云南省文山州凤蝶科区系分析

为了解云南省文山州凤蝶科的种类资源,在近五年内对文山州内的保护区和文山州各地的凤蝶进行标本采集,在实地调查及查阅文献的基础上,进行区系分析。研究结果表明:云南省文山州共记录有凤蝶科昆虫2亚科14属41种,其中大部分是东洋种,云南省文山州蝴蝶共有16种区系型。

Rapid Manufacturing of Metal Parts

As a key technology of rapid prototyping and manufacturing (RP&M), rapid manufacturing of metal parts is a target of RP&M. Introducing selective laser sintering (SLS), an important branch of RP&M, this paper gives a new method oriented on low power SLS system to fabricate metal parts. With this kind of technology, the mixture of metal and polymer powder is sintered first to get green part, then, after debinding and metal infiltration, dense parts are gotten. In the end, influencing factors of this technology are analyzed. At the same time, some applications are given.

Applications of Three DNA Barcodes in Assorting Intertidal Red Macroalgal Flora in Qingdao, China

This study is part of the endeavor to construct a comprehensive DNA barcoding database for common seaweeds in China. Identifications of red seaweeds, which have simple morphology and anatomy, are sometimes difficult solely depending on morphological characteristics. In recent years, DNA barcode technique has become a more and more effective tool to help solve some of the taxonomic difficulties. Some DNA markers such as COI（cytochrome oxidase subunit I） are proposed as standardized DNA barcodes for all seaweed species. In this study, COI, UPA （universal plastid amplicon, domain V of 23S rRNA）, and ITS （nuclear internal transcribed spacer） were employed to analyze common species of intertidal red seaweeds in Qingdao （119.3°-121°E, 35.35°-37.09°N）. The applicability of using one or a few combined barcodes to identify red seaweed species was tested. The results indicated that COI is a sensitive marker at species level. However, not all the tested species gave PCR amplification products due to lack of the universal primers. The second barcode UPA had effective universal primers but needed to be tested for the effectiveness of resolving closely related species. More than one ITS sequence types were found in some species in this investigation, which might lead to confusion in further analysis. Therefore ITS sequence is not recommended as a universal barcode for seaweeds identification.

Simulating Hydrologic Changes with Climate Change Scenarios in the Haihe River Basin

Climate change scenarios, predicted using the regional climate modeling system of PRECIS (providing regional cli-mates for impacts studies), were used to derive three-layer variable infiltration capacity (VIC-3L) land surface model forthe simulation of hydrologic processes at a spatial resolution of 0.25° × 0.25° in the Haihe River Basin. Three climatescenarios were considered in this study: recent climate (1961-1990), future climate A2 (1991-2100) and future climateB2 (1991-2100) with A2 and B2 being two storylines of future emissions developed with the Intergovernmental Panel onClimate Change (IPCC) special report on emissions scenarios. Overall, under future climate scenarios A2 and B2, theHaihe River Basin would experience warmer climate with increased precipitation, evaporation and runoff production ascompared with recent climate, but would be still likely prone to water shortages in the period of 2031-2070. In addition,under future climate A2 and B2, an increase in runoff during the wet season was noticed, indicating a future rise in theflood occurrence possibility in the Haihe River Basin.

IMPROVING 9-INTERSECTION MODEL BY REPLACING THE COMPLEMENT WITH VORONOI REGION

9-intersection model is the most popular framework used for formalizing the spatial relations between two spatial objectsA andB. It transforms the topological relationships between two simple spatial objectsA andB into point-set topology problem in terms of the intersections ofA’s boundary (?A), interior (A 0) and (A ?) withB’s boundary (?B), interior (B 0) and exterior (B ?). It is shown in this paper that there exist some limitations of the original 9-intersection model due to its definition of an object’s exterior as its complement, and it is difficult to distinguish different disjoint relations and relations between complex objects with holes, difficult or even impossible to compute the intersections with the two object’s complements (?A∩B ?,A 0∩?B ?,A ?∩?B,A ?∩B 0 andA ?∩B ?)since the complements are infinitive. The authors suggest to re-define the exterior of spatial object by replacing the complement with its Voronoi region. A new Voronoi-based 9-intersection (VNI) is proposed and used for formalizing topological relations between spatial bojects. By improving the 9-intersection model, it is now possible to distinguish disjoint relations and to deal with objects with holes. Also it is possible to compute the exterior-based intersections and manipulate spatial relations with the VNI.

