北京维管植物系统发育区系地理研究

【目的】明确北京市维管植物多样性分布特征与其系统发育结构类型,为北京市自然生态系统生物多样性的保护提供科学依据。【方法】在植物区系研究中引入系统发育分析方法,搜集整理北京市全域及各区植物名录、植物分布数据库和14个保护地的本底调查资料,构建野生维管植物系统发育树。计算系统发育多样性,并统计类群丰富度,明确北京地区的植物多样性分布格局。通过计算净相关指数探究北京市各区和多个保护地的植物系统发育结构。计算了各保护地两两之间的系统发育相似性指数,并基于物种组成相似性与系统发育组成相似性对14个保护地进行了聚类分析。【结果】(1)北京市植物区系组成完整,包括了全球维管植物所有大分支类群。(2)具有较高海拔山地的区,如延庆、门头沟、密云、怀柔、房山,表现出较高的类群丰富度和系统发育多样性。(3)各区和保护地的属、种类群多样性与其系统发育多样性显著相关,但其系统发育结构均为非随机型。其中怀柔、门头沟和密云三区具有离散的系统发育结构类型。(4)基于物种相似性与系统发育相似性的聚类分析均无法区分位于太行山系与燕山山系的保护地。(5)14个山地自然保护地中,小龙门、百花山、喇叭沟门、雾灵山等地的系统发育多样性较高,其中雾灵山和喇叭沟门的系统发育结构为离散型。【结论】北京市植物多样性热点地区主要集中在北部和西部山地,其中延庆区、门头沟区、密云区的植物多样性最高。14个保护地中,小龙门、百花山具有最高的类群丰富度和系统发育多样性,值得重点关注。雾灵山和喇叭沟门系统发育结构较为发散,能够为多样性保护工作带来较高保护效益,同样是不容忽视的。太行山系与燕山山系的植物区系在北京没有表现出明显差别。

西藏米拉山区种子植物区系研究

西藏米拉山区有种子植物71科304属728种,其中裸子植物有3科7属12种。该区植物地理成分复杂,特有现象明显,从科、属和种的分布类型统计分析,均表现为温带成分最多,分别占本层次的比例为43.66%,84.62%和58.72%,反映出典型的温带区系特征和区系的年轻性。依据种的丰富程度和一些自然地理条件的特征将米拉山区系划分为2个植物区系小区:米拉山东坡小区、米拉山西坡小区。与此相毗邻的色季拉山和墨脱比较,米拉山区系与色季拉山的区系性质更为相似。

Phylogenetic Relationship of an Extremely Endangered Species, Pinus squamata (Pinaceae) Inferred from Four Sequences of the Chloroplast Genome and ITS of the Nuclear Ribosomal DNA

Pinus squamata X. W. Li, a recently-described species of the Pinaceae, is an extremely endangered pine with only 32 individuals in the wild. This species was thought to be intermediate between P. bungeana Zuec. ex Endl. of subgen. Strobus and P. yunnanensis Franch. of subgen. Pinus by the original author. We made an effort to address the question of the phylogenetic relationship of this peculiar and important species in the context of the major groups of the genus Pinus by using sequences of the rbcL, matK,genes, rpl20-rps18 spacer, trnV intron of the chloroplast genome and the nuclear ribosomal ITS region. The results of the separated analysis and the combined analysis of the four cpDNA sequences and ITS sequence indicated that P. squamata was a stable member of subsect. Gerardianae and P. gerardiana Wall. was the closest species of P. squamata phylogenetically. As a result, the causes of the distribution pattern of subsect. Gerardianae were also discussed.

