increasing or decreasing trend in runoff at any gauging station. The best hydrological eompensation probability for rivers where water is diverted is about 25% to lO%, and those rivers influenced significantly by diversion are the Jinsha and Yalong rivers. Proper planning and design of compensation reservoirs for the water-exporting area and stretch downstream of the water- exporting area can increase the hydrological compensation possibility from water-exporting area to the water-importing area, and reduce the impact on the stretch of river downstream of the water- exporting area.展开更多
This paper presents a new method for the system identification of the channel roughness for the water diversion projects. According to the principle of hydraulics,the function relationship among channel roughness n, r...This paper presents a new method for the system identification of the channel roughness for the water diversion projects. According to the principle of hydraulics,the function relationship among channel roughness n, roughness height k s and hydraulic radius R is established,and then a linear model is deduced by means of the mathematical transformation to make use of the least square method for identification. Finally,based on the prototype observation data from the South-to-North Water Diversion Project and considering the influence of channel lengths,cross-section shapes and bottom slopes,etc,a universal formula is obtained for calculation of channel roughness by the system identification.展开更多
In China,the distribution of water resources is incompatible with the development of productivity.The construction of South-to-North Water Diversion Project has achieved inter-basin water diversion,and the project can...In China,the distribution of water resources is incompatible with the development of productivity.The construction of South-to-North Water Diversion Project has achieved inter-basin water diversion,and the project can alleviate the uneven distribution of water resources phenomenon effectively.However,in recent years,the aggregate effects of water pollution and water resource shortages have been serious.Establishing transverse eco-compensation mechanisms becomes the key method to achieve sustainable use of water resources.Based on statistical and questionnaire data,this paper uses the Opportunity Costs Method and Willingness to Pay approach to establish a transverse eco-compensation standard calculation model for the Middle Route Project of the Southto-North Water Diversion.The results show that the upper and lower limits of the transverse eco-compensation standard for the Middle Route Project is $2.52 billion and $2.20 billion every year,respectively.However,the paying and receiving standards varied widely among different compensation payers and compensation receivers.Meanwhile,the significant factors influencing the paying willingness of the receiver area citizens were age,education level,average revenue per month,knowledge about the South-to-North Water Diversion Project and recognition of the importance of eco-environmental integrity.This study began with a theoretical analysis,then analysed related problems related to calculating transverse eco-compensation standards for the Middle Route Project of the South-to-North Water Diversion by an empirical study.This empirical study helps to establish effective transverse eco-compensation mechanisma and promotea the development of effective policies and legislation.展开更多
基金Supported by the National Basic Research Program of China (973 Program) (No. 2008CB418006)the Knowledge Innovation Program of Chinese Academy of Sciences (No. KZCX-YW-14-1)
文摘One of the water source areas of the South-to-North Water Diversion Project is the Danjiangkou Reservoir （DJKR）. To understand seasonal variation in phytoplankton composition, abundance and distribution in the DJKR area before water diversion, as well as to estimate potential risks of water quality after water diversion, we conducted an investigation on phytoplankton in the DJKR from August 2008 to May 2009. The investigation included 10 sampling sites, each with four depths of 0.5, 5, 10, and 20 m. In this study, 117 taxa belonging to 76 genera were identified, consisting of diatoms （39 taxa）, green algae （47 taxa）, blue-green algae （19 taxa）, and others （12 taxa）. Annual average phytoplankton abundance was 2.01×10^6 ind./L, and the highest value was 14.72 ×10^6 ind/L （at site 3 in August 2008）. Phytoplankton abundance in front of the Danjiangkou Dam （DJKD） was higher than that of the Danjiang Reservoir Basin. Phytoplankton distribution showed a vertical declining trend from 0.5 m to 20 m at most sites in August 2008 （especially at sites of 1, 2, 4 and 10）, but no distinct pattern in other sampling months. In December 2008 and March 2009, Stephanodiseus sp. was the most abundant species, amounting to 55.23% and 72.34%, respectively. We propose that high abundance ofStephanodiscus sp. may have contributed greatly to the frequent occurrence of Stephanodiscus sp. blooms in middle-low reaches of the Hanjiang River during the early spring of 2009. In comparison with previous studies conducted from 1992 to 2006, annual average phytoplankton density, green algae and blue-green algae species, as well as major nutrient concentrations increased, while phytoplankton diversity indices declined. This indicates a gradual decline in water quality. More research should be conducted and countermeasures taken to prevent further deterioration of water quality in the DJKR.