Life form and geographical distribution of plants in Posthband region,Khonj,Fars Province,Iran

A study was conducted to identify plant species,diversity,life form and relevant species to Mediterranean climate,Irano-Torunian and Sahara-Sindian in Postband region（N 27°58＇4＂-28°2＇16＂,E 53°17＇34＂-53°22＇30＂）.In total,95 species belonging to 29 families and 69 genera of flora were surveyed and identified from December 2006 to June 2008.Composite and Gramineae were important families in terms of species frequency.According to Raunkiaer＇s system and using X^2 tests,the life-form spectrum showed that therophytes accounted for 47% of all species,and hemicryptophytes for 31%,phanerophytes for 12%,chamaeophyte for 7%,and cryptophytes for 3%.In geographical distribution,29% species with the most frequency belonged to Irano-Torunian region.Results show that therophytes were more than normal spectrum and phaneropytes were less than normal spectrum,which was in agreement with data obtained in arid climate.

Communication Service Model for Wide Area Protection System Based on IEC 61850

In order to meet the requirements of information exchange varieties and manners in wide area protection system, a communication service model based on IEC 61850 is proposed. This service model can realize communication consistency and cooperation between different types of devices. Furthermore, the communication reliability and time delay performance are guaranteed to meet the requirements of relay protection from the upper layer. Message structure of generic sub-station event (GSE) and its communication mechanism are discussed. General methods to communicate digital information by generic substation status event (GSSE) and communicate analog sampling information by sampling analog value (SAV) of GSE are proposed.

The Saturation Model and Its Application on Partition Equilibria for Main Types of Heterogeneous Systems

Within the model, a definition of novel saturation and dilution degree is presented. A novel expression of equilibrium constant is derived by including interactions between components to reversible processes running between the components particles under a dynamic equilibrium. For partition equilibria, three types of basic processes are proposed and corresponding partition isotherms were derived. The isotherms are applied to the components partition between two phases for main heterogenous systems types. For construction and prediction ternary phase diagrams, a new method, the Component Binding by Saturation Model （CBSM） method, is proposed. Applying the partition isotherms derived, new extraction, evaporation and adsorption isotherms are expressed. Directly, or after an approximation, from the new adsorption isotherms, well-known adsorption isotherms are obtained.

Conserving Agricultural Heritage Systems through Tourism: Exploration of Two Mountainous Communities in China

Community plays an important role in the preservation of agricultural heritage system （AHS）. Recently, many AHS have been valorized as interesting resources for rural tourism. The expectations are that tourism development （TD） can be supportive for the conservation of AHS while creating benefits for local communities. In this study, two mountainous pilot villages （Longxian and Xiaohuang） in a global conservation project for traditional agricutural systems - Globally Important Agricultural Heritage Systems （GIAHS） were selected to identify the relationship between AHS conservation and TD. The study undertook in-depth interviews, and questionnaires of village residents and informal discussions with local villagers. A t-test and a linear regression model were implemented to explore the comparative dimensions of the two communities with different geographical location, economic situation, and stage of TD. The research found some similarities and differences in the two mountainous communities during AHS conservation and TD. Firstly, AHS are preservaed well in both villages unconsiously, while the residents in Xiaohuang value more highly the heritage elements than the respondents in Longxian, and the villagers in Xiaohuang are more worried about their heritage system; Secondly, both villages expect lots of benefits from TD and they clearly perceive more positive than negative impact from tourism and thus approve TD, while the hugedifferent perception on transportation and accessibility in the two villages reflects the bottleneck of TD in Xiaohuang village. At the same time, the respondents from Xiaohuang perceive more positive and fewer negative impact from tourism than the respondents from Longxian. Thirdly, the respondents in the two villages all show positive attitudes towards participation in tourism mostly motivated by the high income expectation. The main factors to determine the community perception in two villages were also analyzed based on the data process. A location-based coneeputal framework of AHS conservation in partnership with TD at community scale is proposed at the end of the paper. The dynamics of tourism development, that could enhance a better understanding of the complex relationship between conservation objectives and tourism development are discussed.