Current progress and future prospects in phylofloristics

The species composition of regional plant assemblages can in large part be explained by a long history of biogeographical and evolutionary events. Traditional attempts of floristic studies typically focus on the analyses of taxonomic composition, often ignoring the rich context that evolutionary history can provide. In 2014, Swenson and Umafia introduced the term ＇phylofloristics＇ to define a phylogenetically enabled analysis of the species composition of regional floras. Integrating phylogenetic information into tradi- tional floristic analysis can provide a promising way to explore the ecological, biogeographic, and evolutionary processes that drive plant assemblies at multiple spatial scales. In this review, we sum- marize the current progress on the phylogenetic structure, spatial phylogenetic pattern, origin and diversification, phylogenetic regionalization of fioristic assemblages, and application of phylogenetic information in biodiversity conservation. These summaries highlight the importance of incorporating phylogenetic information to improve our understanding of floristic assembly from an evolutionary perspective. The review ends with a brief outlook on future challenges for phylofloristic studies, including generating a highly resolved species-level phylogenetic tree, compiling detailed and refined information regarding the geographic distribution of all plant life, extracting trait information from publications and herbarium specimens, and developing technological and methodological approaches for big data analysis.

Structure of Mitochondrial DNA Control Region of Pholis fangi and Its Phylogenetic Implication

In this study, the entire mitochondrial DNA(mtDNA) control region(CR) of Pholis fangi was amplified via polymerase chain reaction followed by direct sequencing. The length of the mtDNA CR consensus sequence of P. fangi was 853 bp in length. In accordance with the recognition sites as were previously reported in fish species, the mtDNA CR sequence of P. fangi can be divided into 3 domains, i.e., the extended terminal associated sequence(ETAS), the central conserved sequence block(CSB), and the CSB domain. In addition, the following structures were identified in the mtDNA CR sequence of P. fangi: 2 ETASs in the ETAS domain(TAS and cTAS), 6 CSBs in the central CSB domain(CSB-F to CSB-A), and 3 CSBs in the CSB domain(CSB-1 to CSB-3). These demonstrated that the structure of the mtDNA CR of P. fangi was substantially different from those of most other fish species. The mtDNA CR sequence of P. fangi contained one conserved region from 656 bp to 815 bp. Similar to most other fish species, P. fangi has no tandem repeat sequences in its mtDNA CR sequence. Phylogenetic analysis based on the complete mtDNA CR sequences showed that there were no genetic differences within P. fangi populations of the same geographical origin and between P. fangi populations of different geographical origins.

Dynamics Simulation Model of the Economic System in Mining Area

The system dynamics is a new subject that was put forward by Professor J W. Fortester in dmerican MIT in 1950s. It is extensively applied to systematic problems af high phase, nonlinear, multtdimensionality, multiple feedback and complicated time-variation. In this paper, the complex system in mining area is divided into five parts - resources, environment. economy, population, and science and technology. The.five parts are regarded as five sub-models. By taking the economic subsystem as an example, the SD model of complex system in mining area is established. This model has certain universality and practicability.

Mountain Pastures and Grasslands in the SW Tien Shan,Kyrgyzstan-Floristic Patterns,Environmental Gradients,Phytogeography,and Grazing Impact

Vast grasslands are found in the walnut-fruit forest region of southern Kyrgyzstan,Middle Asia.Located above the worldwide unique walnutfruit forests and used for grazing,they play a pivotal role in the mixed mountain agriculture of local farmers.Accordingly,these pastures are subject to an increasing utilization pressure reflecting the changing political and social conditions in the transformation process from a Soviet republic to an independent state.A first detailed analysis of mountain pasture vegetation in the Ferghana Range answers the following questions:What are the main plant community types among Kyrgyzstan's mountain pastures? What are the main environmental gradients that shape their species composition? Which phytogeographical distribution types are predominant? How does grazing affect community composition and species richness in these grasslands? Species composition was classified by cluster analysis;underlying environmental gradients were explored using DCA.A dataset of 395 relevés was used for classification,and a subset of 79 relevés was used in a DCA to analyze the correlation between vegetation,environment,and grazing impact.The investigated pastures were classified into four distinctive plant communities.The site factors altitude,heat load,inclination and grazing impact were found to be the major determinants of the vegetation pattern.A significant overlap between floristic composition and structural and spatial properties was shown.The majority of the species pool consisted of Middle Asian endemics and Eurosiberian species.However,disturbance-tolerant species played a significant role with respect to species composition and coverage of the herbaceous layer in vast areas of southern Kyrgyzstan's mountain pastures.In general,an intense grazing impact is clearly reflected by both species composition and structural variables of plant communities.The highly diverse and unique ecosystem is modified by an increasing utilization pressure.In order to maintain vital processes and functioning of this valuable ecosystem-in both economical and ecological terms-,it is indispensable to adopt appropriate pasture management strategies.