基金supported by National Basic Research Program of China(2010CB428406)the National Natural Science Foundation of China (No. 41071025/40730632)MWR Commonweal Project (200801001)
文摘Climate change will lead to a significant alteration in the temporal and spatial pattern variation in the regional hydrological cycle, and the subsequent lack of water, environmental deterioration, floods and droughts etc. And it is especially remarkable in semi-humid and semi-arid region. In this paper, the impacts of climate change on the hydrological cycle were analyzed for the Hai River Basin, a semi-humid and semi-arid basin and also the water receiving area of the middle route of South-to-North Water Diversion project. Meanwhile it is the most vulnerable to climate change. Firstly, the linear regression and Mann-Kendall non-parametric test methods were used to analyze the change characteristics of the hydrological and meteorological elements for the period from 1960 to 2009. The results show a significant increase in temperature, while precipitation decreases slightly, and runoff decreases drastically over the past 50 years. Secondly, the applicability of SWAT （Soil and Water Assessment Tool） model based on the DEM （Digital Elevation Model）, land use and soil type was verified in the basin. Results show the model performs well in this basin. Furthermore, the water balance model, Fu＇s theory and Koichiro＇s theory were used to calculate the actual evaporation, comparing to the simulated actual evaporation by SWAT model to validate the result for the lack of large-scale observed evaporation datasets. Possible reasons were also analyzed to explore the reasonable factor for the decline of the runoff. Finally the precipitation, temperature, runoff and evaporation response processes based on the IPCC AR4 multi-mode climate models and the verified SWAT model under different GHG emission scenarios （SRES-A2, AIB and B1） in the 21st century were discussed in three time periods： 2020s （2011-2040）, 20S0s （2041-2070）, 2080s （2071-2099）. Results show that there are systematic positive trends for precipitation and temperature while the trends for runoff and evaporation will differ among sub-areas. The results will offer some references for adaptive water management in a changing environment, also including adaptation of a cross-basin water transfer project.
基金supported by the China Meteorological Data Sharing Service System,the Bureau of Hydrology,and Water Resources of Sichuan Province,China
文摘The Western Route of the South-to-North Water Diversion Project is an important trans-basin diversion project to transfer water from the upstream Yangtze River and its tributaries （water-exporting area）, to the upstream of the Yellow River （water- importing area）. The long-term hydrologieal data from 14 stream gauging stations in the Western Route area and techniques including the pre-whitening approach, non-parametric test, Bayes, law, variance analysis extrapolation, and Wavelet Analysis are applied to identify the streamflow eharacteristics and trends, streamflow time series cross-correlations, wetness-dryness encountering probability, and periodicities that occurred over the last 50 years. The results show that the water-exporting area, water- importing area, and the streteh downstream of the water-exporting have synehronization in high-low flow relationship, whereas they display non- synchronization in long-term evolution. This corresponds to the complicated and variable climate of the plateau region. There is no obvious increasing or decreasing trend in runoff at any gauging station. The best hydrological eompensation probability for rivers where water is diverted is about 25% to lO%, and those rivers influenced significantly by diversion are the Jinsha and Yalong rivers. Proper planning and design of compensation reservoirs for the water-exporting area and stretch downstream of the water- exporting area can increase the hydrological compensation possibility from water-exporting area to the water-importing area, and reduce the impact on the stretch of river downstream of the water- exporting area.
基金Expert Comittee Key Special Found Project of State Council South-to-North Water Diversion Construction Committee(No.JGZXSY2009-11)
文摘This paper presents a new method for the system identification of the channel roughness for the water diversion projects. According to the principle of hydraulics,the function relationship among channel roughness n, roughness height k s and hydraulic radius R is established,and then a linear model is deduced by means of the mathematical transformation to make use of the least square method for identification. Finally,based on the prototype observation data from the South-to-North Water Diversion Project and considering the influence of channel lengths,cross-section shapes and bottom slopes,etc,a universal formula is obtained for calculation of channel roughness by the system identification.
基金National Key R&D Plan of China(2017YFC0506402)National Natural Science Foundation of China(41201586)
文摘In China,the distribution of water resources is incompatible with the development of productivity.The construction of South-to-North Water Diversion Project has achieved inter-basin water diversion,and the project can alleviate the uneven distribution of water resources phenomenon effectively.However,in recent years,the aggregate effects of water pollution and water resource shortages have been serious.Establishing transverse eco-compensation mechanisms becomes the key method to achieve sustainable use of water resources.Based on statistical and questionnaire data,this paper uses the Opportunity Costs Method and Willingness to Pay approach to establish a transverse eco-compensation standard calculation model for the Middle Route Project of the Southto-North Water Diversion.The results show that the upper and lower limits of the transverse eco-compensation standard for the Middle Route Project is $2.52 billion and $2.20 billion every year,respectively.However,the paying and receiving standards varied widely among different compensation payers and compensation receivers.Meanwhile,the significant factors influencing the paying willingness of the receiver area citizens were age,education level,average revenue per month,knowledge about the South-to-North Water Diversion Project and recognition of the importance of eco-environmental integrity.This study began with a theoretical analysis,then analysed related problems related to calculating transverse eco-compensation standards for the Middle Route Project of the South-to-North Water Diversion by an empirical study.This empirical study helps to establish effective transverse eco-compensation mechanisma and promotea the development of effective policies and legislation.