Regional Oceanic Impact on Circulation and Direct Radiative Effect of Aerosol over East Asia

The Regional Integrated Environmental Model System （RIEMS 2.0） coupled with a chemistry-aerosol model and the Princeton Ocean Model （POM） is employed to simulate regional oceanic impact on atmospheric circulation and the direct radiative effect （DRE） of aerosol over East Asia. The aerosols considered in this study include both major anthropogenic aerosols （e.g., sulfate, black carbon, and organic carbon） and natural aerosols （e.g., soil dust and sea salt）. The RIEMS 2.0 is driven by NCEP/NCAR reanalysis II, and the simulated period is from 1 January to 31 December 2006. The results show the following： （1） The simulated annual mean sea-level pressure by RIEMS 2.0 with POM is lower than without POM over the mainland and higher without POM over the ocean. （2） In summer, the subtropical high simulated by RIEMS 2.0 with POM is stronger and extends further westward, and the continental low is stronger than without POM in summer. （3） The aerosol optical depth （AOD） simulated by RIEMS 2.0 with POM is larger in the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River than without POM. （4） The direct radiative effect with POM is stronger than that without POM in the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River and parts of southern China. Therefore, the authors should take account of the impact of the regional ocean model on studying the direct climate effect ＆aerosols in long term simulation.

Nutritional Contribution Model of Litterfall for Adjacent Areas According to the Distance of Forest

The goal of this study is to evaluate the drift of litterfall from forest to adjacent areas, validate a method to estimate the drift with water balance, direction and speed of winds and quantify the nutrients of litterfall in nearby area of the forest patch as function of distance. This phenomenon can be considered an ecosystem service to improve soil quality of the agriculture crops around the forests by nutrient input coming from the litterfall. The experiment was installed in adjacent areas of the tropical forest at central region of the State of Minas Gerais, Brazil. The branches, reproductive material and leaves which fell were measured for three years into the forest and adjacents areas. The sampled nets were located on edge and equal distances from the edge. It＇s analyzed and estimated the contribution of the litterfall components to adjacent areas by air. The quantity of litterfall by distance had large variation between adjacent areas. And it was confirmed that model estimated the leaf drift by distance with good precision.

Dynamics Simulation Model of the Economic System in Mining Area

The system dynamics is a new subject that was put forward by Professor J W. Fortester in dmerican MIT in 1950s. It is extensively applied to systematic problems af high phase, nonlinear, multtdimensionality, multiple feedback and complicated time-variation. In this paper, the complex system in mining area is divided into five parts - resources, environment. economy, population, and science and technology. The.five parts are regarded as five sub-models. By taking the economic subsystem as an example, the SD model of complex system in mining area is established. This model has certain universality and practicability.

Experimental study on the goaf flow field of the ‘‘U+I” type ventilation system for a comprehensive mechanized mining face

＂U＂ and ＂U＋I＂ type ventilation experiments were performed on a three-dimensional fully mechanized caving face simulation experimental platform. The distribution laws of the pressure field and gas field in the mine goal were obtained. Results show that the flow field in the goaf is generally asymmetric; the location of the gas accumulation area changes with ventilation parameters and can be used as an evaluation indicator to study the air leakage extent in the goal. Hence, drainage pipes buried in the goaf to intensively extract gas can be designed in such gas areas, which can give considerations in both improving gas drainage efficiency and reducing air leakage. By comparing the gas extraction effect of model experiments with that of on-site underground practices, the basic laws are commonly consistent according to comparative analysis. Thus the experimental results can be used to guide the application of underground gas prevent!o_n_and.control..