Processes of Adaptation and Creation of a Territorial Governance： The Experience of the Cities of Benevento and Salerno （Campania Region, Italy）~

This paper presents some considerations about the definition and role of ＂medium-sized cities＂ in the processes of urban governance of the Italian regional systems, in line with the objectives of European programming 2007-2013. Beginning from some theoretical considerations, the research objective is to delineate the features of the ＂new urban geography＂ of Campania region as it has been formed on the base of the social and economic processes that in the last 30 years have modified the regional urban system in the widest context of Mezzogiorno. To such aim, the paper is articulated in two parts： the first one in which the fundamental passages are re-called in the processes of development of Italian urban areas that have carried to new paradigms object of theoretical approaches still in course of definition, and the second one in which such processes are considered regarding the model of urban development of Campania, on which the research is concentrated. Specifically, the paper presents the case of two ＂middle cities＂ in the Campania region： Benevento and Salerno, which play a particularly important role in the design and development of a ＂regional network of medium-sized cities＂.

PREVIOUS CONVECTION ANOMALY IN AUTUMN AND WINTER ASSOCIATED WITH THE GENERAL CIRCULATION OVER EAST ASIA IN WINTER AND SPRING AND APRIL PRECIPITATION IN SHANDONG

Using OLR and 850 hPa and 200 hPa wind fields data (1979 - 2006), this paper diagnoses the characteristics of convection over the tropical area in preceding autumns and winters in association with April precipitation anomalies in Shandong province. It is found that preceding convection anomalies over the Western Pacific Warm Pool in December have close relationships with the April precipitation in Shandong. Further analysis of the relationship with the general circulation over the East Asia shows that the convection anomaly over the Western Pacific Warm Pool has close relationships with the Main East Asian Trough, the Hadley cell over East Asia and the Walker cell. The characteristics of East Asian atmospheric circulation anomalies accompanied with stronger (weaker) convection are consistent with those of less (more) April precipitation anomalies in Shandong. Therefore, the convection anomaly over the tropics in December may be an important indicator for April precipitation in Shandong.

Regional Innovation System: Theoretical Approach and Empirical Study of ChinaAPPROACH AND EMPIRICAL STUDY OF CHINA

Regional innovation system (RIS) is the new research field of modern economicgeography in the age of knowledge economy. Based on the researches of regional economic geography,the authors of the paper consider RIS as the integrated and interactive systems with innovationmilieu, elements, units, structure and functions. Five aspects of evaluation indicators includinginnovation input scale and output scale, innovation milieu transition, innovation inner operation,as well as innovation outer impact are worked out for final indicators of RIS scale and quality.According to different RIS situations, three patterns of independent, imitative and cooperativedevelopment are put forward for choosing. At the latter part of the paper, we select 12 provincialregions (including three municipalities and one autonomous region) of China for empirical study. Theresults show that there exists great difference among each region from the aspects of innovationscale and quality mainly owning to the diversification of RIS social and economic milieu, the majorinnovative units of enterprises, universities and R&D institutes. Finally, the paper points out theinnovation development decisions for each region.

Phylogeography of Batrachospermum arcuatum in North China based on ITS sequence data

Batrachospermum arcuatum Kylin is typically dioecious,although some monoecious specimens have been collected from four locations in North China.In this study,B.arcuatum populations,including monoecious and dioecious thalli,were collected from seven stream segments.The nuclear DNA internal transcribed spacer(ITS)region was sequenced for the seven populations,and a phylogenetic tree was constructed using Bayesian inference to assess intraspecifi c relationships.A haplotype network was also created.The ITS region in B.arcuatum from North China comprised 822–853 bp,with 10 haplotypes detected from the seven locations.The results of this study support the inclusion of monoecious individuals in the species B.arcuatum.