Soil indicators for eco-geographic regionalization:A case study in mid-temperate zone of eastern China

Eco-geographic regional system is formed by division or combination of natural features based on geographic relativity and comparison of major ecosystem factors(including biological and non-biological) and geographic zonality.In previous studies, soil types were often taken as a basis for soil regionalization.However, the quantitative characteristics of soil indicators are fitter than the qualitative ones of soil types for modern regionalization researches.Based on the second China's national soil survey data and the provincial soil resource information, by principal analysis and discriminant analysis, this paper discusses the appropriate soil indicators as the complement of eco-geographic region indicator systems and the relationships between these soil indicators and soil types in regionalization.The results show that five indicators are used in eco-geographic zonality in mid-temperate zone of eastern China which are organic matter content, cation exchange capacity, pH, clay content and bulk density in topsoils.With a regression-kriging approach, the maps of soil indicators in mid-temperate zone of eastern China are compiled with a resolution of 1 km in every grid and the indicative meanings of these soil indicators are discussed.By cluster analysis it is proved that these soil indicators are better than the soil types and soil regionalization in delineating eco-geographic regions.

How Well does BCC_CSM1.1 Reproduce the 20th Century Climate Change over China?

The historical simulation of phase five of the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project （CMIP5） ex- periments performed by the Beijing Climate Center cli- mate system model （BCC_CSM1.1） is evaluated regard- ing the time evolutions of the global and China mean sur- face air temperature （SAT） and surface climate change over China in recent decades. BCC CSM1.1 has better capability at reproducing the time evolutions of the global and China mean SAT than BCC_CSM1.0. By the year 2005, the BCC_CSM1.1 model simulates a warming am- plitude of approximately I℃ in China over the 1961- 1990 mean, which is consistent with observation. The distributions of the warming trend over China in the four seasons during 1958-2004 are basically reproduced by BCC CSM1.1, with the warmest occurring in winter. Al- though the cooling signal of Southwest China in spring is partly reproduced by BCC_CSM1.1, the cooling trend over central eastern China in summer is omitted by the model. For the precipitation change, BCC_CSM1.1 has good performance in spring, with drought in Southeast China. After removing the linear trend, the interannual correlation map between the model and the observation shows that the model has better capability at reproducing the summer SAT over China and spring precipitation over Southeast China.

Study on the coordinated development of the rural infrastructure and the rural economy

Through the construction of the comprehensive evaluation index system and the coordination degree model of the rural in- frastructure and the rural economic development level, the author carries out an empirical analysis on the rural infrastructure and economic coordinated development in the country＇s 31 regions. Research shows that the gap between the levels of the development of the rural in-frastructure in China is large, presenting the gradually reducing gradient distribution from the east to the west. The rural infrastructure de- velopment level has significant positive correlation with the level of economic development. For those provinces of the high development level of the rural economy, the infrastructure construction level is also relatively high. From the view of the coordination degree, it presents the obvious ＂dumbbell＂ shape, and there are more provinces which belong to the high quality coordination and the serious imbalance, with the coordinated degree in the eastern regions obviously higher than that in the central and western regions.

Rocky Desertification Risk Zone Delineation in Karst Plateau Area:A Case Study in Puding County,Guizhou Province

Karst rocky desertification is a geo-ecological problem in Southwest China. The rocky desertification risk zone delineation could be used as a guide for the regional and hierarchical rocky desertification management and prevention. We chose the middle and lower reaches of the Houzhai underground basin on the karst plateau in Puding County, Guizhou Province, China as the study area and selected land use type, elevation, slope, aspect, lithology and settlement buffer as the main driving factors of the rocky desertification. The potential risk of rocky desertification was quantifed with the factor-weights union method and statistical analysis method. Five grades of rocky desertification risk were delineated based on Geographic Information System. The extremely low, low, moderate, high and extremely high rocky desertification risk zones accounted for 5.01%, 44.17%, 33.92%, 15.59% and 1.30%, respectively. As a whole, the rocky desertification risk level was moderate because the area of low and moderate rocky desertification risk zones occupied 78.09% of the study area. However, more than half of the area （about 50.81%） was predicted to have moderate rocky desertification risk and above, indicating that the study area was subject to rocky desertification. Rocky desertification risk was higher in the southeast and lower in the northwest of the study area. Distinct differences in the distribution of rocky desertification risk zones corresponding to different factors have been found.