Plants as Objects： Challenges for anAesthetics of Flora

This paper presents the conceptual challenges to an aesthetic model of living plants based in embodied interaction with flora through smell, taste, touch, sound and sight. I argue that the science of aesthetics is deterministically visual. Drawing from theories of landscape aesthetics put forth by Carlson and Berleant, I outline four primary obstacles to an embodied aesthetics： plants as objects of sight, plants as objects of art, plants as objects of disinterestedness and plants as objects of scientific discourse. A multi-sensorial aesthetics of flora requires auto-centric proximity and degrees of intersubjectivity between the appreciator and the appreciated plant that raise important philosophical questions about aesthetic experience of the natural world.

Palynological characteristics of Kazakhstan Province of Carboniferous Euramerican Region

The paper presents results of palynological studies of the coal-bearing Carboniferous in Central Kazakhstan. A quantitative dynamics of major genera of miospores reflects an overall succession of the Carboniferous miospore assemblages. Visean Serpukhovian assemblages are dominanted by Lophozonotriletes fuscatus, Acanthozonotriletes cristifer, A. inclusus, Punctatisporites glabratus, Crassispora ignorata, C. scrupea, Cyclobaculisporites trichacanthus, Lycospora breviapiculata, L. echinata and Vallatisporites decrescens. Rare Punctatisporites bertschoguriensis , Stenozonotriletes marginellus , Vallatisporites appilicatus , Verrucosisporites serobiculatus , Retieulatisporites caneellatus, Granulatisporites areuatus are recorded, which are not found in assemblages from overlying sediments. Bashkirian-Moseovian assemblages are dominated by Lyeospora subtriquetra, L. pusilla, Vallatisporites ciliaris, Apiculatisporis mollis, Cyelogranisporites testieulatus, Calamospora mierorugosa, Sehopfipollenites principalis, Psilohyrnena psiloptera, Florinites grandis and Granulatisporites piroformis miospores. Cristatisporites latispinus, Angulisporites didymus, Thymospora obseura and Torispora securis are also present, as well as single Apieulatisporis eurvispinus, Raistriekia inordinata, Marsupipollenites retroflexus, Entylissa eaperata, Potonieisporites grandis and Cordaitina sp. A similar succession of miospore assemblages is recorded in the Carboniferous deposits of Europe and North America, which allows carrying out correlations, despite an endemic characters of many species of Paleozoic miospores from the coal-bearing Carboniferous of the Kazakhstan Province in the Euramerian Paleofloristic Region.

Cooling Torsional Nanomechanical Vibration by Spin-Orbit Interactions

We propose and study a spin-orbit interaction based mechanism to actively cool down the torsional vibrationof a nanomechanical resonator made by semiconductor materials.We show that the spin-orbit interactions of electronscan induce a coherent coupling between the electron spins and the torsional modes of nanomechanical vibration.Thiscoupling leads to an active cooling for the torsional modes through the dynamical thermalization of the resonator by thespin ensemble.

Study on the base-level cycle and the sedimentology of Permian in Jiyang area

The identification of sequence boundaries is the key point for sequence stratigraphic classification. Both the higher-order sequences and the units within the sequences are bounded with the key sediments or isochronous surfaces. Eight sequences can be divided in the whole Permo-Carboniferous strata （the Shiqianfeng Formation is not included）, which is from the Benxi Formation, Taiyuan Formation, Shanxi Formation, Xiashihezi Formation, Wanshan Section, and Kuishan Section to the Xiaofuhe Section. Also, different system tracts （Iowstand system tract, transgression system tract and highstand system tract） and some parasequences can be recognized in each sequence. Parasequence analysis was on the basis of the division of the base-level cycle. The base-level cycle was mainly identified according to the change of the water area, which was reflected by the depositional sequence. The physical characteristic of the strata was reflected by the well log. It was supplied by the test of the minerals and rocks and the analysis of the micro-element in the lab. The paleogeographic characteristic of the Iowstand system tract in the sequence Ⅵ is that the east-north part takes the river system as its feature; the south part is the lake system, the river channel spreads from north to south, and the area of the flooding plain is great. The paleogeographic characteristic of the water-transgressive system tract is that the range of the lake in the south extended distinctively, the range of the river channel in the east reduced. The coastal shallow lake deposit is the main characteristic in the water-transgressive system tract. The paleogeographic characteristic of the highstand system tract is similar to the one of the Iowstand system tract.

Phosphorus Biogeochemical Cycle Research in Mountainous Ecosystems

Phosphorus(P),as a limiting nutrient,plays a crucial role in the mountainous ecosystem development.Its biogeochemical cycle in mountainous ecosystems determines the bioavailability and sustainable supply of P,and thus becomes a crucial process which needs to be fully understood and described for ecological and environmental conservation.However,most of research about P biogeochemical processes has been carried out in aquatic environment and agronomic field,but rare researches have been done in mountain ecosystem.In the present review,we summarize researches on P biogeochemical cycle concerning mountain ecosystem in recent decades,including rock weathering,the release,transformation and bioavailability of P,interactions between the P biological cycle and microbial and plant life,as well as the development of models.Based on the state of art,we propose the future work on this direction,including the integration of all these research,the development of a practical model to understand the P biogeochemical cycle and its bioavailability,and to provide a reference for ecological and environmental conservation of mountainous ecosystems and lowland aquatic systems.

Thermodynamics of DBI Black Holes in Anti-de Sitter Spacetime

Through the gauge field theory, we obtain the solution of the DBI-AdS black hole, In the meantime, according to the relations between the action and the grand partition function, we obtain the grand partition function in the DBI-AdS black hole. The temperature and the potential of the DBI-AdS black hole are gained from differential of the grand partition function. With the thermodynamic relations, other thermodynamics are also obtained. The solution and the thermodynamics of the DBI-AdS black hole are turned out that they can reduce to the case of a charged black hole in four-dimensional spacetimes.

Model Analysis of Smoke Control in Long Tunnel： Findings from Hsueh-Shan Tunnel Accident in Taiwan

The common properties of risk in long tunnel fires are high temperature, extreme difficulty of evacuation, rescue urgency and obstacle to rescue operation. Therefore, a complete ventilation design is an indispensable safety measure. Hsueh-Shan Tunnel is the longest in Taiwan, the fifth longest in the world. On May 7, 2012, a serious tunnel fire caused two deaths and numerous victims suffered from smoke inhalation injury. Apart from this, there was smoking entering the cross-passages and shafts which were important for evacuation. In this research, the current ventilation system in Hsueh-Shan Tunnel was simulated with FDS （fire dynamics simulator） software, and the statistics of smoke, visibility and temperature profile were analyzed. The results of this research showed that, with the current ventilation system, the time was shorter and the distance was longer for the smoke spreading windward than in other models. Furthermore, the visibility of windward victims was more affected and the temperature above the fire source was higher than those in other systems. When the wind speed in tunnel is within 2.0-4.0 m/s, the condition for turning off the ventilation fan within 250 m upwind from the fire source can be prominently reduced to 50 m upwind from the fire source. This not only could avoid plume disturbance but also could be maintained. If victims＇ evacuation should be given the highest priority, it is recommended to straightly activate the maximum power of the fan.

Conceptualizing Discourses on Ecological City and Its Planning

Ecological city(eco-city) and its planning approach are emerging concepts in urban study,urban planning,ecological economics,environmental policy and corporate environmental management.However,opinions remain divided over the connotation and denotation of the term"ecological city",what key issues ecocity planning can solve,and its specific contents.In this study,we present 10 basic propositions that define the eco-city and clarify its key parameters,thereby providing the basis for discussing the assumptions and principles underlying different approaches to sustainable urban development.We then summarize the concept and principles of an eco-city,and define the main requirements for ecocity planning.We conclude that an eco-city is a city in which the urban population,scale of land use and intensity of human activities are limited to the regional resource and environmental carrying capacity,which does not cause increasing or irreversible damage to the regional ecosystem's structure,functions and processes.

Study on the application Of long-term nursing insurance In community pension Of Shanghai

In twenty-first Century. the speed of population aging in China was accelerated, the growth of the disabled populationaccelerated and the demand for the existing long-term care service was challenging. It is imminent to establish a system that can meet the long-term care needs of the disabled population, As a pilot city of long-term care insurance. Shanghai has a Fund for the long-term care insurance system. To compare and analyze the related elements of raising, service content and payment, combined with the experience ol long-term nursing insurance in foreign countries, and considering its application in community pension, it has certain reference significance for the design of long-term nursing insurance system in China.