Community Based Seed Production-A Sustainable Seed Production Model for Subsistence of Bhutanese Maize Farmers

Bhutanese maize farmers grow different open-pollinated traditional varieties and improved high yielding varieties recommended by the national maize program. All most every maize farmer uses the recycled seeds from their farms for planting in the next season. Farmers traditional or informal seed system was found to be poorly organized and unscientific that has resulted in the deterioration and contamination of seed quality. Bhutanese maize farmers living in remote areas are highly constrained by the inconsistent supply and poor access to good quality maize seed. The formal public seed sectors lack adequate resources to produce and supply good quality seeds. This called for an urgency to identify and adapt an innovative and a sustainable seed production approach to service the subsistence needs of Bhutanese farmers in a cross-pollinated crop, like maize. The community based seed production （CBSP） approach was introduced and evaluated under the Bhutanese maize production system as an alternative farmer based seed production model. A total of seven farmers CBSP groups were formed and promoted as a smallholder seed enterprise. The technical skills of these CBSP group members on maize seed production were improved through practical demonstrations and trainings. The CBSP groups were supplied with high quality source seed of new maize varieties by the national maize program. For long term, the sustainability of CBSP groups were linked to the formal seed sector in the country for marketing the seeds. The CBSP approach has proven to be a successful small scale maize seed production model under highland maize production ecosystem that has improved the production and supply of good quality maize seeds. The Bhutanese experiences with CBSP in maize, its merits for small holder Bhutanese maize farmers and lessons learnt from the CBSP model are discussed in this paper.

Numerical Simulation and Probabilistic Hazard Assessment of Tephra Fallout at Jinlongdingzi Volcano,Longgang Volcanic Field in Jilin Province

Tephra fallout is an important type of hazard caused by explosive volcanic eruption, and numerical simulation has become a fast and effective approach to assess the dispersion and deposition of tephra fallout. According to the improved 2D diffusion model of Suzuki （ 1983）, we edited a tephra diffusion program that can run in the Windows system. Based on previous data, we simulated the diffusion scope of the Jinlongdingzi volcanic eruption, which is the latest eruption in the Longgang volcanic cluster. The simulated results are in good agreement with the results from measurement in situ, indicating that the model is reliable and the parameters used in the model are suitable. By using wind profiles of ten years, 7, 021 simulations under different wind profiles were carried out, and then probabilistic hazard maps of tephra fallout were constructed for tephra thickness thresholds, lcm and 0.5cm. This study can provide an important scientific basis for volcanic hazard analysis, risk mitigation plans and countermeasures in the Longgang volcanic area.

STUDY OF THE EFFECTS OF REDUCING SYSTEMATIC ERRORS ON MONTHLY REGIONAL CLIMATE DYNAMICAL FORECAST

A nested-model system is constructed by embedding the regional climate model RegCM3 into a general circulation model for monthly-scale regional climate forecast over East China. The systematic errors are formulated for the region on the basis of 10-yr (1991-2000) results of the nested-model system, and of the datasets of the Climate Prediction Center (CPC) Merged Analysis of Precipitation (CMAP) and the temperature analysis of the National Meteorological Center (NMC), U.S.A., which are then used for correcting the original forecast by the system for the period 2001-2005. After the assessment of the original and corrected forecasts for monthly precipitation and surface air temperature, it is found that the corrected forecast is apparently better than the original, suggesting that the approach can be applied for improving monthly-scale regional climate dynamical forecast.